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79
ACTION AND NON-ACTION
The non-action of the wise man is not inaction.
It is not studied. It is not shaken by anything.
The sage is quiet because he is not moved,
Not because he wills to be quiet.
Still water is like glass.
You can look in it and see the bristles on your chin.
It is a perfect level;
A carpenter could use it.
If water is so clear, so level,
How much more the spirit of man?
The heart of the wise man is tranquil.
It is the mirror of heaven and earth
The glass of everything.
Emptiness, stillness, tranquillity, tastelessness,
Silence, non-action: this is the level of heaven and earth.
This is perfect Tao. Wise men find here
Their resting place.
Resting, they are empty.
From emptiness comes the unconditioned.
From this, the conditioned, the individual things.
So from the sage's emptiness, stillness arises:
From stillness, action. From action, attainment.
From their stillness comes their non-action, which is also action
And is, therefore, their attainment.
For stillness is joy. Joy is free from care
Fruitful in long years.
So
Joy does all things without concern:
For emptiness, stillness, tranquillity, tastelessness, Silence, and non-action
Are the root of all things.
[xiii. 1.]
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DUKE HWAN AND THE WHEELWRIGHT
The world values books, and thinks that in so doing it is valuing Tao. But books contain words only. And yet there is something else which gives value to the books. Not the words only, nor the thought in the words, but something else within the thought, swinging it in a certain direction that words cannot apprehend. But it is the words themselves that the world values when it commits them to books: and though the world values them, these words are worthless as long as that which gives them value is not held in honor.
That which man apprehends by observation is only outward form and color, name and noise: and he thinks that this will put him in possession of Tao. Form and color, name and sound, do not reach to reality. That is why: "He who knows does not say, he who says, does not know." (u)
How then is the world going to know Tao through words?
Duke Hwan of Khi, First in his dynasty, Sat under his canopy Reading his philosophy; And Phien the wheelwright
\Vas out in the yard Making a wheel.
Phien laid aside
Hammer and chisel, Climbed the steps, And said to Duke Hwan: "May I ask you, Lord, What is this you are Reading?"
The Duke said:
"The experts. The authorities."
And Phien asked:
"Alive or dead?"
"Dead a long time."
"Then," said the wheelwright,
"You are reading only
The dirt they left behind."
Then the Duke replied:
"What do you know about it?
You are only a wheelwright.
You had better give me a good explanation
Or else you must die."
The wheelwright said:
"Let us look at the affair
From my point of view.
When I make wheels
If I go easy, they fall apart,
If I am too rough, they do not fit.
If I am neither too easy nor too violent
They come out right. The work is what
I want it to be.
You cannot put this into words:
You just have to know how it is.
I cannot even tell my own son exactly how it is done,
And my own son cannot learn it from me.
So here I am, seventy years old,
Still making wheels!
The men of old
Took all they really knew
With them to the grave.
And so, Lord, what you are reading there
Is only the dirt they left behind them."
[xiii. ro.]
AUTUMN FLOODS
The autumn floods had come. Thousands of wild torrents poured furiously into the Yellow River. It surged and flooded its banks until, looking across, you could not tell an ox from a horse on the other side. Then the River God laughed, delighted to think that all the beauty in the world had fallen into his keeping. So downstream he swung, until he came to the Ocean. There he looked out over the waves, toward the empty horizon in the east and his face fell. Gazing out at the far horizon he came to his senses and murmured to the Ocean God: "Well, the proverb is right. He who has got himself a hundred ideas thinks he knows more than anybody else. Such a one am I. Only now do I see what they mean by EXPANSE!"
The Ocean God replied:
"Can you talk about the sea
To a frog in a well?
Can you talk about ice
To dragonflies?
Can you talk about the way of Life
To a doctor of philosophy?
"Of all the waters in the world The Ocean is greatest.
All the rivers pour into it Day and night;
It is never filled.
It gives back its waters
Day and night;
It is never emptied.
In dry seasons
It is not lowered.
In floodtime
It does not rise.
Greater than all other waters!
There is no measure to tell
How much greater!
But am I proud of it?
What am I under heaven?
What am I without Yang and Yin?
Compared with the sky
I am a little rock,
A scrub oak
On the mountain side:
Shall I act
As if I were something?"
Of all the beings that exist (and there are millions), man is only one. Among all the millions of men that live on earth, the civilized people that live by farming are only a small proportion. Smaller still the number of those who having office or fortune, travel by carriage or by boat. And of all these, one man in his carriage is nothing more than the tip of a hair on a horse's flank. Why, then, all the fuss about great men and great offices? Why all the disputations of scholars? Why all the wrangling of politicians?
There are no fixed limits Time does not stand still. Nothing endures,
Nothing is final.
ss
You cannot lay hold
Of the end or the beginning.
He who is wise sees near and far
As the same,
Does not despise the small
Or value the great:
Where all standards differ
How can you compare?
With one glance
He takes in past and present,
Without sorrow for the past
Or impatience with the present.
All is in movement.
He has experience
Of fullness and emptiness.
He does not rejoice in success
Or lament in failure
The game is never over
Birth and death are even
The terms are not final.
[xvii. I.]
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86
GREAT AND SMALL
When we look at things in the light of Tao,
Nothing is best, nothing is worst.
Each thing, seen in its own light,
Stands out in its own way.
It can seem to be "better"
Than what is compared with it
On its own terms.
But seen in terms of the whole,
No one thing stands out as "better."
If you measure differences,
What is greater than something else is "great,"
Therefore there is nothing that is not "great";
What is smaller than something else is "small,"
Therefore there is nothing that is not "small."
So the whole cosmos is a grain of rice,
And the tip of a hair
Is as big as a mountain
Such is the relative view.
You can break down walls with battering rams,
But you cannot stop holes with them.
All things have different uses.
Fine horses can travel a hundred miles a day,
But they cannot catch mice
Like terriers or weasels:
All creatures have gifts of their own.
The white horned owl can catch fleas at midnight
And distinguish the tip of a hair,
But in bright day it stares, helpless, And cannot even see a mountain. All things have varying capacities.
Consequently: he who wants to have right without wrong,
Order without disorder,
Does not understand the principles
Of heaven and earth.
He does not know how
Things hang together.
Can a man cling only to heaven
And know nothing of earth?
They are correlative: to know one
Is to know the other.
To refuse one
Is to refuse both.
Can a man cling to the positive
Without any negative
In contrast to which it is seen
To be positive?
If he claims to do so
He is a rogue or a madman.
Thrones pass
From dynasty to dynasty,
Now in this way, now in that.
He who forces his way to power
Against the grain
Is called tyrant and usurper.
He who moves with the stream of events
Is called a wise statesman.
88
Kui, the one-legged dragon,
Is jealous of the centipede.
The centipede is jealous of the snake.
The snake is jealous of the wind.
The wind is jealous of the eye.
The eye is jealous of the mind.
Kui said to the centipede:
"I manage my one leg with difficulty:
How can you manage a hundred?"
The centipede replied:
"I do not manage them.
Image
Sg
They land all over the place
Like drops of spit."
The centipede said to the snake:
"With all my feet, I cannot move as fast
As you do with no feet at all.
How is this done?"
The snake replied:
"I have a natural glide
That can't be changed. What do I need
With feet?"
The snake spoke to the wind:
"I ripple my backbone and move along
In a bodily way. You, without bones,
Without muscles, without method,
Blow from the North Sea to the Southern Ocean.
How do you get there
With nothing?"
The wind replied:
"True, I rise up in the North Sea
And take myself without obstacle to the Southern Ocean.
But every eye that remarks me,
Every wing that uses me,
Is superior to me, even though
I can uproot the biggest trees, or overturn
Big buildings.
The true conqueror is he
Who is not conquered
By the multitude of the small.
The mind is this conqueror
But only the mind
Of the wise man."
[xvii. 4-5-8.]
go
THE MAN OF TAO
The man in whom Tao
Acts without impediment Harms no other being
By his actions
Yet he does not know himself To be "kind," to be "gentle."
The man in whom Tao
Acts without impediment
Does not bother with his own interests
And does not despise
Others who do.
He does not struggle to make money
And does not make a virtue of poverty.
He goes his way
Without relying on others
And does not pride himself
On walking alone.
While he does not follow the crowd
He won't complain of those who do.
Rank and reward
Make no appeal to him;
Disgrace and shame
Do not deter him.
He is not always looking
For right and wrong
Always deciding "Yes" or "No."
The ancients said, therefore:
"The man of Tao Remains unknown Perfect virtue Produces nothing 'No-Self'
Is 'True-Self.'
And the greatest man Is Nobody."
[xvii. }·]
92
THE TURTLE
Chuang Tzu with his bamboo pole Was fishing in Pu river.
The Prince of Chu
Sent two vice-chancellors With a fonnal document: "We hereby appoint you Prime Minister."
Chuang Tzu held his bamboo pole.
Still watching Pu river,
He said:
"I am told there is a sacred tortoise,
Offered and canonized
Three thousand years ago,
Venerated by the prince,
Wrapped in silk,
In a precious shrine
On an altar
In the Temple.
"What do you think:
Is it better to give up one's life
And leave a sacred shell
As an object of cult
In a cloud of incense
Three thousand years,
93
Or better to live
As a plain turtle
Dragging its tail in the mud?"
"For the turtle," said the Vice-Chancellor, "Better to live
And drag its tail in the mud!"
"Go home!" said Chuang Tzu. "Leave me here
To drag my tail in the mud!"
[xvii. II.]
94
OWL AND PHOENIX
Hui Tzu was Prime Minister of Liang. He had what he believed to be inside information that Chuang Tzu coveted his post and was intriguing to supplant him. In fact, when Chuang Tzu came to visit Liang, the Prime Minister sent out the police to apprehend him. The police searched for him three days and three nights, but meanwhile Chuang presented himself before Hui Tzu of his own accord, and said:
"Have you heard about the bird That lives in the south
The Phoenix that never grows old?
"This undying Phoenix
Rises out of the South Sea
And flies to the Sea of the North,
Never alighting
Except on certain sacred trees.
He will touch no food
But the most exquisite
Rare fruit,
Drinks only
From clearest springs.
"Once an owl
Chewing a dead rat Already half-decayed, Saw the Phoenix fly over,
Looked up,
95
And screeched with alarm, Clutching the rat to himself In fear and dismay.
"Why are you so frantic Clinging to your ministry And screeching at me In dismay?"
[xvii. I.2.]
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THE JOY OF FISHES
Chuang Tzu and Hui Tzu Were crossing Hao river By the dam.
Chuang said:
"See how free
The fishes leap and dart: That is their happiness."
Hui replied:
"Since you are not a fish How do you know
What makes fishes happy?"
Chuang said:
"Since you are not I
How can you possibly know
That I do not know
What makes fishes happy?"
Hui argued:
"If I, not being you,
Cannot know what you know
It follows that you
Not being a fish
Cannot know what they know."
97
Chuang said:
"Wait a minute!
Let us get back
To the original question.
⦁ what you asked me was 'How do you know
What makes fishes happy?' From the terms of your question You evidently know I know What makes fishes happy.
"I know the joy of fishes
In the river
Through my own joy, as I go walking Along the same river."
[xvii. r;.]
gB
PERFECT JOY
Is there to be found on earth a fullness of joy, or is there no such thing? Is there some way to make life fully worth living, or is this irrtpossible? If there is such a way, how do you go about finding it? What should you try to do? What should you seek to avoid? \!\That should be the goal in which your activity comes to rest? What should you accept? What should you refuse to accept? ·what should you love? What should you hate?
What the world values is money, reputation, long life, achievement. What it counts as joy is health and comfort of body, good food, fine clothes, beautiful things to look at, pleasant music to listen to.
What it condemns is lack of money, a low social rank, a reputation for being no good, and an early death.
What it considers misfortune is bodily discomfort and labor, no chance to get your fill of good food, not having good clothes to wear, having no way to amuse or delight the eye, no pleasant music to listen to. If people find that they are deprived of these things, they go into a panic or fall into despair. They are so concerned for their life that their anxiety makes life unbearable, even when they have the things they think they want. Their very concern for enjoyment makes them unhappy.
The rich make life intolerable, driving themselves in order to get more and more money which they cannot really use. In so doing they are alienated from themselves, and exhaust themselves in their own service as though they were slaves of others.
99
The ambitious run day and night in pursuit of honors, constantly in anguish about the success of their plans, dreading the miscalculation that may wreck everything. Thus they are alienated from themselves, exhausting their real life in service of the shadow created by their insatiable hope.
The birth of a man is the birth of his sorrow.
The longer he lives, the more stupid he becomes, because his anxiety to avoid unavoidable death becomes more and more acute. What bitterness! He lives for what is always out of reach! His thirst for survival in the future makes him incapable of living in the present.
What about the self-sacrificing officials and scholars? They are honored by the world because they are good, upright, selfsacrificing men.
Yet their good character does not preserve them from unhappiness, nor even from ruin, disgrace, and death.
I wonder, in that case, if their "goodness" is really so good after alii Is it perhaps a source of unhappiness?
Suppose you admit they are happy. But is it a happy thing to have a character and a career that lead to one's own eventual destruction? On the other hand, can you call them "unhappy" if, in sacrificing themselves, they save the lives and fortunes of others?
Take the case of the minister who conscientiously and uprightly opposes an unjust decision of his king! Some say, "Tell the truth, and if the King will not listen, let him do what he likes. You have no further obligation."
On the other hand, Tzu Shu continued to resist the unjust policy of his sovereign. He was consequently destroyed. But if he had not stood up for what he believed to be right, his name would not be held in honor.
So there is the question, Shall the course he took be called "good" if, at the same time, it was fatal to him?
100
I cannot tell if what the world considers "happiness" is happiness or not. All I know is that when I consider the way they go about attaining it, I see them carried away headlong, grim and obsessed, in the general onrush of the human herd, unable to stop themselves or to change their direction. All the while they claim to be just on the point of attaining happiness.
For my part, I cannot accept their standards, whether of happiness or unhappiness. I ask myself if after all their concept of happiness has any meaning whatever.
My opinion is that you never find happiness until you stop looking for it. My greatest happiness consists precisely in doing nothing whatever that is calculated to obtain happiness: and this, in the minds of most people, is the worst possible course.
I will hold to the saying that: "Perfect joy is to be without joy. Perfect praise is to be without praise."
If you ask "what ought to be done" and "what ought not to be done" on earth in order to produce happiness, I answer that these questions do not have an answer. There is no way of determining such things.
Yet at the same time, if I cease striving for happiness, the "right" and the "wrong" at once become apparent all by themselves.
Contentment and well-being at once become possible the moment you cease to act with them in view, and if you practice non-doing (wu wei), you will have both happiness and well-being.
Here is how I sum it up:
Heaven does nothing: its non-doing is its serenity. Earth does nothing: it non-doing is its rest.
101
From the union of these two non-doings
All actions proceed,
All things are made.
How vast, how invisible
This coming-to-bel
All things come from nowhere!
How vast, how invisible‑
No way to explain it!
All beings in their perfection
Are born of non-doing.
Hence it is said:
"Heaven and earth do nothing
Yet there is nothing they do not do."
Where is the man who can attain To this non-doing?
[xviii. 1.] Image
==
The Way of Chuang Tzu Thomas Merton
==
102
SYMPHONY FOR A SEA BIRD
You cannot put a big load in a small bag,
Nor can you, with a short rope,
Draw water from a deep well.
You cannot talk to a power politician
As if he were a wise man.
If he seeks to understand you,
If he looks inside himself
To find the truth you have told him,
He cannot find it there.
Not finding, he doubts.
When a man doubts,
He will kill.
Have you not heard how a bird from the sea Was blown inshore and landed
Outside the capital of Lu?
The Prince ordered a solemn reception, Offered the sea bird wine in the sacred precinct, Called for musicians
To play the compositions of Shun, Slaughtered cattle to nourish it:
Dazed with symphonies, the unhappy sea bird Died of despair.
How should you treat a bird?
As yourself Or as a bird?
103
Ought not a bird to nest in deep woodland Or fly over meadow and marsh?
Ought it not to swim on river and pond, Feed on eels and fish,
Fly in formation with other waterfowl, And rest in the reeds?
Bad enough for a sea bird To be surrounded by men And frightened by their voices! That was not enough! They killed it with music!
Play all the symphonies you like On the marshlands of Thung-Ting. The birds will fly away
In all directions;
The animals will hide;
The fish will dive to the bottom; But men
Will gather around to listen.
Water is for fish
And air for men.
Natures differ, and needs with them.
Hence the wise men of old Did not lay down
One measure for all.
[xviii. 5.]
104
WHOLENESS
"How does the true man of Tao
"\t\Talk through walls without obstruction, Stand in fire without being burnt?"
Not because of cunning Or daring;
Not because he has learned, But because he has unlearned.
All that is limited by form, semblance, sound, color,
Is called object.
Among them all, man alone
Is more than an object.
Though, like objects, he has form and semblance,
He is not limited to form. He is more.
He can attain to formlessness.
When he is beyond form and semblance,
Beyond "this" and "that,"
Where is the comparison
With another object?
Where is the conflict?
What can stand in his way?
He will rest in his eternal place
Which is no-place. He will be hidden
105
In his own unfathomable secret.
His nature sinks to its root
In the One.
His vitality, his power
Hide in secret Tao.
When he is all one,
There is no flaw in him
By which a wedge can enter.
So a drunken man, falling
Out of a wagon,
Is bruised but not destroyed.
His bones are like the bones of other men,
But his fall is different.
His spirit is entire. He is not aware
Of getting into a wagon
Or falling out of one.
Life and death are nothing to him.
He knows no alarm, he meets obstacles Without thought, without care,
Takes them without knowing they are there.
If there is such security in wine, How much more in Tao.
The wise man is hidden in Tao. Nothing can touch him.
[xix. 2.]
106
THE NEED TO WIN
When an archer is shooting for nothing
He has all his skill.
If he shoots for a brass buckle
He is already nervous.
If he shoots for a prize of gold
He goes blind
Or sees two targets
He is out of his mind!
His skill has not changed. But the prize
Divides him. He cares.
He thinks more of winning
Than of shooting‑
And the need to win
Drains him of power.
[xix. 4·]
107
THE SACRIFICIAL SWINE
The Grand Augur, who sacrificed the swine and read omens in the sacrifice, came dressed in his long dark robes, to the pig pen, and spoke to the pigs as follows: "Here is my counsel to you. Do not complain about having to die. Set your objections aside, please. Realize that I shall not feed you on choice grain for three months. I myself will have to observe strict discipline for ten days and fast for three. Then I will lay out grass mats and offer your hams and shoulders upon delicately carved platters with great ceremony. What more do you want?"
Then, reflecting, he considered the question from the pigs' point of view: "Of course, I suppose you would prefer to be fed with ordinary coarse feed and be left alone in your pen."
But again, seeing it once more from his own viewpoint, he replied: "No, definitely there is a nobler kind of existence! To live in honor, to receive the best treatment, to ride in a carriage with fine clothes, even though at any moment one may be disgraced and executed, that is the noble, though uncertain, destiny that I have chosen for myself."
So he decided against the pigs' point of view, and adopted his own point of view, both for himself and for the pigs also.
How fortunate those swine, whose existence was thus ennobled by one who was at once an officer of state and a minister of religion.
[xix. 6.]
108
THE FIGHTING COCK
Chi Hsing Tzu was a trainer of fighting cocks
For King Hsuan.
He was training a fine bird.
The King kept asking if the bird were
Ready for combat.
"Not yet," said the trainer.
"He is full of fire.
He is ready to pick a fight
With every other bird. He is vain and confident
Of his own strength."
After ten days, he answered again:
"Not yet. He flares up
When he hears another bird crow."
After ten more days:
"Not yet. He still gets
That angry look
And ruffles his feathers."
Again ten days:
The trainer said, "Now he is nearly ready.
When another bird crows, his eye
Does not even flicker.
He stands immobile
Like a cock of wood.
He is a mature fighter.
Other birds
Will take one look at him
And run."
[xix. 8.]
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109
THE WOODCARVER
Khing, the master carver, made a bell stand
Of precious wood. When it was finished,
All who saw it were astounded. They said it must be
The work of spirits.
The Prince of Lu said to the master carver:
"What is your secret?"
Khing replied: "I am only a workman:
I have no secret. There is only this:
When I began to think about the work you commanded
I guarded my spirit, did not expend it
On trifles, that were not to the point.
I fasted in order to set
My heart at rest.
After three days fasting,
I had forgotten gain and success.
After five days
I had forgotten praise or criticism.
After seven days
I had forgotten my body
With all its limbs.
"By this time all thought of your Highness And of the court had faded away.
All that might distract me from the work Had vanished.
I was collected in the single thought Of the bell stand.
1 1 0
"Then I went to the forest
To see the trees in their own natural state.
When the right tree appeared before my eyes,
The bell stand also appeared in it, clearly, beyond doubt.
All I had to do was to put forth my hand
And begin.
"If I had not met this particular tree There would have been
No bell stand at all.
"What happened?
My own collected thought
Encountered the hidden potential in the wood; From this live encounter came the work Which you ascribe to the spirits."
[xix. ro.]
I l l
WHEN THE SHOE FITS
Ch'ui the draftsman
Could draw more perfect circles freehand Than with a compass.
His fingers brought forth
Spontaneous forms from nowhere. His mind Was meanwhile free and without concern With what he was doing.
No application was needed His mind was perfectly simple And knew no obstacle.
So, when the shoe fits
The foot is forgotten,
When the belt fits
The belly is forgotten,
When the heart is right
"For" and "against" are forgotten.
No drives, no compulsions,
No needs, no attractions:
Then your affairs Are under control. You are a free man.
1 12
Easy is right. Begin right
And you are easy.
Continue easy and you are right.
The right way to go easy
Is to forget the right way
And forget that the going is easy.
[xix. I2.]
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/
I
1 1 3
THE EMPTY BOAT
He who rules men lives in confusion;
He who is ruled by men lives in sorrow.
Yao therefore desired
Neither to influence others
Nor to be influenced by them.
The way to get clear of confusion
And free of sorrow
Is to live with Tao
In the land of the great Void.
If a man is crossing a river
And an empty boat collides with his own skiff,
Even though he be a bad-tempered man
He will not become very angry.
But if he sees a man in the boat,
He will shout at him to steer clear.
If the shout is not heard, he will shout again,
And yet again, and begin cursing.
And all because there is somebody in the boat.
Yet if the boat were empty,
He would not be shouting, and not angry.
If you can empty your own boat Crossing the river of the world, No one will oppose you,
No one will seek to harm you.
[xx. a.]
1 14
The straight tree is the first to be cut down,
The spring of clear water is the first to be drained dry.
If you wish to improve your wisdom
And shame the ignorant,
To cultivate your character
And outshine others;
A light will shine around you
As if you had swallowed the sun and the moon:
You will not avoid calamity.
A wise man has said:
"He who is content with himself
Has done a worthless work.
Achievement is the beginning of failure.
Fame is the beginning of disgrace."
Who can free himself from achievement
And from fame, descend and be lost
Amid the masses of men?
He will flow like Tao, unseen,
He will go about like Life itself
With no name and no home.
Simple is he, without distinction.
To all appearances he is a fool.
His steps leave no trace. He has no power.
He achieves nothing, has no reputation.
Since he judges no one
No one judges him.
Such is the perfect man:
His boat is empty.
[xx. 2, 4·]
1 15
THE FLIGHT OF LIN HUI
Lin Hui of Kia took to flight.
Pursued by enemies,
He threw away the precious jade Symbol of his rank And took his infant child on his back. Why did he take the child
And leave the jade,
Which was worth a small fortune, Whereas the child, if sold,
Would only bring him a paltry sum?
Lin Hui said:
"My bond with the jade symbol
And with my office
Was the bond of self-interest.
My bond with the child Was the bond of Tao.
"Where self-interest is the bond, The friendship is dissolved When calamity comes.
Where Tao is the bond, Friendship is made perfect By calamity.
1 16
"The friendship of wise men
Is tasteless as water.
The friendship of fools
Is sweet as wine.
But the tastelessness of the wise
Brings true affection
And the savor of fools' company
Ends in hatred."
[xx. 5.]
WHEN KNOWLEDGE WENT NORTH
Knowledge wandered north Looking for Tao, over the Dark Sea, And up the Invisible Mountain. There on the mountain he met Non-Doing, the Speechless One.
He inquired:
"Please inform me, Sir,
By what system of thought
And what technique of meditation
I can apprehend Tao?
By what renunciation
Or what solitary retirement
May I rest in Tao?
Where must I start,
What road must I follow
To reach Tao?"
Such were his three questions.
Non-Doing, the Speechless One,
Made no reply. Not only that,
He did not even know
How to reply!
Knowledge swung south To the Bright Sea
And climbed the Luminous Mountain
Called "Doubt's End."
1 18
Here he met
Act-on-Impulse, the Inspired Prophet, And asked the same questions.
"Ah," cried the Inspired One,
"I have the answers, and I will reveal them!" But just as he was about to tell everything, He forgot all he had in mind.
Knowledge got no reply.
So Knowledge went at last
To the palace of Emperor Ti,
And asked his questions of Ti.
Ti replied:
"To exercise no-thought
And follow no-way of meditation
Is the first step toward understanding Tao.
To dwell nowhere
And rest in nothing
Is the first step toward resting in Tao.
To start from nowhere
And follow no road
Is the first step toward attaining Tao."
Knowledge replied: "You know this And now I know it. But the other two, They did not know it.
What about that?
Who is right?"
1 19
Ti replied:
Only Non-Doing, the Speechless One, Was perfectly right. He did not know. Act-on-Impulse, the Inspired Prophet, Only seemed right
Because he had forgotten.
As for us,
We come nowhere near being right, Since we have the answers.
"For he who knows does not speak, He who speaks does not know" (12) And "The Wise Man gives instruction Without the use of speech." (13)
This story got back To Act-on-Impulse Who agreed with Ti's Way of putting it.
It is not reported
That Non-Doing ever heard of the matter Or made any comment.
[xxii. r.]
120
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING TOOTHLESS
Nieh Ch'ueh, who had no teeth,
Came to P'i and asked for a lesson on Tao.
(Maybe he could bite on that!)
So P'i began:
"First, gain control of the body
And all its organs. Then
Control the mind. Attain
One-pointedness. Then
The harmony of heaven
Will come down and dwell in you.
You will be radiant with Life.
You will rest in Tao.
You will have the simple look
Of a new-born calf,
0, lucky you,
You will not even know the cause
Of your state . ."
But long before P'i had reached this point in his sermon, the toothless one had fallen asleep. His mind just could not bite on the meat of doctrine. But P'i was satisfied. He wandered away singing:
"His body is dry
Like an old leg bone,
His mind is dead
121
As dead ashes:
His knowledge is solid,
His wisdom true!
In deep dark night
He wanders free,
Without aim
And without design:
'!\Tho can compare
With this toothless man?"
[xxii. 3.]
Image
122
WHERE IS TAO?
Master Tung Kwo asked Chuang:
"Show me where the Tao is found."
Chuang Tzu replied:
"There is nowhere it is not to be found."
The former insisted:
"Show me at least some definite place
Where Tao is found."
"It is in the ant," said Chuang.
"Is it in some lesser being?"
"It is in the weeds."
"Can you go further down the scale of things?"
"It is in this piece of tile."
"Further?"
"It is in this turd."
At this Tung Kwo had nothing more to say.
But Chuang continued: "None of your questions
Are to the point. They are like the questions
Of inspectors in the market,
Testing the weight of pigs
By prodding them in their thinnest parts.
Why look for Tao by going 'down the scale of being'
As if that which we call 'least'
Had less of Tao?
Tao is Great in all things,
Complete in all, Universal in all,
Whole in all. These three aspects
Are distinct, but the Reality is One.
123
"Therefore come with me
To the palace of Nowhere
Where all the many things are One:
There at last we might speak
Of what has no limitation and no end.
Come with me to the land of Non-Doing:
What shall we there say-that Tao
Is simplicity, stillness,
Indifference, purity,
Harmony and ease? All these names leave me indifferent
:For their distinctions have disappeared.
My will is aimless there.
If it is nowhere, how should I be aware of it?
If it goes and returns, I know not
Where it has been resting. If it wanders
Here then there, I know not where it will end.
The mind remains undetermined in the great Void.
Here the highest knowledge
Is unbounded. That which gives things
Their thusness cannot be delimited by things.
So when we speak of 'limits,' we remain confined
To limited things.
The limit of the unlimited is called 'fullness.'
The limitlessness of the limited is called 'emptiness.'
Tao is the source of both. But it is itself
Neither fullness nor emptiness.
Tao produces both renewal and decay,
But is neither renewal or decay.
It causes being and non-being
But is neither being nor non-being.
Tao assembles and it destroys,
But it is neither the Totality nor the Void."
[xxii. 6.]
124
STARLIGHT AND NON-BEING
Starlight asked Non-Being: "Master, are you? Or are you not?"
Since he received no answer whatever, Starlight set him‑
self to watch for Non-Being. He waited to see if Non-Being
would put in an appearance.
He kept his gaze fixed on the deep Void, hoping to catch
a glimpse of Non-Being.
All day long he looked, and he saw nothing. He listened,
but heard nothing. He reached out to grasp, and grasped
nothing.
Then Starlight exclaimed at last: "This is IT!"
"This is the furthest yet! Who can reach it?
I can comprehend the absence of Being
But who can comprehend the absence of Nothing?
If now, on top of all this, Non-Being IS,
Who can comprehend it?"
[xxii. 8.]
125
KENG SANG CHU
Master Keng Sang Chu, a disciple of Lao Tzu, became famous for his wisdom, and the people of Wei-Lei began to venerate him as a sage. He avoided their homage and refused their gifts. He kept himself hidden and would not let them come to see him. His disciples remonstrated with him, and declared that since the time of Yao and Shun it had been the tradition for wise men to accept veneration, and thus exercise a good influence. Master Keng replied:
"Come here, my children, listen to this.
If a beast big enough to swallow a wagon
Should leave its mountain forest,
It will not escape the hunter's trap.
If a fish big enough to swallow a boat
Lets itself be stranded by the outgoing tide,
Then even ants will destroy it.
So birds fly high, beasts remain
In trackless solitudes,
Keep out of sight; and fishes
Or turtles go deep down,
Down to the very bottom.
The man who has some respect for his person
Keeps his carcass out of sight,
Hides himself as perfectly as he can.
As for Yao and Shun: why praise such kings?
What good did their morality do?
They knocked a hole in the wall
And let it fill up with brambles.
126
They numbered the hairs of your head
Before combing them.
They counted out each grain of rice
Before cooking their dinner.
What good did they do to the world
With their scrupulous distinctions?
If the virtuous are honored,
The world will be filled with envy.
If the smart man is rewarded,
The world will be filled with thieves.
You cannot make men good or honest
By praising virtue and knowledge.
Since the days of pious Yao and virtuous Shun
Everybody has been trying to get rich:
A son will kill his father for money,
A minister will murder his sovereign
To satisfy his ambition.
In broad daylight they rob each other,
At midnight they break down walls:
The root of all this was planted
In the time of Yao and Shun.
The branches will grow for a thousand ages,
And a thousand ages from now
Men will be eating one another raw!"
[xxiii. 2.]
127
KENG'S DISCIPLE
A disciple complained to Keng:
"The eyes of all men seem to be alike,
I detect no difference in them;
Yet some men are blind;
Their eyes do not see.
The ears of all men seem to be alike,
I detect no difference in them;
Yet some men are deaf,
Their ears do not hear.
The minds of all men have the same nature,
I detect no difference between them;
But the mad cannot make
Another man's mind their own.
Here am I, apparently like the other disciples,
But there is a difference:
They get your meaning and put it in practice;
I cannot.
You tell me: 'Hold your being secure and quiet,
Keep your life collected _in its own center.
Do not allow your thoughts
To be disturbed.'
But however hard I try,
Tao is only a word in my ear.
It does not ring any bells inside."
Keng San replied: "I have nothing more To say.
Bantams do not hatch goose eggs,
128
Though the fowl of Lu can.
It is not so much a difference of nature
As a difference of capacity.
My capacity is too slight
To transform you.
Why not go south
And see Lao Tzu?"
The disciple got some supplies,
Travelled seven days and seven nights
Alone,
And came to Lao Tzu.
Lao asked: "Do you come from Keng?"
"Yes," replied the student.
"Who are all those people you have brought with you?"
The disciple whirled around to look.
Nobody there. Panic!
Lao said: "Don't you understand?"
The disciple hung his head. Confusion!
Then a sigh. "Alas, I have forgotten my answer."
(More confusion!) "I have also forgotten my question."
Lao said: "What are you trying to say?"
The disciple: "When I don't know, people treat me like a
fool.
When I do know, the knowledge gets me into trouble.
When I fail to do good, I hurt others.
When I do good, I hurt myself.
If I avoid my duty, I am remiss,
But if I do it, I am ruined.
How can I get out of these contradictions?
That is what I came to ask you."
129
Lao Tzu replied:
"A moment ago
I looked into your eyes.
I saw you were hemmed in
By contradictions. Your words
Confirm this.
You are scared to death,
Like a child who has lost
Father and mother.
You are trying to sound
The middle of the ocean
With a six-foot pole.
You have got lost, and are trying
To find your way back
To your own true self.
You find nothing
But illegible signposts
Pointing in all directions.
I pity you."
The disciple asked for admittance,
Took a cell, and there
Meditated,
Trying to cultivate qualities
He thought desirable
And get rid of others
Which he disliked.
Ten days of that!
Despair!
"Miserable!" said Lao.
"All blocked up! Tied in knots! Try To get untied!
If your obstructions
Are on the outside,
Do not attempt
To grasp them one by one
And thrust them away.
Impossible! Leam
To ignore them.
If they are within yourself,
You cannot destroy them piecemeal,
But you can refuse
To let them take effect.
If they are both inside and outside,
Do not try
To hold on to Tao
Just hope that Tao
Will keep hold of you!"
The disciple groaned:
"When a farmer gets sick
And the other farmers come to see him,
If he can at least tell them
What is the matter
His sickness is not bad.
But as for me, in my search for Tao,
I am like a sick man who takes medicine
That makes him ten times worse.
Just tell me
The first elements.
I will be satisfied!"
Lao Tzu replied:
"Can you embrace the One
And not lose it?
Can you foretell good things and bad
Without the tortoise shell
Or the straws?
Can you rest where there is rest?
Do you know when to stop?
Can you mind your own business
Without cares, without desiring reports
Of how others are progressing?
Can you stand on your own feet?
Can you duck?
Can you be like an infant
That cries all day
Without getting a sore throat
Or clenches his fist all day
Vl'ithout getting a sore hand
Or gazes all day
Vl'ithout eyestrain?
You want the first elements?
The infant has them.
Free from care, unaware of self,
He acts without reflection,
Stays where he is put, does not know why,
Does not figure things out,
Just goes along with them,
Is part of the current.
These are the first elements!"
The disciple asked: "Is this perfection?"
Lao replied: "Not at all. It is only the beginning. This melts the ice.
"This enables you To unlearn,
So that you can be led by Tao,
Be a child of Tao.
"If you persist in trying
To attain what is never attained
(It is Tao's gift!)
If you persist in making effort
To obtain what effort cannot get;
If you persist in reasoning
About what cannot be understood,
You will be destroyed
By the very thing you seek.
"To know when to stop
To know when you can get no further By your own action,
This is the right beginning!"
133
THE TOWER OF THE SPIRIT
The spirit has an impregnable tower Which no danger can disturb
As long as the tower is guarded
By the invisible Protector
Who acts unconsciously, and whose actions Go astray when they become deliberate, Reflexive, and intentional.
The unconsciousness
And eutire s;ncerity of Tao
Are disturbed by any effort
At self-conscious demonstration.
All such demonstrations
Are lies.
When one displays himself In this ambiguous way
The world outside storms in And imprisons him.
He is no longer protected By the sincerity of Tao.
Each new act
Is a new failure.
134
If his acts are done in public, In broad daylight,
He will be punished by men. If they are done in private And in secret,
They will be punished
By spirits.
Let each one understand The meaning of sincerity And guard against display!
He will be at peace
With men and spirits
And will act rightly, unseen,
In his own solitude,
In the tower of his spirit.
[xxiii. 8.]
Image
135
THE INNER LAW
He whose law is within himself
Walks in hiddenness.
His acts are not influenced
By approval or disapproval.
He whose law is outside himself
Directs his will to what is
Beyond his control
And seeks
To extend his power
Over objects.
He who walks in hiddenness
Has light to guide him
In all his acts.
He who seeks to extend his control
Is nothing but an operator.
While he thinks he is
Surpassing others,
Others see him merely
Straining, stretching,
To stand on tiptoe.
When he tries to extend his power Over objects,
Those objects gain control
Of him.
He who is controlled by objects Loses possession of his inner self: If he no longer values himself, How can he value others? If he no longer values others, He is abandoned.
He has nothing left!
There is no deadlier weapon than the will!
The sharpest sword
Is not equal to itl
There is no robber so dangerous
As Nature (Yang and Yin).
Yet it is not nature
That does the damage:
It is man's own will!
[xxiii. 8.]
137
APOLOGIES
If a man steps on a stranger's foot In the marketplace,
He makes a polite apology And offers an explanation ("This place is so terribly Crowded!").
If an elder brother
Steps on his younger brother's foot, He says, "Sorry!"
And that is that.
If a parent
Treads on his child's foot, Nothing is said at all.
The greatest politeness
Is free of all formality.
Perfect conduct
Is free of concern.
Perfect wisdom
Is unplanned.
Perfect love
Is without demonstrations.
Perfect sincerity offers
No guarantee.
[xxiii. I I.]
ADVISING THE PRINCE
The recluse Hsu Su Kwei had come to see Prince Wu.
The Prince was glad. "I have desired," he said,
"To see you for a long time. Tell me
If I am doing right.
I want to love my people, and by the exercise of justice
To put an end to war.
Is this enough?"
"By no means," said the recluse. "Your 'love' for your people Puts them in mortal danger. Your exercise of justice is the root Of war after war!
Your grand intentions
Will end in disaster!
"If you set out to 'accomplish something great'
You only deceive yourself.
Your love and justice
Are fraudulent.
They are mere pretexts
For self-assertion, for aggression.
One action will bring on another
And in the chain of events
Your hidden intentions
Will be made plain.
139
"You claim to practice justice. Should you seem to succeed
Success itself will bring more conflict.
Why ail these guards
Standing at attention
At the palace gate, around the temple altar,
Everywhere?
"You are at war with yourself!
You do not believe in justice,
Only in power and success.
If you overcome
An enemy and annex his country
You will be even less at peace
With yourself than you are now.
Nor will your passions let you
Sit still. You will fight again
And again for the sake of
A more perfect exercise of 'justice'!
"Abandon your plan
To be a 'loving and equitable ruler.'
Try to respond
To the demands of inner truth.
Stop vexing yourself and your people
With these obsessions!
Your people will breathe easily at last.
They will live
And war will end by itself!"
[xxiv. a.]
140
ACTIVE LIFE
If an expert does not have some problem to vex him, he is unhappy!
If a philosopher's teaching is never attacked, he pines away!
If critics have no one on whom to exercise their spite, they are unhappy.
All such men are prisoners in the world of objects.
He who wants followers, seeks political power.
He who wants reputation, holds an office.
The strong man looks for weights to lift.
The brave man looks for an emergency in which he
can show bravery.
The swordsman wants a battle in which he can swing
his sword.
Men past their prime prefer a dignified retirement,
in which they may seem profound.
Men experienced in law seek difficult cases to extend
the application of laws.
Liturgists and musicians like festivals in which they
parade their ceremonious talents.
The benevolent, the dutiful, are always looking for
chances to display virtue.
Where would the gardener be if there were no more weeds?
What would become of business without a market of fools?
141
Where would the masses be if there were no pretext
for getting jammed together and making noise? What would become of labor if there were no super‑
fluous objects to be made?
Produce! Get results! Make money! Make friends! Make changes!
Or you will die of depairl
Those who are caught in the machinery of power take no joy except in activity and change-the whirring of the machine! Whenever an occasion for action presents itself, they are compelled to act; they cannot help themselves. They are inexorably moved, like the machine of which they are a part. Prisoners in the world of objects, they have no choice but to submit to the demands of matter! They are pressed down and crushed by external forces, fashion, the market, events, public opinion. Never in a whole lifetime do they recover their right mind! The active life! What a pity!
[xxiv. 4·]
MONKEY MOUNTAIN
The Prince of Wu took a boat to Monkey Mountain. As soon as the monkeys saw him they all fled in panic and hid in the treetops.
One monkey, however, remained, completely unconcerned, swinging from branch to branch-an extraordinary display!
The Prince shot an arrow at the monkey, but the monkey dexterously caught the arrow in mid-flight.
At this the Prince ordered his attendants to make a concerted attack.
In an instant the monkey was shot full of arrows and fell dead.
Then the King turned to his companion Yen Pu'i: "You see what happened?" he said. "This animal advertised his cleverness. He trusted in his own skill. He thought no one could touch him. Remember that! Do not rely on distinction and talent when you deal with menl"
When they returned home, Yen Pu'i became the disciple of a sage to get rid of everything that made him outstanding. He renounced every pleasure. He learned to hide every "distinction."
Soon no one in the Kingdom knew what to make of him. Thus they held him in awe. (14)
[xxiv. 8.]
143
GOOD FORTUNE
Master Ki had eight sons.
One day he called in a physiognomist, lined the boys up, and said:
"Study their faces. Tell me which is the fortunate one."
After his examination the expert said: "Kwan is the fortunate one."
Ki was pleased and surprised.
"In what way?" he inquired.
The physiognomist replied:
"Kwan shall eat meat and drink wine
For the rest of his days
At government expense."
Ki broke down and sobbed:
"My poor son! My poor son!
What has he done to deserve this misfortune?"
"What!" cried the physiognomist,
"When one shares
The meals of a prince
Blessings reach out
To all the family,
Especially to father and mother!
Will you refuse
Good fortune?"
144
Ki said: "What makes this fortune 'good'? Meat and wine are for mouth and belly. Is good fortune only in the mouth, And in the belly?
These 'meals of the prince'
How shall he share them?
"I am no shepherd
And a lamb is suddenly born in my house.
I am no game-keeper
And quails are born in my yard.
These are awful portents!
"I have had no wish
For my sons and myself, But to wander at liberty Through earth and heaven.
"I seek no joy
For them and for myself But joy of heaven,
Simple fruits of earth.
"I seek no advantage, make no plans, Engage in no business.
With my boys I seek Tao alone.
"I have not fought life!
Yet now this uncanny promise
Of what I never sought: 'Good fortune!'
145
"Every strange effect has some strange cause.
My sons and I have done nothing to deserve this. It is an inscrutable punishment.
Therefore I weep!"
And so it happened, some time afterward that Ki sent his son Kwan on a journey. The young man was captured by brigands who decided to sell him as a slave. Believing they could not sell him as he was, they cut off his feet. Thus, unable to run away, he became a better bargain. They sold him to the government of Chi, and he was put in charge of a tollgate on the highway. He had meat and wine, for the rest of his life, at government expense.
In this way it turned out that Kwan was the fortunate one!
[xxiv. It.]
Image
FLIGHT FROM BENEVOLENCE
Hsu Yu was met by a friend as he was leaving the capital city, on the main highway leading to the nearest frontier.
"Where are you going?" the friend asked.
"I am leaving King Yao. He is so obsessed with the ideas of benevolence that I am afraid something ridiculous will come of it. In any event, funny or not, this kind of thing eventually ends with people eating each other raw.
"At the moment, there is a great wave of solidarity. The people think they are loved, and they respond with enthusiasm. They are all behind the king because they think he is making them rich. Praise is cheap, and they are all competing for favor. But soon they will have to accept something they do not like and the whole thing will collapse.
"When justice and benevolence are in the air, a few people are really concerned with the good of others, but the majority are aware that this is a good thing, ripe for exploitation. They take advantage of the situation. For them, benevolence and justice are traps to catch birds. Thus benevolence and justice rapidly come to be associated with fraud and hypocrisy. Then everybody doubts. And that is when trouble really begins.
"King Yao knows how dutiful and upright officers benefit the nation, but he does not know what harm comes from their uprightness: they are a front behind which crooks operate more securely. But you have to see this situation objectively to realize it.
"There are three classes of people to be taken into account: yes-men, blood-suckers, and operators.
"The yes-men adopt the line of some political leader, and repeat his statements by heart, imagining that they know
147
something, confident that they are getting somewhere, and thoroughly satisfied with the sound of their own voices. They are complete fools. And because they are fools, they submit in this way to another man's line of talk.
"The blood-suckers are like lice on a sow. They rush together where the bristles are thin, and this becomes their palace and their park. They delight in crevices, between the sow's toes, around the joints and teats, or under the tail. Here they entrench themselves and imagine they cannot be routed out by any power in the world. But they do not realize that one morning the butcher will come with knife and swinging scythe. He will collect dry straw and set it alight to singe away the bristles and bum out all the lice. Such parasites appear when the sow appears and vanish when the sow is slaughtered.
"Operators are men like Shun. -
"Mutton is not attracted to ants, but ants are attracted to mutton, because it is high and rank. So Shun was a vigorous and successful operator, and people liked him for it. Three times he moved from city to city and each time his new home became the capital. Eventually he moved out into the wilderness and there were a hundred thousand families that went with him to colonize the place.
"Finally, Yao put forward the idea that Shun ought to go out into the desert to see if he could make something out of that. Though by this time Shun was an old man and his mind was getting feeble, he could not refuse. He could not bring himself to retire. He had forgotten how to stop his wagon. He was an operator-and nothing else!
"The man of spirit, on the other hand, hates to see people gather around him. He avoids the crowd. For where there are many men, there are also many opinions and little
agreement. There is nothing to be gained from the support of a lot of half-wits who are doomed to end up in a fight with each other.
"The man of spirit is neither very intimate with anyone, nor very aloof. He keeps himself interiorly aware, and he maintains his balance so that he is in conflict with nobody. This is your true man! He lets the ants be clever. He lets the mutton reek with activity. For his own part, he imitates the fish that swims unconcerned, surrounded by a friendly element, and minding its own business.
"The true man sees what the eye sees, and does not add to it something that is not there. He hears what the ears hear, and does not detect imaginary undertones or overtones. He understands things in their obvious interpretation and is not busy with hidden meanings and mysteries. His course is therefore a straight line. Yet he can change his direction whenever circumstances suggest it."
[xxiv. Ia.]
149
TAO
Cocks crow Dogs bark Th" Is all men k
E ven the · Wisest Cannot tell
Image
Image
s come
Whence th .
ese voice
0 r expl .
a In
and cocks crow
o.
~
Wh Y d ogs bark
When they d
·
now
Beyond the smallest of the small There is no measure.
Beyond the greatest of the great There is also no measure.
Where there is no measure
There is no "thing."
In this void
You speak of "cause"
Or of "chance"?
You speak of "things"
Where there is "no-things."
To name a name
Is to delimit a "thing."
When I look beyond the beginning
I find no measure.
When I look beyond the end
I find also no measure.
Where there is no measure
There is no beginning of any "thing."
You speak of "cause" or "chance"?
You speak of the beginning of some "thing."
Does Tao exist?
Is it then a "thing that exists." Can it "non-exist"?
Is there then "thing that exists" That "cannot not exist"?
To name Tao
Is to name no-thing. Tao is not the name Of "an existent."
"Cause" and "chance" Have no bearing on Tao. Tao is a name
That indicates
Without defining.
Tao is beyond words
And beyond things.
It is not expressed
Either in word or in silence.
'!\There there is no longer word or silence
Tao is apprehended.
[xxv. II.]
THE USELESS
Hui Tzu said to Chuang Tzu:
"All your teaching is centered on what has no use."
Chuang replied:
"If you have no appreciation for what has no use
You cannot begin to talk about what can be used.
The earth, for example, is broad and vast
But of all this expanse a man uses only a few inches
Upon which he happens to be standing.
Now suppose you suddenly take away
All that he is not actually using
So that, all around his feet a gulf
Yawns, and he stands in the Void,
With nowhere solid except right under each foot:
How long will he be able to use what he is using?"
Hui Tzu said: "It would cease to serve any purpose."
Chuang Tzu concluded:
"This shows
The absolute necessity Of what has 'no use.' "
[xxvi. 7.]
153
MEANS AND ENDS
The gatekeeper in the capital city of Sung became such an expert mourner after his father's death, and so emaciated himself with fasts and austerities, that he was promoted to high rank in order that he might serve as a model of ritual observance.
As a result of this, his imitators so deprived themselves that half of them died. The others were not promoted.
The purpose of a fish trap is to catch fish, and when the fish are caught, the trap is forgotten.
The purpose of a rabbit snare is to catch rabbits. When the rabbits are caught, the snare is forgotten.
The purpose of words is to convey ideas. When the ideas are grasped, the words are forgotten.
Where can I find a man who has forgotten words? He is the one I would like to talk to.
[xxvi. II.]
154
FLIGHT FROM THE SHADOW
There was a man who was so disturbed by the sight of his own shadow and so displeased with his own footsteps that he determined to get rid of both. The method he hit upon was to run away from them.
So he got up and ran. But every time he put his foot down there was another step, while his shadow kept up with him without the slightest difficulty.
He attributed his failure to the fact that he was not running fast enough. So he ran faster and faster, without stopping, until he finally dropped dead.
He failed to realize that if he merely stepped into the shade, his shadow would vanish, and if he sat down and stayed still, there would be no more footsteps.
[xxxi.]
Image
155
CHUANG TZU'S FUNERAL
When Chuang Tzu was about to die, his disciples began planning a splendid funeral.
But he said: "I shall have heaven and earth for my coffin; the sun and moon will be the jade symbols hanging by my side; planets and constellations will shine as jewels all around me, and all beings will be present as mourners at the wake. What more is needed? Everything is amply taken care of!"
But they said: "We fear that crows and kites will eat our Master."
"Well," said Chuang Tzu, "above ground I shall be eaten by crows and kites, below it by ants and worms. In either case I shall be eaten. Why are you so partial to birds?"
[ xxxii. z 4.]
====
GLOSSARY
Chih
Ju
Jen
Li
Tao
Yi
Ying ning
Zen or Ch'an
One of the four basic virtues of ] u, Chih Is wisdom.
The ethical and scholarly philosophy of the Confucians.
One of the four basic virtues of Confucian ethics, Jen is the compassion that enables one to identify with the joys and troubles of others.
Another of the four basic virtues of Ju, Li is the correct understanding and practice of rites and ceremonies.
The Way, the Absolute, the Ultimate Principle.
Heaven.
Non-action, non-volitional living, obeying the Tao.
One of the four basic virtues of Ju, Yi is the sense of justice, responsibility, duty, and obligation to others.
Tranquillity in the action of non-action: a concept of Chuang Tzu.
A school of Mahayana Buddhism practicing direct intuition of the ground of being.
Tien Wu wei
====
157
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following translations and studies have been used in arriving at the "readings" presented in this volume and in writing the essay on Chuang Tzu.
Chuang Tzu, Mystic, Moralist and Social Reformer} translated from the Chinese, Shanghai, 1926. Confucianism and Its Rivals} London, 1915.
Chinese Philosophy in Classical Times, London, 1954.
The Texts of Taoism, translations, with an introduction by D. T. Suzuki, New York, 1959.
The Tao of Painting, 2 vols., New York, 1956.
Les Pères du Système Taoiste, Paris, 1950.
Dschuang Tsi-Das Wahre Buch Vom Südlichen B lutenland, Dusseldorf fKoler, 1951.
"The Wisdom of Chuang Tzu: A New Appraisal" in International Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. III, No. 1, Feb., 1963.
The Spirit of Chinese Philosophy} Boston, 1962.
The Wisdom of India and China, New York, 1942.
Giles, Herbert A.
Hughes, E. R. Legge, James
Sze, Mai Mai Wieger, Leon, S.J. Wilhelm, Richard
Wu, John C. H.
Yu-Lan, Fung Yutang, Lin
====
NOTES
(Section and verse references in the Readings are to the edition of Chuang Tzu in The Texts of Taoism translated by james Legge.)
1 From the amplifications of the Yi Ching, quoted by
Fung Yu Lang, The Spirit of Chinese Philosophy, p. 8g.
2 Mai Mai Sze, The Tao of Painting, Vol. 1, p. 4·
3 Tao Teh Ching, Chap. 30.
4 Ibid., Chap. 38.
5 John C. H. Wu, "The Wisdom of Chuang Tzu: A New
Appraisal," p. 8.
6 The Chuang Tzu book, xxxiii. 2.
7 Ibid., 1-2.
8 See "The Importance of Being Toothless" (page 121 ),
and "When Knowledge Went North" (page 1 18).
9 Taught by Hui Tzu. But see also the Tao Teh Ching.
10 The "two courses" are, on one level, the higher way
of Tao, the "divine" way, and on the other, the ordinary human way manifested in the simple conditions of everyday life.
11 Tao Teh Ching, Chap. 56.
12 Ibid., Chap. 2.
13 Ibid., Chap. 56.
14 This illustrates Chuang Tzu's "middle way" between
not having evident qualities and yet not being without qualities. The point is to have them as not having them, to excel with an excellence that is not one's own but that belongs to Tao. Thus one is not admired, or even strictly "recognized," and yet one is an obscure force in society none the less!
159
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From other countries
Lawrence Weber
5.0 out of 5 stars An Important Ecumenical Work
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 23 March 2014
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The Way of Chuang Tzu, by Thomas Merton, is the product of five years of immersion, study, prayer, and reflection on the work of Zhuangzi, one of the towering figures in Chinese Taoism (Daojia) who lived sometime between the Fourth and Third Century BC.
According to Merton, the notes based on his meditative readings, "have acquired a shape of their own and have become, as it were, 'imitations' of Chuang Tzu." Merton goes on to describe these imitations as personal spiritual interpretations and should not be mistaken for scholarship.
What evolves then becomes a multi-layered tapestry of the poetic, intuitive, provocative, and complex. Merton has found a kindred spirit in Chuang Tzu, and there is little doubt that Merton and Master Chuang share a viewpoint of life that may be common to many monastics across a broad spectrum of religious and philosophical disciplines. This kinship needs no justification by Merton, a towering figure of Twentieth Century Catholicism in his own right; and Merton goes on to say that he "may be pardoned for consorting with a Chinese recluse who shares the climate and peace of my own kind of solitude, and who is my own kind of person."
To attempt an understanding of Chuang Tzu, it is essential to understand the world in which he lived. Confucianism was the dominant Chinese philosophy of Chuang Tzu's time; and while Chuang Tzu often ridiculed Confucianism as too restrictive, it would be too simplistic to state that Taoism stood in direct contrast to Confucianism. According to Merton, "if Chuang Tzu reacted against the Ju doctrine [of Confucianism], it was not in the name of something lower-the animal spontaneity of the individual who does not want to be bothered with a lot of tiresome duties-but in the name of something altogether higher. This is the most important fact to remember when we westerners confront the seeming antinomianism of Chuang Tzu or of the Zen masters." While Confucius could advocate for Tao, Chuang Tzu believed that he was not referring to what he believed was the "great Tao" which is invisible and incomprehensible-the Eternal Tao.
For Chuang Tzu, the Eternal Tao was the source of all things. Chuang Tzu critiqued Confucius because he refused to focus his teachings on the Eternal Tao simply because it was unknowable. According to Chuang Tzu, only when one was connected in some way to the Eternal Tao (a connection beyond both words and silence), could one truly begin to understand how to live. Merton interprets Confucian understanding of Tao to be an "ethical Tao" or a "Tao of man," and he equates this understanding to be on par with the Christian interpretation of the Golden Rule. Merton concludes that this interpretation of Tao is not the Eternal Tao that Chuang Tzu espouses. Chuang Tzu eventually discarded this Confucian interpretation as illusory; where everything is distilled and categorized into a universal ethic of Tao (The Tao of Fatherhood is given as an example).
Merton brilliantly synthesizes Chuang Tzu's critique of the Confucian ethic of the "Superior Man" with the example of the heroic and the virtuous public servant by explaining that even the good and the noble person:
Engages in a self-conscious and deliberate campaign to 'do his duty' in the belief that this is right and therefore productive of happiness. He sees 'happiness' and 'the good' as 'something to be attained,' and thus he places them outside himself in the world of objects. In so doing, he becomes involved in a division from which there is no escape: between the present, in which he is not yet in possession of what he seeks, and the future in which he thinks he will have what he desires...
Chuang Tzu believed that abstractions such as "happiness," "virtue," and "justice" were concepts placed into the world of objects to be attained, and should be considered ambiguous at best, dangerous at worst. Here he means that whatever one considers good (the good) to be attained (as outside of one's self), the more the good becomes abstracted and unattainable. Instead, Chuang Tzu advocated Wu Wei, or non-action.
According to Chuang Tzu, Wu Wei is not concerned with conscious planning; in fact self-conscious action of any type is restrictive and stands opposed to the Eternal Tao. When you are in harmony with the Eternal Tao, right action, virtue, and good, which always manifest at the appropriate time without self-conscious deliberation, will intuitively become known to you, and you will act with Tao in full freedom. This concept of Wu Wei is reminiscent of the Gospel passage from Saint Matthew, "Then Jesus said to his disciples, "Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me (MT 16:24)." Dying to one's self or dying to one's self-consciousness is essential. Similarly, Saint Paul echoes this theme in Galatians 2:20 when he says, "I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me." It is not difficult to imagine the phrase sounding like this: I no longer live, but Tao (the Eternal Tao) lives in me.
Here is where I believe Merton finds a kindred spirit in Chuang Tzu. Merton recognizes that Chuang Tzu is actually moving into an area of mysticism which goes beyond mere object good, into metaphysical truth. He does not disdain virtue, good, happiness etc...He transcends them. I like that Merton recognizes in Chuang Tzu a man who challenges Merton's own vocation to solitude and contemplation, and I admire Merton all the more for confronting Chuang Tzu's critiques of contemplation and the interior life by deeply connecting his monasticism with Tao. "The true tranquility sought by the 'man of tao' is Ying ning, tranquility in the action of non-action, in other words, a tranquility which transcends the division between activity and contemplation by entering into union with the nameless and invisible Tao." I believe Merton equates this with divine union.
Finally, it is critical to understand that for Chuang Tzu, Tao is found everywhere; in the same way that Christians believe that God is both omnipresent and omniscient (Proverbs 15:3 The eyes of the Lord are everywhere, keeping watch on the wicked and the good). Merton connected to this abstraction personally. In living out Wu Wei, Chuang Tzu advocated a non-action that was in complete harmony with Tao-in other words-perfect action. Merton described this as "action not carried out independently of Heaven and earth...in perfect harmony with the whole. It is not mere passivity, but it is action that seems both effortless and spontaneous because performed "rightly," in perfect accordance with our nature and with our place in the scheme of things. It is completely free because there is in it no force and no violence. It is not "conditioned" or "limited" by our own individual needs and desires, or even by our own theories and ideas."
Today, when I read John 17:21, "that all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in me and I am in you. May they also be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me," it is not difficult to think that Thomas Merton, perhaps more than any Catholic during the last century, truly recognized the common spiritual unity (the oneness of each other's souls as grounded in the Triune-One) we all share as brothers and sisters in this world. Reading The Way of Chuang Tzu, truly contemplating Merton’s interpretive message which is rooted in his own Christology, and then living it out through Chuang Tzu's idea of non-action, becomes a great way to continue the wonderful ecumenical work Merton engaged in so selflessly when he recognized how interconnected he was with his brother Chuang Tzu, and how God (Eternal Tao) ultimately connects all of us together in the oneness of mystery and truth.
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R. C. Brusca
5.0 out of 5 stars A classic “Hero’s Journey” with timeless, universal themes (only built around religious faith)
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 2 May 2023
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A fascinating autobiographic account by Thomas Merton of his extraordinary journey of self-discovery. The writing is superb and the story is compelling. A young man growing up in Europe, the son of a successful vagabond artist, he has to find his own way. Seemingly drawn since youth toward a Christian faith, he eventually finds himself deeply affected and quite easily influenced by the pomp and circumstance of Catholic rituals, churches, and monasteries. Apparently with little interest in women, the priesthood seems like the perfect profession to Thomas. But there are so many different Catholic orders to consider! Perhaps surprisingly, given his very social lifestyle, academic leanings, and love of writing, he forsakes his initial flirtation with the Franciscans and ends up in Trappist Monastery, an order that practices strict observance and a life of quiet contemplation. Trappists are an offshoot of the Cistercian Order, founded in 1098 as a stricter branch of the Benedictines. Writing as a life-time atheist, I find Merton’s journey, despite it being one dedicated to faith, a classic “Hero’s Journey” with timeless, universal themes and motifs. However, at some point one does begin to realize that the book is also a promotional piece for the Catholic church, as never once does Merton mention anything negative about any of the Catholic orders, or any of the priests he talks with, or any of the ideals of the Catholic faith. It’s all ice cream and cookies. And certainly, there is no mention whatsoever of the now well-known Catholic priesthood scandal.
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Toto Mel k
5.0 out of 5 stars Good
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 6 May 2023
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Bernie Gourley
5.0 out of 5 stars The Trappist mystic's take on a Taoist Classic
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 25 March 2016
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“The Way of Chuang Tzu” is Thomas Merton’s take on Chuang Tzu’s lessons of Taoism. One might ask why a person should learn about Taoism from a Trappist monk any more than one would learn the teachings of St. Francis of Assisi from a Zen monk. Maybe you should and maybe you shouldn’t, but I think Merton did a remarkable job in putting this book together and that there’s a lot to be learned from it. Some may find a fresh fusion in Merton’s approach to Chuang Tzu.
What I like most about this version of Chuang Tzu’s teachings is that Merton doesn’t foul it up with a bunch of analysis. Because the lessons are short and—admittedly, in some cases—arcane, there’s a temptation to write in a bunch of explanation and analysis—both to hit a page quota and to prove how smart the translator is. Ironically, some don’t seem to see the irony of rambling on in explication of Taoism—a philosophy that advocates simplicity and rebukes the wordy for their arrogance. Merton doesn’t fall into this trap. He offers a few pages of introduction as context for the reader, and then moves straight into 62 lessons of Chuang Tzu.
I’d say the introduction is useful, particularly for individuals without a great deal of background in Taoism. In it, Merton gives insight into potentially confusing topics like wu-wei (actionlessness), the yin/yang dichotomy, and the divergence of Taoists from Confucian scholars on the four-fold Ju philosophy of virtue. However, the intro can also be skipped if you do know a about Chinese philosophy, and don’t care to read a commentary on Taoism inflected with Trappist worldview. (Taoists may want to skip the intro if they’re prone to becoming infuriated by an outsider proposing that their life philosophy took a wrong turn along the way. Merton suggests that one shouldn’t confuse Chuang Tzu’s Taoism with what the system has become, the implication being that it was a sound philosophy and became voodoo hokum in modern times.) Merton does inevitably project some of his own worldview as a Christian monk into Chuang Tzu’s teachings. Some might find this to make for a refreshing commentary on it, and others may find it a bit off the mark on occasion.
Merton’s poetic background serves him well here as many of the lessons are in poetic form—partially or totally. Translating poetry is one of the most difficult linguistic tasks imaginable. Merton has the added challenge of never having read the original. He doesn’t read any Chinese languages. He did, however, consult four different translations in three different languages (English, French, and German.) This, of course, means that besides Merton being in the text, there’s a further seepage of Western framing into these Eastern teachings. I’ll leave it to the reader to decide whether this is a good or bad thing, and arguments could be made either way.
One of the strengths of Chuang Tzu’s lessons is his use of the narrative form. That is, the Taoist sage liked to use stories to impart his wisdom, like the wheelwright who insults the Emperor but then ends up teaching him a valued lesson. One of my favorites is the story about the Prince of Chu sending out high ranking emissaries to appoint Chuang Tzu to a ministerial post. Chuang Tzu explains why he is turning down the offer by way of an allegory about a turtle.
Chuang Tzu also uses dialogue to get his point across in a way that is easy to follow and clear. A prime example of this is the discussion between Chuang Tzu and Hui Tzu about the happiness of fishes, which has an almost Socratic ring to it. The combination of story and dialogue makes Chuang Tzu’s lessons sometimes easier to follow than the “Tao Te Ching” of Lao Tzu. Lao Tzu tends to be more arcane by way of his use of short, declarative statements that are vaguer and abstract (that could be a good thing, but given vast loss of cultural context it might be confusing as well.)
I’d recommend this book for anyone interested in Taoism. I enjoyed the Merton’s sparse approach, and think that he does a good job conveying Chuang Tzu’s lessons.
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Bret Blakeslee
5.0 out of 5 stars This book is an excellent starting place in the study of the early writings ...
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 4 March 2015
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This book is an excellent starting place in the study of the early writings of the Tao.
I have a lot of different translations of the works of Chuang Zi. None of them are exactly like the others. Translating from ancient Chinese must be a real challenge since all of them are quite different . Most of them however get the gist of the subject. Merton may get it more than many who try to translate word for word. This is a transliteration of Chuang's work. Kind of like Edward FitzGerald's transliteration of Omar khayyam's Rubaiyat. FitzGerald didn't translate Khayyam's work. But he did a truly remarkable job of getting the meaning of several of Khayyam's quatrains.
And this is a remarkable book in the very same manner. I always have an extra or two on hand to give away to people who might get something from it. I've given away more than 50 to date. I think that much of it. Yes, Merton does see the Tao through Christian eyes but I allow for this and translate it back to the Tao in my head. Or, at least, my image of the Tao which, by definition, must be imperfect. But, as I said, I've read (and re-read) several translations of the Chuang Tzu, the Lieh Tzu, the Tao Te Ching, the Analects, the Doctrine Of The Mean, the Han Fei Tzu, the I Ching, and several other early works of the Tao, the Chan, and Zen, All of which come directly from these books.
And Merton gets it. He doesn't get it all. Or, maybe, he doesn't present it all here, I can’t actually speak to what Merton gets or doesn’t get. But this book is an excellent starting place in the study of the early writings of the Tao. It's easy to read and easy to comprehend, but there is a lot in it. Every time you read it you will get something new out of it. Like most beginnings it can be re-examined and studied at most places along the way and It never fails to offer a good foundation. If you don't start here, it offers an alternative foundation that will, at least, be interesting.
You can do a lot worse than buy this book. Reading it until you get all the meaning out of it will reward you greatly. Have fun. It’s worth it.
[You will notice this book has only 1 (at this time of this review) negative review. I think that review speaks for itself. But like most of his ilk he seems uncomfortable with the English language and it’s uses, and sees conspiracy everywhere because he understands nothing. ‘Nuff said ‘bout this.]
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Jim Martin
5.0 out of 5 stars Enjoy the Simplicity of Life...
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 13 August 2011
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Way to go Thomas Merton! In my humble opinion, I would presume this is already a classic! I previously read the Tao Te Ching, and the I Ching as well. Chuang Tzu is now included in this celebrated class of renowned publications. I understand that just like Tao Te Ching, Chuang Tzu has many available translations, editions etc. This is my first copy and I cannot imagine a cleaner, simpler version. However, I will probably look into an alternate version somewhere down the road just to change it up. In addition, this is my 1st Thomas Merton book (I also purchased Thomas Merton's "New Seeds of Contemplation" which I am looking forward to). Rather than explain Chuang Tzu which I'm sure has been done, and overdone, I will attempt to highlight just a couple of wonderful and insightful chapters...
One chapter I really enjoyed was "Leaving Things Alone":
Lesson: you must learn to leave things alone. Do not interfere with the true course of things. Simply allow things to move in/out of their own accord. Do not become an impediment to life; rather be the stream from which all things flow... Do not force anything - instead, listen and observe. Avoid going against the grain - this is how you maintain inner balance...
Another classic was "The Five Enemies":
Lesson: all things in moderation. We all forget the simplicity of man. We get caught up in the love & overindulgence of all things; and in the interim we lose our true sense of humanity which includes simply appreciating all "that is". We must maintain our simplicity of all life's activities. When you overindulge - you become imprisoned to your own machinations, and subsequently, your senses become dulled like a knife after too much use. Be watchful; be aware...
One more goodie was "Autumn Floods":
Lesson: What's the fuss? How insignificant the things we hold sacred. We hold the minutest objects dear to our heart. We all struggle, and strive for importance, wealth, fame etc., and yet, nothing lasts forever. We're all so insignificant and equal to all others. Nothing endures, so what's all the fuss about? Also, don't feel one way or another about events because all things are natural and a part of life. Simply allow and accept ...
These are just a few gems that I wanted to share. This is definitely a book that refreshes every time you pick it up. Acquire this work of art and you just might begin to enjoy the simplicity of life...
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James Kenney
3.0 out of 5 stars Ho hum
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 26 February 2023
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I wasn’t all that impressed with Merton’s treatment of this essential text of Taoist thought. It’s neither fish nor fowl, neither a translation nor an analysis.
There are better books on this important text of early Taoism.
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Pepe
5.0 out of 5 stars Gran texto
Reviewed in Mexico 🇲🇽 on 2 December 2022
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Joya de taoísmo
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Daniel P Casey
5.0 out of 5 stars This is Chaung Tzu
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 18 June 2022
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Here in lies wisdom and peace. This is a type of way of describing being and non-being and the true meaning of Wu-Wei.
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C. S. Daniel
5.0 out of 5 stars Worth the money and more.....
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 3 October 2021
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Great book to learn tenets of philosophical Taoism. This, accompanied by Marcus Aurelius' Meditations is a winning combo....and will change your life if you read both. Both books (and philosophies) can bring some needed peace. They did for me. Stop watching the news, turn off your phone a (long) while...and just read.
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Ahmad Sharabiani
9,566 reviews
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February 20, 2022
The Way of Chuang Tzu, Zhuangzi, Thomas Merton (Editor)
As free, interpretive readings, this book is very much Thomas Merton's own, the result of five years of reading, study and meditation. Chuang Tzu, the most spiritual of the classic Chinese philosophers, is the chief historical spokesman for Taoism.
Through his writings and those of other Taoist sages, Indian Buddhism was transformed in China into what is now known by its Japanese name - Zen.
تاریخ نخستین خوانش: روز بیست و یکم ماه نوامبر سال2016میلادی
Title: This Book Is Useless - Dao Wisdom; Author: Zhuang Zhe = Zhuang Zi; Editor: Thomas Merton; Translated by: Alireza Tankabani; Tehran, Karvan, 2017; on p. 231; The fourth edition of 2014; 231 pages, illustrated; ISBN 9789647033985; Another edition: Tehran, Qatreh Publishing House, 1389; in 240 pages; ISBN 9786001191688; Another edition: Tehran, written publication, year 2014; on p. 231; ISBN 9786009426751; The subject of the teachings of Zhuang Dze (Ze) (Dezi); Taoism; 4th century BC
The classic sayings of "Zhuang Ze", the "Chinese" philosopher of the 4th century BC; Quote from the back cover text: (One night I dreamed that I was a butterfly and I was jumping from one flower to another. I was unaware that I was Zhuang Zhe. Suddenly I got up and became Zhuang Zhe again, but I didn't know if I was Zhuang Zhe who dreamed that I had become a butterfly. I was or my butterfly and I dream that I am Zhuang Zhe); The end of the quote on the back cover
A story from the book: (I have a big tree, the kind that is barren and heavy; its trunk is crooked, and has a lot of knots, its branches are very crooked; it cannot be cut in any way, so that there is no benefit to the fruit; no harvester Don't look at it; such a tree is useless? So plant it in a barren land, in an empty place; go around it, and spend time, relax under its shade; no ax or saw will harm it; no one will ever kill it. Where many want to make a pillar out of you, to stand firm and stable, dry, hard and soulless, "Dao" wants you to be a bud, a young tree, which gradually takes leaves and blossoms. And in its own time, it will be fertile, but all this time, it will always dance with the breeze and blinds of life); The end of the story,
update date 16/11/1399 AH; 11/30/1400 AH; A. Sherbiani
04th-century-bc
ancient
china
...more
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Yokoloyo
449 reviews
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September 21, 2017
It is a good introduction for Chuang Tzu/Zhuang_Zhou for readers with Catholics or Christian background, thanks to "A Note to Reader" and "A Study of Chuang Tzu" chapters by the author. The introduction chapters are gems by themselves, reflecting the rays of bright mind of the author.
The poetry part from Chuang Tzu is the main course and maybe the part that you would re-read again and again, even only for some of them.
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Bill Kerwin
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April 21, 2020
If you like to read about spirituality and are tolerant of its many forms and traditions, then this book may be just the thing for you. It is a selection from the writings of an early Daoist philosopher, chosen and rendered into English by an American Catholic Trappist monk with a great sympathy for zen Buddhism. Oh, and it possesses a brief preface by his Holiness, the Dalai Lama.
Confucian practice comes in for much criticism in this book, but I think this is because Daoism is concerned about the experience of being and enlightenment, whereas Confucianism is concerned with the proprieties of social behavior. If Chuang Tzu rails at the students of Confucianism, he does so in much the same spirit with which Jesus criticizes the scribes and the pharisees. He wishes to lead them past the practices to the heart within all of us.
Thomas Merton is not fluent in Chinese, and does not claim to be, but as he is a real poet his Chang Tzu renditions travel to the heart within all of us too.
Here are a few examples I have chosen, principally because I liked them and they were a little shorter than the rest:
THE NEED TO WIN
When an archer is shooting
He has all his skill.
If he shoots for a brass buckle
He is already nervous.
If he shoots for a prize of gold
He goes blind
or sees two targets—
he is out of his mind!
His skill has not changed. But the prize
Divides him. He cares.
He thinks more of winning
Than of shooting—
And the need to wind
Drains him of power.
APOLOGIES
If a man steps on a stranger’s foot
In the marketplace,
He makes a polite apology
And offers an explanation
(This place is so terribly
Crowded!”)
If an elder brother
Steps on his younger brother’s foot,
He says, “Sorry!”
And that is that.
If a parent
Treads on his child’s foot,
Nothing is said at all.
The greatest politeness
Is free of all formality.
Perfect conduct is free of concern.
Perfect wisdom
Is unplanned.
Perfect love
Is without demonstrations.
Perfect sincerity offers
No guarantee.
THE USELESS
Hui Tzu said to Chuang Tzu:
“All your teaching is centered on what has no use.”
Chuang replied:
“If you have no appreciation for what has no use
You cannot begin to talk about what can be used.
The earth, for example, is broad and vast
But of all that expanse a man uses only a few inches
Upon which he happens to be standing.
Now suppose you suddenly take away
All that he is not actually using
So that, all around his fee a gulf
Yawns, and he stands in the Void,
With nowhere solid except right under each foot:
How long will he be able to use what he is using?”
Hui Tzu: “It would cease to serve any purpose.”
Chuang concluded”
“This shows
The absolute necessity
Of what has ‘no use’”
philosophy
poetry
religion
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KamRun
376 reviews
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January 19, 2016
Chinese philosophy and its differences with Western philosophy,
Greek philosophy and ancient Chinese philosophy are separated from each other in their foundation. From the beginning, Greek philosophy paid a lot of attention to opposites , and the most basic philosophical theories are also based on this principle. But in the East, philosophy is not based on opposites, but on the unity of the world and everything (Dao essence).
The first Chinese philosophers were only philosophers. but in ancient Greece thinkers were philosopher-scientists. The first Greek philosophy had religious elements of that time, that is, the mythology of ancient Greek religions, and it took a long time for the transition from myth to science. Later, a strong relationship between philosophy, science and religious thought was established in the West. But in the east, all religious elements were removed from schools and thoughts. It means the two elements of the immortality of the soul or soul and the supreme being such as Logos in Greek philosophy .
Although Greek philosophers mostly wrote treatises on politics or held political positions, there is no connection between their philosophy and political thinking that cannot be separated, but philosophy in China was so intertwined with politics that their separation in Some schools are practically impossible, such as the
Greek and Chinese schools of philosophy and law, in terms of research methods, they were significantly different from Yodgir. Greek philosophy used logical principles and reasoning, on the other hand, in the East, with too much emphasis on meditation and self-cultivation and austerity, intuition and enlightenment had overcome reasoning and there was an excessive reluctance for abstract thought.
About Zhuang Zhe
Zhuang Zah (3 centuries BC) was one of the famous philosophers of the Daoist school and a follower of Laoze. Although he was not the founder of this thought, but due to his main role in its expansion, he is considered the most prominent philosopher of this Jirga.The main components of his thought are the return to the nature of everything (naturalism) and opposition to any kind of human civilization. Zhuang Zeh and Lao Ze tried to stay away from politics as much as possible and refused to accept government positions. In politics, by denying the legitimacy of any government, they were in favor of a kind of individualistic anarchism and destroying any civilized society and returning to primitiveness and the first nature of man.
The basis of Zhuang Zeh's philosophy is based on the fact that the truth cannot be achieved through the mind and logical arguments, and instead, they considered a kind of inner enlightenment necessary to receive the truth, which can only be achieved through observation (inaction).
In the Zhuang Zeh school, Dao ( in the sense of the way of nature, principle, cosmic order ) is considered the (metaphysical) life-giving force of everything. According to the teachings of this school, Dao cannot be defined because:
Dao cannot be heard, if it is heard it is not Dao. Dao cannot be seen, if it is seen it is not Dao. Dao cannot be spoken of, if it is said it is not Dao.
But it is possible to define the Dao and its characteristics from a non-religious point of view:
the Dao is not the creator of the world and living beings, the world has the characteristics of self-god . Therefore, the Dao is the only cause of their existence. They have found their own existence. Dao has created them by inaction. (Original Wei Wu Wei). Dao contains everything, it has no beginning and no end. Everything is summed up in the Dao, all things that appear to be opposites are combined and united in the Dao. The essence of Dao is to see nothing, hear nothing and do nothing. There is no other absolute reality that can be known. Everything is the same. There is nothing that is not good and there is nothing that is not bad.
About the compiler, the monk Thomas Merton
This book was compiled by Thomas Merton, a Catholic monk, from the trappist congregation (monks who take an oath to refrain from speaking for the rest of their lives). Merton wrote many books about monastic life, and in writing them, he was helped by the experience of his childhood home life. After 10 years of monastic life, Merton, denying the unity of the individual self, declared that there is a great difference between the real self and the empirical self:
The presence and observation of work is not self-evident. There is a deep gap between the true transcendental self and this apparent self that we identify with the first person singular. This apparent self is our individuality and the result of our experience, not the self that becomes one with God.
This way of thinking made him tend towards Eastern religions. Ramneh Mehrshi, one of the spiritual staid of the new mysticism of India, believed that God or the absolute soul is the origin of the true nature of man, while man's knowledge of himself is limited to his emotions towards himself, which are usually to a large extent from the soul. Absolute or real self is far away. As soon as this personal feeling becomes one with the Absolute Self, it will reveal its true power. In the shadow of such ideas, Merton also tried to express his teachings with biblical terms and under the umbrella of the church:
God leaves us free to be whatever we want. We can be ourselves or not. We are free to be real or unreal. You can be true or false, the choice is ours. But we cannot make these choices with impunity. Every cause has an effect, and if we lie to ourselves or others by putting on a mask, then we cannot stop finding the truth whenever we want. Our duty is not to be alone, but to be involved with God in the creation of our own lives, our own identity and our own destiny.
Another thing that Merton emphasized a lot was my denial . It means moving away from the individual and moving towards a state of being, through letting go of the thing of being :
تا وقتی منی هست که صاحب مشخص یک تجربه شهودی است، منی که از خود، حضور و مشاهده اش آگاه است، منی که می تواند واجد مرتبه خاصی از روحانیت شود، هنوز از دریای سرخ عبور نکره ایم، هنوز از مصر بیرون نرفته ایم. ما در قلمرو کثرت، فعالیت، نقص و تلاش و خواهش باقی می مانیم. من حقیقی ما فقط برای خود و خداوند شناخته شده است، این من چیزی ندارد، حتی حضور و مشاهده.
In 1968, while traveling to Bangkok to lecture and teach a group of Christian monks, Merton was electrocuted by a faulty fan switch and died. Hours before the accident, he told his friend at the airport: We left the ground. I feel that I have finally found my true path after years of waiting and wandering.
About this book,
the teachings of the book can be divided into three parts: metaphysics, ethics and knowledge. The anecdotes and contents of the metaphysical section include explanations about the Dao, the natural world, and the relationship between man and the world. In the ethics section, basically the methods of living happily and its obstaclesIt is mentioned. Zhuang Zeh believed that all human hardship and suffering originates from his rebellion against the way of nature, and the only way to get rid of this pain and suffering is through inaction and childish euphoria: he goes without knowing where he is going. He stands without knowing why he is standing. He is not aware of anything, but he equates himself with the natural conditions of existence. The streaks of anarchism can be clearly seen in the stories of this section by rejecting any government, law and civilization.
The Zhuang Zeh school considers two levels of knowledge and awareness for humans: the lower level knowledge that is obtained through the senses of the body and the mind. This is a level cognition that distinguishes between things and knows good and bad. Higher cognition is achieved by discarding lower cognition. That is, when the distinction between this and that, death and life, existence and nonexistence, good and bad disappears for a person:
this is alsoIt is, it is also this . It has a system of right and wrong . Is there really a difference between that and this ? The essence of the Dao is that it and this are not opposites. The only essence, as if it is an axis. The center is a circle that responds to endless change. Truth is an endless transformation, falsehood is also an endless transformation.
In this case, the person reaches the state of no-me or heartlessness. It is a sign of supreme consciousness, peace of mind, peace, harmony and pure inactivity:
Close your ears from hearing and keep your heart from thinking. But let your soul be like a blank slate that responds receptively to external things.
Some stories in the book are very similar to Christian teachings. For example, the story of Zhuang Zeh's complete happiness has a common feature with the Sermon on the Mount of Christ, who teaches the happy .
This book is useless! What is the reason for choosing this title by Merton? It seems that the choice of this name is rooted in Zhuang Zeh's belief that human nature, like nature, is a mixture of good and bad, and no educational and moral structure can work for humans except returning to the original nature. Therefore, the teachings of this book cannot be useful to anyone because the truth cannot be taught to anyone and the truth that can be learned and expressed is not the truth.
Another point about the book is that Merton has used the word God instead of the word Dao in this compilation, and the reason for this is the lack of familiarity of the audience with the concept of Dao. According to Merton, the concept of Dao in the East is the same as the concept of God. It is equal in Christianity.
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Joseph
223 reviews
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February 3, 2013
This is one of the first books I read some time ago after first reading the Chuang Tzu. Read it because I needed to read other interpretations of the Chuang Tzu. Merton has a special appeal for me because I had read his great “Seven Story Mountain” and I am enamored of Trappist monks (maybe because I’m not sure I have the fortitude it would take to live those vows). Even given that Merton did not read Chinese, I still think that his is a unique perspective, perhaps because he more than anyone else who has interpreted the Chuang Tzu has 'lived' the Chuang Tzu. What? Well think about it and read about how a Trappist monk lives. It is a life reduced to essentials and a life where the material life most of us cannot avoid living plays little part.
“The man of Tao
Remains unknown
Perfect virtue
Produces nothing
‘No-Self’
Is ‘True-Self’
And the greatest man
Is nobody.’ (p. 92)
Perhaps more so these lines:
“He goes his way
Without relying on others
And does not pride himself
On walking alone.” (p. 91)
In my opinion a man who lived his life as humbly as Merton did is well qualified to interpret Chuang Tzu.
I’m not suggesting that Thomas Merton is the only person who could have interpreted Chuang Tzu or Daoism. But, I am suggesting that he was uniquely qualified to do so and that his perspective is a very valuable one. That’s why I’ve kept this book on my shelf for 20 or so years and that’s why I go back to it.
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Hannibal
56 reviews
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September 21, 2008
Zhuang Zeh is the second greatest master of Dao philosophy after Lao Ze. If we consider the Dao Jing attributed to Laoze as a manifesto of Yin Dao beliefs, this work somehow contains Daoist ethics.
The English translation of this book is by Thomas Merton, and I don't know to what extent the Persian translator has captured the text. For example, wherever the word "God" is mentioned in the book, it is "Dao" in the original Chinese text, which means the way and... Therefore, this translation should not be considered as an exact translation, although reading it is not without pleasure and it will be useful to get to know the general mood of Maram Dao.
My interest in this book is due to the stories that are told, and at the end, it follows a moral conclusion.
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Guy
353 reviews
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December 13, 2017
Very enjoyable and well worth while reading! Curiously, when I first read it I felt it wasn't up to 5 stars, and gave it a 3. However on recent re-read, I now rate it a full five stars. Not sure what has changed about me to make such a change in my perception of the writing, but on this read even the introduction stood out as exceptionally entertaining.
And now I find myself going to it from time-to-time to partake of its charm and wisdom. It is a truly refreshing and delightful book of wise humour. Or, perhaps, humous wisdom.
A couple of paragraphs from Merton's introduction stand out as worthy of citing:
[My:] 'readings' [of Chuang Tzu:] are not attempts at faithful reproduction but ventures in personal and spiritual interpretation. Inevitably, any rendering of Chuang Tzu is bound to be very personal. Though, from the point of view of scholarship, I am not even a dwarf sitting on the shoulders of these giants, and though not all my renderings can even qualify as 'poetry,' I believe that a certain type of reader will enjoy my intuitive approach to a thinker who is subtle, funny, provocative, and not easy to get at (9).
And:
This book is not intended to prove anything or to convince anyone of anything that s/he does not want to hear about in the first place. In other words, it is not a new apologetic subtlety ... in which Christian rabbits will suddenly appear by magic out of a Taoist hat.
I simply like Chuang Tzu because he is what he is and I feel no need to justify this liking to myself or to anyone else. He is far too great to need any apologies from me (10).
multiple-reads
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Patrick
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November 28, 2013
I am a great admirer of Thomas Merton. However, the content of his translation is too frequently wrong to make this translation a reliable representation of what Zhuang Zi (Chuang Tzu) meant.
There are many places in ancient Chinese where, e.g., one person might translate: "The sage always..." and another person might translate: "The Dao always..." That is because the original text did not have a subject. The reader has to supply that part. Usually there is no way to figure it out for sure; either or both might be what the original author intended.
Too many of the things that appear in Merton's English cannot be supported by the Chinese text. The idea did not come from the Chinese text because Merton could not read Chinese. The idea must have come because Merton was able to push the English of translators into the interpretation that seemed to Merton, on the basis of his own experience as a meditator, to be correct.
If you want to understand Merton then this translation may well help. If you want to understand Zhuang Zi then this translation can get you into trouble.
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Bob Nichols
889 reviews
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April 14, 2010
Among the classical Chinese philosophers (550-250 BCE), Chuang Tzu (d. 275) was the premier voice for Taoism. The Tao is regarded as mysterious, immune to description. Taoism's legendary founder, Lao Tzu (who may not have existed), states that "The name that can be named is not the constant name." In the same vein, Chuang Tzu writes that "Tao is a name that indicates without defining." Given this characterization or lack thereof, even a reference to "the Tao" is problematic as "the" qualifies Tao. Any attempt to define the Tao seems so fundamentally at odds with what Taoism is about. It is easy to get stuck and to resign oneself to a search for something vague but promising, something that unifies and quiets the soul.
Yet, if Taoism is viewed as cosmic energy that operates dialectically (force, counter force, equilibrium), the Taoist epigrams of Chuang Tzu begin to make some sense. Ultimate reality is not a thing, but energy that pervades all (the cosmos, nature, human relationships). Energy, while formless, manifests itself in matter that moves in certain ways that reflect its inner makeup. Matter acts and matter reacts until equilibrium is achieved. That balance is then upset and this prompts new dialectic cycles. Absolute, Eternal stasis where time stops has no place in Taoism. The only permanent reality is change itself.
The principle of change governs human affairs as well. Chuang Tzu's epigrams emphasize balance in the conduct of life. To stand out, by seeking fame and riches and power, is to upset that balance and, thereby, trigger adverse reaction (tension, conflict, violence) until order (balance) is restored. Non-striving and non-action are often interpreted as the need to retreat through self-denial. But these words can also mean that the self can attend to its basic needs without the excess that comes from striving too much and acting beyond proper bounds. While man may "think he is surpassing others, others see him merely straining, stretching, to stand on tiptoe." And, just who is the self? As in all life forms, each individual has his or her own nature: "Water is for fish, and air for men. Natures differ, and needs with them." Being true to one's nature brings peace and harmony to the soul as long as it is done with a sense of proportion and balance. This perspective stands in contrast with the Confucians who pushed individuals away from themselves and toward the needs of the social order.
From the various commentaries on the subject, "Tao" generally means the ultimate pinciple that governs all, the path of the cosmos. "Te" is the Tao translated into the life principle. This is both the force or energy that pervades all of life and the principles of change and balance that govern all life forms and their interaction with each other and nature. Virtue is to follow these principles. "Ching" refers to one's essential nature. Virtue means to care and tend to our individual natures but to do so without asserting too much and without violating "Te." Arguably, this could be the story that Taoism tells.
In the end, of course, the principle of change means that we, as all life forms do, must die and that our death, as death does throughout nature, begets new life. In our brief moment of life, though, it is in our interest to live within our bounds as individual and social harmony is the result. To assert oneself beyond those bounds brings only disharmony. As Chuang Tzu writes, "There is no robber so dangerous as Nature (Yang and Yin). Yet it is not nature that does the damage: it is man's own will!"
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Julia
190 reviews
April 22, 2016
a reference book on my shelf, which I return to again and again. Chuang Tzu illustrates the way with fables rather than epigrams. More approachable than Lao Tzu, thought some stories can be as enigmatic as truisms. Not a book to read through cover to cover in one sitting, but rather a book to leave around, and pick a page at random whenever guidance is needed.
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Mobina J
145 reviews
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July 14, 2016
This book was great... I experienced thought-provoking thoughts...
From the text:
When the shoe is the right size, the foot should be forgotten.
When the belt is the size, forget the belly.
No pressure, no coercion
, no need, no tension
, and such sentences are under control and you are free
, calm, it is
right, you are right, you are calm,
continue slowly and you are right...
The right way to go slowly is to forget, the right way is to forget. That it is easy to go...
humanity
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Kevin
1,506 reviews
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August 26, 2017
I'd read Lao Tzu's "Tao Te Ching" before but had never had the opportunity to read anything my Chuang Tzu. This was an excellent book that I read straight through, probably not the best way to read it, I think I'll get a physical copy so I can keep it on the nightstand to read the poetry section, again and again.
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Oliver Ho
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December 18, 2013
I read two other translations several years ago, and I'd been curious about this one for some time. Thomas Merton's introduction is excellent. He explains how he didn't translate the book so much as make an "imitation" based on four or five other translations, each of which was quite different. In that respect, this reminded me of Robert Lowell's book, "Imitations." Merton also gives an interesting overview of Chinese philosophy and its parallels to his particular interests, namely his mystic Christian monasticism. I will definitely read this again.
I highlighted quite a few passages. The first bunch are from Merton's introduction. (The highlights didn't capture line breaks in the poems. Each new line started with a capitalized first letter.)
there is a monastic outlook which is common to all those who have elected to question the value of a life submitted entirely to arbitrary secular presuppositions, dictated by social convention, and dedicated to the pursuit of temporal satisfactions which are perhaps only a mirage.
---
This book is not intended to prove anything or to convince anyone of anything that he does not want to hear about in the first place.
---
I simply like Chuang Tzu because he is what he is and I feel no need to justify this liking to myself or to anyone else.
---
Chuang Tzu is not concerned with words and formulas about reality, but with the direct existential grasp of reality in itself. Such a grasp is necessarily obscure and does not lend itself to abstract analysis. It can be presented in a parable, a fable, or a funny story about a conversation between two philosophers.
---
The book of the Bible which most obviously resembles the Taoist classics is Ecclesiastes. But at the same time there is much in the teaching of the Gospels on simplicity, childlikeness, and humility, which responds to the deepest aspirations of the Chuang Tzu book and the Tao Teh Ching.
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He might easily be read today as one preaching a gospel of license and uncontrol. Chuang Tzu himself would be the first to say that you cannot tell people to do whatever they want when they don’t even know what they want in the first place!
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After all, the idea that one can seriously cultivate his own personal freedom merely by discarding inhibitions and obligations, to live in self-centered spontaneity, results in the complete decay of the true self and of its capacity for freedom.
---
Personalism gives priority to the person and not the individual self. To give priority to the person means respecting the unique and inalienable value of the other person, as well as one’s own, for a respect that is centered only on one’s individual self to the exclusion of others proves itself to be fraudulent.
---
Chuang Tzu held that only when one was in contact with the mysterious Tao which is beyond all existent things, which cannot be conveyed either by words or by silence, and which is apprehended only in a state which is neither speech nor silence (xxv. II.) could one really understand how to live.
---
To put it simply, the hero of virtue and duty ultimately lands himself in the same ambiguities as the hedonist and the utilitarian. Why? Because he aims at achieving “the good” as object. He engages in a self-conscious and deliberate campaign to “do his duty” in the belief that this is right and therefore productive of happiness. He sees “happiness” and “the good” as “something to be attained,” and thus he places them outside himself in the world of objects. In so doing, he becomes involved in a division from which there is no escape: between the present, in which he is not yet in possession of what he seeks, and the future in which he thinks he will have what he desires: between the wrong and the evil, the absence of what he seeks, and the good that he hopes to make present by his efforts to eliminate the evils; between his own idea of right and wrong, and the contrary idea of right and wrong held by some other philosophical school. And so on.
---
Chuang Tzu agrees with the paradox of Lao Tzu, “When all the world recognizes good as good, it becomes evil,” because it becomes something that one does not have and which one must constantly be pursuing until, in effect, it becomes unattainable.
---
The more “the good” is objectively analyzed, the more it is treated as something to be attained by special virtuous techniques, the less real it becomes. As it becomes less real, it recedes further into the distance of abstraction, futurity, unattainability. The more, therefore, one concentrates on the means to be used to attain it. And as the end becomes more remote and more difficult, the means become more elaborate and complex, until finally the mere study of the means becomes so demanding that all one’s effort must be concentrated on this, and the end is forgotten.
---
The way of Tao is to begin with the simple good with which one is endowed by the very fact of existence.
---
If one is in harmony with Tao—the cosmic Tao, “Great Tao”—the answer will make itself clear when the time comes to act, for then one will act not according to the human and self-conscious mode of deliberation, but according to the divine and spontaneous mode of wu wei, which is the mode of action of Tao itself, and is therefore the source of all good.
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The other way, the way of conscious striving, even though it may claim to be a way of virtue, is fundamentally a way of self-aggrandizement, and it is consequently bound to come into conflict with Tao.
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Chuang Tzu is not against virtue (why should he be?), but he sees that mere virtuousness is without meaning and without deep effect either in the life of the individual or in society.
---
All deliberate, systematic, and reflexive “self-cultivation,” whether active or contemplative, personalistic or politically committed, cuts one off from the mysterious but indispensible contact with Tao, the hidden “Mother” of all life and truth.
---
No one is so wrong as the man who knows all the answers.
---
A program or a system has this disadvantage: it tends to situate happiness in one kind of action only and to seek it only there. But the happiness and freedom which Chuang Tzu saw in Tao is to be found everywhere (since Tao is everywhere), and until one can learn to act with such freedom from care that all action is “perfect joy because without joy,” one cannot really be happy in anything.
---
The true character of wu wei is not mere inactivity but perfect action— because it is act without activity. In other words, it is action not carried out independently of Heaven and earth and in conflict with the dynamism of the whole, but in perfect harmony with the whole. It is not mere passivity, but it is action that seems both effortless and spontaneous because performed “rightly,” in perfect accordance with our nature and with our place in the scheme of things. It is completely free because there is in it no force and no violence. It is not “conditioned” or “limited” by our own individual needs and desires, or even by our own theories and ideas.
---
What is impossible today may suddenly become possible tomorrow. What is good and pleasant today may, tomorrow, become evil and odious. What seems right from one point of view may, when seen from a different aspect, manifest itself as completely wrong.
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When a limited and conditioned view of “good” is erected to the level of an absolute, it immediately becomes an evil, because it excludes certain complementary elements which are required if it is to be fully good.
---
He retains his perspective and clarity of judgment, so that he knows that “Yes” is “Yes” in the light of the “No” which stands over against it. He understands that happiness, when pushed to an extreme, becomes calamity. That beauty, when overdone, becomes ugliness. Clouds become rain and vapor ascends again to become clouds. To insist that the cloud should never turn to rain is to resist the dynamism of Tao.
---
The pivot of Tao passes through the center where all affirmations and denials converge. He who grasps the pivot is at the still-point from which all movements and oppositions can be seen in their right relationship. Hence he sees the limitless possibilities of both “Yes” and “No.”
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No one seems to know How useful it is to be useless.
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“All the fish needs Is to get lost in water. All man needs is to get lost In Tao.”
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By ethical argument And moral principle The greatest crimes are eventually shown To have been necessary, and, in fact, A signal benefit To mankind.
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This one sees in the dark, hears where there is no sound. In the deep dark he alone sees light. In soundlessness he alone perceives music. He can go down into the lowest of low places and find people. He can stand in the highest of high places and see meaning. He is in contact with all beings. That which is not, goes his way. That which moves is what he stands on. Great is small for him, long is short for him, and all his distances are near.
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The bird opens its beak and sings its note And then the beak comes together again in Silence.
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The sage is quiet because he is not moved, Not because he wills to be quiet. Still water is like glass. You can look in it and see the bristles on your chin. It is a perfect level; A carpenter could use it.
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From emptiness comes the unconditioned. From this, the conditioned, the individual things. So from the sage’s emptiness, stillness arises: From stillness, action. From action, attainment.
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There are no fixed limits Time does not stand still. Nothing endures, Nothing is final.
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Nothing endures, Nothing is final.
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The game is never over Birth and death are even The terms are not final.
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Can a man cling only to heaven And know nothing of earth? They are correlative: to know one Is to know the other. To refuse one Is to refuse both.
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Kui, the one-legged dragon, Is jealous of the centipede. The centipede is jealous of the snake. The snake is jealous of the wind. The wind is jealous of the eye. The eye is jealous of the mind.
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The man in whom Tao Acts without impediment Harms no other being By his actions Yet he does not know himself To be “kind,” to be “gentle.” The man in whom Tao Acts without impediment Does not bother with his own interests And does not despise Others who do.
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“Go home!” said Chuang Tzu. “Leave me here To drag my tail in the mud!”
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I ask myself if after all their concept of happiness has any meaning whatever. My opinion is that you never find happiness until you stop looking for it. My greatest happiness consists precisely in doing nothing whatever that is calculated to obtain happiness: and this, in the minds of most people, is the worst possible course.
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My opinion is that you never find happiness until you stop looking for it.
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Contentment and well-being at once become possible the moment you cease to act with them in view, and if you practice non-doing (wu wei), you will have both happiness and well-being.
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“Heaven and earth do nothing Yet there is nothing they do not do."
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So a drunken man, falling Out of a wagon, Is bruised but not destroyed.
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If there is such security in wine, How much more in Tao.
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So, when the shoe fits The foot is forgotten, When the belt fits The belly is forgotten, When the heart is right “For” and “against” are forgotten.
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The right way to go easy Is to forget the right way And forget that the going is easy.
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The straight tree is the first to be cut down, The spring of clear water is the first to be drained dry.
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Such is the perfect man: His boat is empty.
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Those who are caught in the machinery of power take no joy except in activity and change—the whirring of the machine! Whenever an occasion for action presents itself, they are compelled to act; they cannot help themselves.
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Where there is no longer word or silence Tao is apprehended.
---
“If you have no appreciation for what has no use You cannot begin to talk about what can be used."
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Allenh
29 reviews
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May 29, 2020
I've always heard of the Tao Te Ching, by Lao Tzu, but until a foray into Br. Thomas Merton's works I had never heard of Chuang Tzu. It's a true shame that more people don't know about Chuang Tzu, as I feel his work is much more close to what I would call Zen than Lao Tzu's, even though Lao Tzu's work is the definitive work on Tao. Chuang Tzu was a poet, and my Chinese friends call his work beautiful, and I have to agree, his stories about Tao mean more than Lao Tzu's sayings about Tao for me. The poem I often relay to my friends and co-workers is that of the archer entitled "Need To Win" as translated by Merton. Beautiful and clear example of how his poetry addresses the heart of the issue at hand.
I've cracked open the Tao Te Ching a few times, and I believe a more careful study will show its beauty more than the cursory one I've had time to do (a lot of linguistic beauty and play is lost in translation). But, Chuang Tzu's poetry is very accessible and conveys important concepts very quickly.
I also find it intriguing and telling that Merton would find ChuangTzu, both contemplatives, and see parallels between his contemplative life and Chuang Tzu's.
Definitely a must read at least once.
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George
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16 books
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May 10, 2019
A joy and a challenge to read, this offered me entirely new realms of consideration for why I might shed the myths of self-made manhood and goal-oriented living and embrace a deeper way. The introduction by Merton is outstanding.
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fabi
1 review
November 2, 2012
The best book I have ever read
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Lawrence Weber
9 reviews
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July 7, 2014
The Way of Chuang Tzu, by Thomas Merton, is the product of five years of immersion, study, prayer, and reflection on the work of Zhuangzi, one of the towering figures in Chinese Taoism (Daojia) who lived sometime between the Fourth and Third Century BC.
According to Merton, the notes based on his meditative readings, "have acquired a shape of their own and have become, as it were, 'imitations' of Chuang Tzu." Merton goes on to describe these imitations as personal spiritual interpretations and should not be mistaken for scholarship.
What evolves then becomes a multi-layered tapestry of the poetic, intuitive, provocative, and complex. Merton has found a kindred spirit in Chuang Tzu, and there is little doubt that Merton and Master Chuang share a viewpoint of life that may be common to many monastics across a broad spectrum of religious and philosophical disciplines. This kinship needs no justification by Merton, a towering figure of Twentieth Century Catholicism in his own right; and Merton goes on to say that he "may be pardoned for consorting with a Chinese recluse who shares the climate and peace of my own kind of solitude, and who is my own kind of person."
To attempt an understanding of Chuang Tzu, it is essential to understand the world in which he lived. Confucianism was the dominant Chinese philosophy of Chuang Tzu's time; and while Chuang Tzu often ridiculed Confucianism as too restrictive, it would be too simplistic to state that Taoism stood in direct contrast to Confucianism. According to Merton, "if Chuang Tzu reacted against the Ju doctrine [of Confucianism], it was not in the name of something lower-the animal spontaneity of the individual who does not want to be bothered with a lot of tiresome duties-but in the name of something altogether higher. This is the most important fact to remember when we westerners confront the seeming antinomianism of Chuang Tzu or of the Zen masters." While Confucius could advocate for Tao, Chuang Tzu believed that he was not referring to what he believed was the "great Tao" which is invisible and incomprehensible-the Eternal Tao.
For Chuang Tzu, the Eternal Tao was the source of all things. Chuang Tzu critiqued Confucius because he refused to focus his teachings on the Eternal Tao simply because it was unknowable. According to Chuang Tzu, only when one was connected in some way to the Eternal Tao (a connection beyond both words and silence), could one truly begin to understand how to live. Merton interprets Confucian understanding of Tao to be an "ethical Tao" or a "Tao of man," and he equates this understanding to be on par with the Christian interpretation of the Golden Rule. Merton concludes that this interpretation of Tao is not the Eternal Tao that Chuang Tzu espouses. Chuang Tzu eventually discarded this Confucian interpretation as illusory; where everything is distilled and categorized into a universal ethic of Tao (The Tao of Fatherhood is given as an example).
Merton brilliantly synthesizes Chuang Tzu's critique of the Confucian ethic of the "Superior Man" with the example of the heroic and the virtuous public servant by explaining that even the good and the noble person:
Engages in a self-conscious and deliberate campaign to 'do his duty' in the belief that this is right and therefore productive of happiness. He sees 'happiness' and 'the good' as 'something to be attained,' and thus he places them outside himself in the world of objects. In so doing, he becomes involved in a division from which there is no escape: between the present, in which he is not yet in possession of what he seeks, and the future in which he thinks he will have what he desires...
Chuang Tzu believed that abstractions such as "happiness," "virtue," and "justice" were concepts placed into the world of objects to be attained, and should be considered ambiguous at best, dangerous at worst. Here he means that whatever one considers good (the good) to be attained (as outside of one's self), the more the good becomes abstracted and unattainable. Instead, Chuang Tzu advocated Wu Wei, or non-action.
According to Chuang Tzu, Wu Wei is not concerned with conscious planning; in fact self-conscious action of any type is restrictive and stands opposed to the Eternal Tao. When you are in harmony with the Eternal Tao, right action, virtue, and good, which always manifest at the appropriate time without self-conscious deliberation, will intuitively become known to you, and you will act with Tao in full freedom. This concept of Wu Wei is reminiscent of the Gospel passage from Saint Matthew, "Then Jesus said to his disciples, "Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me (MT 16:24)." Dying to one's self or dying to one's self-consciousness is essential. Similarly, Saint Paul echoes this theme in Galatians 2:20 when he says, "I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me." It is not difficult to imagine the phrase sounding like this: I no longer live, but Tao (the Eternal Tao) lives in me.
Here is where I believe Merton finds a kindred spirit in Chuang Tzu. Merton recognizes that Chuang Tzu is actually moving into an area of mysticism which goes beyond mere object good, into metaphysical truth. He does not disdain virtue, good, happiness etc...He transcends them. I like that Merton recognizes in Chuang Tzu a man who challenges Merton's own vocation to solitude and contemplation, and I admire Merton all the more for confronting Chuang Tzu's critiques of contemplation and the interior life by deeply connecting his monasticism with Tao. "The true tranquility sought by the 'man of tao' is Ying ning, tranquility in the action of non-action, in other words, a tranquility which transcends the division between activity and contemplation by entering into union with the nameless and invisible Tao." I believe Merton equates this with divine union.
Finally, it is critical to understand that for Chuang Tzu, Tao is found everywhere; in the same way that Christians believe that God is both omnipresent and omniscient (Proverbs 15:3 The eyes of the Lord are everywhere, keeping watch on the wicked and the good). Merton connected to this abstraction personally. In living out Wu Wei, Chuang Tzu advocated a non-action that was in complete harmony with Tao-in other words-perfect action. Merton described this as "action not carried out independently of Heaven and earth...in perfect harmony with the whole. It is not mere passivity, but it is action that seems both effortless and spontaneous because performed "rightly," in perfect accordance with our nature and with our place in the scheme of things. It is completely free because there is in it no force and no violence. It is not "conditioned" or "limited" by our own individual needs and desires, or even by our own theories and ideas."
Today, when I read John 17:21, "that all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in me and I am in you. May they also be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me," it is not difficult to think that Thomas Merton, perhaps more than any Catholic during the last century, truly recognized the common spiritual unity (the oneness of each other's souls as grounded in the Triune-One) we all share as brothers and sisters in this world. Reading The Way of Chuang Tzu, truly contemplating Merton’s interpretive message which is rooted in his own Christology, and then living it out through Chuang Tzu's idea of non-action, becomes a great way to continue the wonderful ecumenical work Merton engaged in so selflessly when he recognized how interconnected he was with his brother Chuang Tzu, and how God (Eternal Tao) ultimately connects all of us together in the oneness of mystery and truth.
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Arda
252 reviews
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September 27, 2013
This book showed up in my mail one day and I had no idea where it came from, until months later. I was not sure why the person who sent it to me decided that I should read it. Did I look lost? Did I seem as the type of person who needed guidance? Was this a way to maneuver me into religion? On the back-page I read: "Fishes are born into water. Man is born into Tao..." This looked way too simplistic for my taste. Would I have the patience for it?
And so the book stayed on my shelf for almost two years before I decided to give it another shot. This time, I ended up reading it in one sitting. Then I read it again, underlined many parts of it, looked back at the parts I liked, read a little more, kept the book near my bed, took comfort in the wisdom I discovered, and soon heard my voice telling random friends about Chuang Tzu and Taoism!
Among the things I found particularly interesting was the concept of TAO: Tao does not mean "God". Tao is not some outer being or some person up there looking down at the little creatures that we are. Rather, Tao is a "way" which signifies a certain taste for "simplicity, for humility, self-effacement, silence, and in general a refusal to take seriously the aggressivity, the ambition, the push, and the self-importance which one must display in order to get along in society. The other is a 'way' that prefers not to get anywhere in the world, or even in the field of some supposedly spiritual attainment."
The idea seems to be that there is no need to hold on to one's own knowledge, for holding on to knowledge or wisdom might lead to "losing" the peace of mind. "The right way is to go easy - Is to forget the right way - And forget that the going is easy." Part of the wisdom shared here is not to "grasp" to things (including wisdom) but rather to "thrust them away". Learn to ignore them, Chuang Tzu advises, try to get untied! "If they are within yourself, You cannot destroy them piecemeal, But you can refuse To let them take effect. If they are both inside and outside, Do not try To hold on to Tao - Just hope that Tao Will keep hold of you!"
Thomas Merton writes a very enjoyable introduction to the readings and study of Chuang Tzu He seems to have really "grasped" the simplicity of the importance of getting lost to save oneself. "The life of riches, ambition, pleasure, is in reality an intolerable servitude in which one 'lives for what is always out of reach,' thirsting 'for survival in the future' and 'incapable of living in the present."
The book also gives some understanding of certain concepts. I especially liked the idea of "WU WEI", which refers to "non-action, non-volitional living, obeying the Tao"; "Wu Wei is not intent upon results and is not concerned with consciously laid plans or deliberately organized endeavors" and according to Chuang Tzu: "My greatest happiness consists precisely in doing nothing whatever that is calculated to obtain happiness... Perfect joy is to be without joy... if you ask 'what ought to be done' and 'what ought not to be done' on earth to produce happiness, I answer that these questions do not have [a fixed and predetermined] answer" to suit every case." If one is in harmony with Tao, Merton clarifies, the answer will make itself clear when the time comes to act, for then one will act not according to the human and self-conscious mode of deliberation, but according to the divine and spontaneous mode of wu wei, which is the mode of action of Tao itself, and is therefore the source of all good.
Basically, Chuang Tzu insists on abandoning the "need to win", and gives attention to the humility of fully realizing one's own nothingness. This humility is not only 'cosmic' but it is also full of life and awareness. Chuang Tzu, Merton succeeds in explaining, does not look at paradise as "something that has been irrevocably lost by sin and cannot be regained except by redemption. It is still ours, but we do not know it, since the effect of life in society is to complicate and confuse our existence, making us forget who we really are by causing us to become obsessed with what we are not. It is this self-awareness, which we try to increase and perfect by all sorts of methods and practices, that is really a forgetfulness of our true roots in the 'unknown Tao' and our solidarity in the 'uncarved block' in which there are as yet no distinctions."
There is much wisdom in this book and, unlike religious texts I have previously read, this one actually managed to make me feel comfortable while reading it. Perhaps that is due to the fact that Chuang Tzu realized the dangers of claiming knowledge or trying to convert others into one's own beliefs. He makes sure one does not stick to their creeds and principles or distinguish oneself from others, for that is actually harmful, and it is more useful to be useless in that respect.
Act without activity, the concept repeats itself. Empty your boat. The water of the ocean is never filled - it is also never emptied. Achievement is the beginning of failure, fame is the beginning of disgrace. Like an infant, be free from care and be unaware of self. Act without reflecting. Grow without having the need to watch yourself growing. Be like a fish that swims unconcerned. "When the shoe fits, the foot is forgotten."
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Glen Grunau
249 reviews
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December 11, 2019
Chuang Tzu is considered the greatest of the Taoist writers (at least among those whose historical existence can be verified) that lived during the classic period of Chinese philosophy from 550 to 250 BC. This roughly parallels the timeline in Bible history from the time of the exile of Judah to Babylon and extending well into the "400 years of silence" between the OT and NT scriptures.
If one has an openness to accept the idea of religious pluralism, then the teachings of Chuang Tzu may be considered as one form used by God to penetrate this period of silence in Christian prophetic teaching. Thomas Merton emphasizes that "it would be a great mistake to confuse the Taoism of Chuang Tzu with the popular, degenerate amalgam of superstition, alchemy, magic, and health-culture which Taoism later became". Merton finds a certain analogy between Chuang Tzu and St. Paul, although warns against pushing the analogy too far as Chuang Tzu "lacks the profoundly theological mysticism of St. Paul".
The focal point of Chuang Tzu's teaching is the criticism of any pursuit that sees the ultimate good outside of oneself - as something to be acquired or attained through purposeful effort. Chuang Tzu claims that such a pursuit is an ultimate loss of freedom - in reality an intolerable servitude in which one "lives for what is always out of reach," thirsting "for survival in the future" and "incapable of living in the present."
Chuang Tzu understands the extent to which our daily activities are a slave to such ulterior motives. Yet he not only challenges the ulterior motives of the hedonist and utilitarian but also of the hero of virtue and duty. How many of us as Christians today would fall into this latter category?!
Merton recognizes that once "the good" is externalized as something outside of oneself, to be attained by special and virtuous techniques (we are reminded that the ultimate good of God's love has already been given and can never be attained), we find that the study and analysis of the "means" becomes so commanding and all-consuming that the end is completely forgotten. Merton sees that "this is, in fact, nothing but organized despair: 'the good' that is preached and exacted by the moralist thus finally becomes an evil, and all the more so since the hopeless pursuit of it distracts one from the real good which one already possesses and which one now despises or ignores." How often do we see this when the church becomes preoccupied with attaining holiness through an emphasis on perfecting the moralisms of external behavior while forgetting the real good - which is love freely given and received.
Therefore, the essence of the way proposed by Chuang Tzu is not the accumulation of virtue and merit, common in the philosophy taught in his day (and perhaps in much of Christendom today despite a vocalized and often hollow allegiance to a "faith and not works" religion), but the non-doing or non-action which is indifferent to results and unhindered by consciously laid plans or deliberately organized endeavors. In capturing the essence of Chuang Tzu's teaching, Merton recognizes that "the other way, the way of conscious striving, even though it may claim to be a way of virtue, is fundamentally a way of self-aggrandizement, and it is consequently bound to come into conflict with Tao."
I found it intriguing to consider that the form that Chuang Tzu used to convey his teaching, the allegory and the parable, anticipated the form that the greatest teacher of truth, Jesus Christ, would one day rely on so extensively to convey truth to those who had "ears to hear".
After Merton's thoughtful introduction to the teaching of Chuang Tzu, the bulk of this book is composed of the often witty and humorous short stories and parables of Chuang Tzu. So much of the truth in these parables hit home for me! The way of non-doing and non-action is such an important consideration for me, given the analytical, obsessive, controlling, striving and clinging tendencies that so often trip me up in my contemplative journey. Oh to know fully that all that is needed has already been given! I would never have expected to receive such help from an ancient mystic Chinese sage!
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Keith
807 reviews
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November 22, 2014
The dawn must look different to one living on a small lake from which he gets his dinner, idling about alone, without work, without a spouse, without a child and without a mortgage. How does the bread taste to one withdrawn from society, from politics, from family, indifferent to life, to death, to law, to friends, to duty, to good and evil?
Looking out his window he sees the swirling confusion of life, the tumbling hopes and stark anxieties of his neighbors, the whirling exasperation and sinking fear, the arguments and the lies, the lovers making love, the politicians law – all swept up in the illusory importance of the moment. From his fishing spot, he can contemplate the holistic fabric of the universe in the glimmer on the lake, and then look upon the road and frown on the senseless worries of the people around him. A thousand years from now today’s problems won’t matter.
But I must worry about the check engine light on my car, the leaves laying in the front yard as the first snowfall comes, I’ve got to figure out how to pay for my kids’ college, or what to do if I lost my job, or what to do about that strange looking mole on my arm. I’ve got to get to the bank today, buy some milk, take my son to a store 45 minutes away so he can buy an AirSoft gun, while my daughter needs 20 bucks for a regional chorus try out, and the cat just coughed up a hairball.
We all can’t retire to that lakeside hut. But can we find it within us? Can we step out of this rat race, step away from the advances in science and medicine, embrace non-action, become impassive to friends, to family, to fate? Is it possible? Is it desirable?
A thought-provoking book, but one of little practical value in my life.
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Ted Child
99 reviews
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December 20, 2009
I read the Tao Teh Ching a few years ago and become obsessed, reading various translations. I saved reading any Chuang Tzu till now. Generally Chuang Tzu is less ambiguous and more consistent than Lao Tzu. It is much easier to see the influence of Chuang Tzu rather then Lao Tzu on Zen Buddhism.
Here is some quotes I loved: “The rich make life intolerable, driving themselves in order to get more and more money which they cannot really use. In so doing they are alienated from themselves, and exhaust themselves in their own service as though they were slaves of others.”(p.99) I think this applies to the North American middle class, who are the global “rich”. This also applies, “When he tries to extend his power over objects, those objects gain control of him.” (p.136). See also the chapter Active Life which reads, “Those who are caught in the machinery of power take no joy except in activity and change- the whirring of the machine!” (p.142)
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James Klagge
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October 30, 2013
Received this as a thank-you gift from a former student. I recently saw a piece about how the largest enrolled class at Harvard is now on Chinese philosophy. I was imagining using this as a text for a class. I don't see it. Of course there is the irony of all the institutional trappings of a class in connection with Zen. But it also couldn't help but feed the sense that philosophy is a silly game. Often the point of a story is that "consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." But of course the real line is that FOOLISH consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. While I like the personal challenge of reflecting on Zen stories, I don't see how to take it any further than that.
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Mattheus Guttenberg
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1 book
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December 27, 2020
Delightful, witty, and enlightening. Chuang-tzu is arguably the most influential Chinese figure of antiquity. A student of Lao-tzu and other ancestral Taoist sages, Chaung-tzu brings the Taoist attitude to life with his penetrating insight into life, his pointed philosophical criticisms of the Confucians and Mohists, and his social commentary. Where the Tao Te Ching was subtle, quiet, and feminine, the Chuang-tzu is natural, funny, and exuberant. An excellent model for those seeking to emulate the spontaneous, unconcerned, and carefree lifestyle of the Taoist adept.
4 stars = a good read, nutritious, definitely worth reading
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Timothy Ball
132 reviews
January 6, 2019
The wise man therefore, instead of trying to prove this or that point by logical disputation, she's all things in the light of direct intuition. He is not in prison by the limitations of the I, for the viewpoint of the direct intuition is that of both I and not I. Hence he sees that on both sides of every argument there is both right and wrong. he also sees that in the end they are reducible to the same thing, once they are related to the pivot of Tao. when the wise man grasps this pivot, he is in the center of the circle, and there he stands while yes and no pursue each other around the circumference.
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Tom
73 reviews
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January 29, 2014
Monk Thomas Merton reflects on the works of Chung Tzu, who lived in Asia nearly 2500 years ago. We are invited to release ourselves from servitude to riches, ambition, duty, and even virtue. The way begins with the simple good of being, in and through each moment. Happiness lies in doing nothing whatsoever calculated to obtain happiness, rather in bringing full presence to each situation, this making clear the path.
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Onon Bayasgalan
9 reviews
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January 14, 2018
I was given this book by a special person almost 10 years ago. I must not have been ready to read it. This book has beautiful and simply poetry describing Tao and Toaism, and in many ways I am going against many of its values of not putting on 'a display' by writing this review. Am I trying to pretend I am deep and spiritual by writing this review.... I cannot say. This is a lovely book, nevertheless!
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Ranj
176 reviews
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December 7, 2019
The teachings of Zhuang Zeh, one of the pioneers of the Dao school, the way of nature.
If external forces attack you,
don't try to control them,
take care of yourself against them.
If the inner forces rush at you,
when you find them unstoppable,
be careful not to look outside.
But if both external and internal forces attack you.
Don't try to find God,
pray that God will find you.
This book is useless.
✍Thomas Merton
"This book is full of benefits." The second half of the book is more lovely than the first half.
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Zachary Brown
76 reviews
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May 22, 2021
Being Tzu’s words and Merton’s interpretation, this work is inherently syncretic of catholic and taoist principles. This mainly works to the advantage of the ollll Western reader as this is an uber consumable piece that leads the journeyperson through meditations that a damn occidental may not experience otherwise. Supremely enriching, spiritually thought provoking, this book says nothing and everything.
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Kevin
8 reviews
June 10, 2008
I have read two other translations of Chuang Tzu and this is without a doubt the best. Other translations seem to be word for word and lose out on the poetry of the stories. Chuang is the poetic fulfillment of Taoist philosophy.
Chuang:
When the meaning of words are grasped, the words are forgotten. Find me the man who knows no words, for he is the one I'd like to talk to.
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Wise Fool
250 reviews
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April 5, 2017
There are few books in the world, which will give you an insight into humanity and the world, yet also make you laugh!
Chuang Tzu is one of those few.
With his humour and wit, he gives the reader a beautiful insight to the Tao!
Enjoy!!!
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