2021/12/27
알라딘: 바이오센트리즘 Biocentrism Robert Lanza
Prapañca - Encyclopedia of Buddhism
Prapañca
Prapañca (P. papañca; T. spros pa; C. xilun) is translated as "conceputal elaboration," "conceptual proliferation," etc.
Christian Coseru states:
- The Buddhist philosophical term used for describing the state of ordinary mentation is prapañca in Sanskrit. It literally means ‘fabrication,’ usually translated as ‘conceptual proliferation’ or 'conceptual elaboration' [see Samyutta Nikāya, IV, 72].
- We don't simply apprehend an object. Rather, we apprehend it as the locus of a multiplicity of associations: in seeing a tree we perceive an entity made of trunk, branches, and foliage but also something that can provide shade and lumber.
- In perception we are ordinarily assailed by a stream of conceptualizing tendencies, which have their ultimate source in linguistic conventions and categorizing practices. These conceptualizing tendencies overwhelm and distort the perceptual experience.[1]
References
- Jump up↑ Coseru, Christian, "Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/mind-indian-buddhism/>.
Alternative Translations
- mental constructs (Thomas Doctor)
- mental elaboration
- conceptual proliferation (Nyanatiloka Mahathera)
- proliferation of discursive thought
Conceptual proliferation - Wikipedia Pāli: papañca; Sanskrit: prapañca; Chinese: 戲論
Conceptual proliferation
In Buddhism, conceptual proliferation (Pāli: papañca; Sanskrit: prapañca; simplified Chinese: 戏论; traditional Chinese: 戲論; pinyin: xìlùn; Japanese: 戯論) or, alternatively, mental proliferation or conceptual elaboration, refers to conceptualization of the world through language and concepts which can then be a cause for suffering to arise.[1] The translation of papañca as conceptual proliferation was first made by Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera in his research monograph Concept and Reality.[2]
The term is mentioned in a variety of suttas in the Pali canon, such as the Madhupindika Sutta (MN 18), and is mentioned in Mahayana Buddhism as well. When referencing the concepts derived from this process, such concepts are referred to in Pali as papañca-saññā-sankhā. Nippapañca is the diametrical opposition of papañca.
Theravada Buddhist monk Chandima Gangodawila writes:
Papañca is one of the most helpful Theravāda Buddhist teachings used to understand how our thoughts become impure and the most compelling account of this subject is the Madhupiṇḍika Sutta. Since many writers don't utilize papañca when alluding to defilements, many readers discover the setting of mental purification hard to understand. If we seriously want to learn how to keep our mental purification unadulterated from defilements, we should figure out how the mental purification can be tainted through papañca.
In addition, Chandima examines the association of papañca to kilesa (defilements), upakkilesa (mental impurities), saññā (perceptions) and abhiññā (comprehensions) to find out whether or not the essential components of mental purification begin from managing papañca, or the other dhamma concepts, that can be bold for anyone who struggles to subsume defilements in modern-day life.[3]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- Gangodawila, Chandima, Papañca to Nippapañca: Mental Proliferation to Non-Mental Proliferation
- Ñāṇananda, Bhikkhu Kaṭukurunde (2012) [1971], Concept and Reality in Early Buddhist Thought - An Essay on Papañca and Papañca-Saññâ-Saṅkhāra (PDF), Buddhist Publication Society, ISBN 955-24-0136-4
- Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu Ninoslav. "Papañca-Saññā-Sankhā - An Essay". Retrieved 15 October 2010.
External links[edit]
Namgok Lee ‘스님, 제 생각은 다릅니다- 도법 묻고 담정 답하다’를 일단 다 읽었다.
What we can learn from Desmond Tutu, a man for whom forgiveness trumped vengeance - ABC News
What we can learn from Desmond Tutu, a man for whom forgiveness trumped vengeanceBy Stan Grant
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Desmond Tutu showed us that we can triumph over history.
Resentment and vengeance were not for him. As apartheid fell, he set his nation on a more profound path: freedom and forgiveness.
To Archbishop Tutu, forgiveness and reconciliation were the "only truly viable alternatives to revenge, retribution and reprisal".
"Without forgiveness," he said, "there is no future".
Together with Nelson Mandela — South Africa's first black president — Desmond Tutu sought to unite and heal his nation.
Archbishop Tutu, who died on Sunday, headed a truth and reconciliation commission, significantly not a truth and justice commission. The difference is critical. He did not seek to punish. But the truth would be heard.
Justice may have been easier. Certainly, black South Africans had cause to see those who had inflicted such suffering pay for their crimes.
Retribution would have been entirely human. Indeed, the process of reconciliation was criticised for being weighted too heavily in favour of the perpetrators.
This was the test of leadership: to lift his nation's sights.
Forgiveness or resentment?
Archbishop Tutu appealed to a higher truth. A higher justice, if you like. He offered his people a more godly task.
"Forgiveness is not facile or cheap. It is a costly business that makes those who are willing to forgive even more extraordinary," he said.
But are there crimes so monstrous they can never be forgiven?
Desmond Tutu was the conscience of a nation
Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu described voting in South Africa's first democratic election in 1994 as "like falling in love", a remark that is being remembered after his death at the age of 90.Read more
Philosopher Thomas Brudholm has criticised Tutu's reconciliation. Recalling the atrocities and genocide of modern times from Poland to Germany to Cambodia to Rwanda, he says, in the face of such crimes, "healing appears like a fantasy".
To Brudholm, resentment can be a virtue. He says there can be too much pressure on survivors or victims to forgive.
Indeed, there is a tendency to blame those who have suffered the most.
"When societies try to 'move on' after mass atrocity, victims who cannot, or will not, abide with the call to forgive and reconcile are often pictured as 'prisoners of the past'," Brudholm says.
Brudholm is inspired by Holocaust survivor and writer Jean Amery, who said there were things that cannot so easily be placed in "the cold storage of history".
Brudholm challenges us about what to do with history, what the Polish Nobel Laureate poet, Czeslaw Milosz, called "the memory of wounds".
'Historical fever brings decay'
It can seem as if there is no way to break the chains of the past.
French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre said we were all "condemned to history".
Friedrich Nietzsche warned that history would be the death of us.
The past, he said, becomes "a festering wound". It can become the poison in the blood of our identities.
Our "historical fever", Nietzsche said, "may bring about the decay of a people".
If history becomes sovereign, he wrote, it "would constitute a kind of final closing out of the accounts of life for mankind".
Isn't this what we see in our world now?
Everywhere, there is resurgent populism, nationalism, sectarianism, tribalism. And it feeds on historical resentment.
Xi Jinping tells the Chinese people to never forget the hundred years of humiliation by foreign powers. Vladimir Putin laments the end of the Soviet Union as the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century.
Political leaders like Turkey's Erdoğan, Hungary's Orban, India's Modi, all use history as a weapon.
Far-right extremists and Islamist militants too draw from the toxic well of historical vengeance.
It has been called militant nostalgia. The promise to restore a people to a lost glory. It is captured in vacuous bumper sticker slogans like "Make America Great Again".
From left or right, the politics of history is the province of scoundrels. Worse than that, it can become a death cult. We are pitted against each other by those who return, time and again, to the original wound that they cannot or will not allow to heal.
Not that we can deny the past. But we ask ourselves who owns truth? Who decides when or how truth is told? All nations have stains on their history.
What about Australia?
Australia is no exception. For too long we silenced our truth. The Uluru Statement from the Heart has called for truth-telling as central to giving voice to Indigenous people.
Frederik Willem de Klerk dead at 85
Frederik Willem de Klerk, the last president of apartheid South Africa, dies aged 85 after a battle with cancer. Read more
It is a journey our nation is already on, however haltingly. These are hard truths to tell and to hear.
We cannot just "move on". We live in history. But history need not live in us.
That is what Desmond Tutu taught us. We can do worse than look to his example. He was a giant who appealed to our better angels when other so-called leaders appeal to our worst.
Maybe politics wins. Maybe hatred and vengeance are the easiest paths to power. But Archbishop Tutu knew that politics is not peace. It is not truly freedom.
Desmond Tutu was not blind to the evil we can do. As a black South African, he experienced the worst of it.
South Africa today is a nation still on the journey from its past to the future. But Desmond Tutu left them a legacy to build that nation: forgiveness is stronger than politics. It is love.
Stan Grant presents China Tonight on Monday at 9.35pm on ABC TV, and Tuesday at 8pm on ABC News Channel.
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2021/12/26
인문운동가 이남곡 선생 인터뷰 – 생태적지혜
2021/12/25
Jesus: A Story of Enlightenment by Deepak Chopra | Goodreads
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Nov 30, 2008Jessica rated it really liked it
Shelves: themes-religion, themes-spirituality, themes-in-the-vortex-fiction, genre-historical-fiction, genre-spiritual-fiction, themes-christianity, themes-stories-retold, location-islamic-nations, kindle-read
I love pretty much anything that Deepak Chopra writes, but this is the first work of fiction of his that I've read. I am also a person that LOVES reading anything that helps break Jesus out of the tiny box that organized Christianity has put him in, and this really does a good job of that.
This book is a fictionalized account of Jesus' lost years prior to his mission as described in the New Testament. As a work of fiction, the book is very well written and very believable. Even hard liners would most likely enjoy reading it.
My favorite part of the book, however, was the Epilogue where Chopra gives his own opinion about who Jesus really was and what he was really trying to teach us. Overall, I would recommend this book very highly. As a work of fiction, it is very good. I recommend it for anyone who has a deep love of Jesus and what he stands for but, at the same time, has a hard time finding any of that inside the church that claims to follow his teachings. (less)
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Jul 18, 2011Lyn rated it liked it
I have picked up this book numerous times only to put it back again and come back still interested.
The obvious controversy left me unwilling to read. I finally did and found it a fascinating fiction, not overtly offensive, though some might be put off by this "lost years" narrative.
...more
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Jan 01, 2009Darlene rated it did not like it
Holy Crap!?!
The sad truth is: Even IF somehow, some day, somewhere and in some way, Jesus told his story, the odds are that He Himself wouldn't be believed. (less)
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Feb 05, 2019Annette rated it it was amazing
Shelves: novel-of-religious-leader, biblical-fiction
Author’s Note: “This book isn’t about the Jesus found in the New Testament, but the Jesus who was left out – the enlightened Jesus. The gospel writers are silent about “the lost years,” as they are known, covering the span in Jesus’s life between the ages of twelve and thirty.”
This story is based on the premise that Jesus wanted “us to reach the same unity with God that he had reached. (…) To do that, Jesus has to be brought into the scheme of everyday life. He worries about violence and unrest; he wonders if God is listening; he is intensely absorbed in the question, “Who am I?””
In the village of Nazareth, two types of people lived, “people of the mountains and people of the roads, that is, those who stayed at home and those who traveled. (…) But Jesus was rare. He was of the mountains and the roads both.”
What Jesus and his brother James witness is the continuous rise of Zealot rebels against Romans. And wonder themselves which path to pick? “The Zealots had bitterly divided the community. For every Jew who saw them as merciless killers, another saw them as heroes against the oppressor.”
Then like an answer, Judas appears and tempts Jesus to pick up a sword and fight. “Pick it up when you’re ready to be a free man. Or leave it there to rust. That’s what a slave would do.”
“He had had enough of being a slave, and if Judas knew where the road to freedom led, the choice was clear.”
Jesus and Judas travel to Jerusalem “on a lethal mission, to stab the high priest of the Temple.” But only Judas knows the details of the mission. Jesus was tempted to fulfill the mission to gain freedom. But what he doesn’t know is that he is being lead on a mission to sin.
After a failed mission, they’re on the run toward the Dead Sea. But there is something about Jesus. Wherever he hides, he finds “new clothes and loses the air of a fugitive.”
He is lead to an oasis by the Dead Sea and as soon as they approach it, he recognizes the sect of Essenes; ones living in caves and hillside enclaves. “They were recluses, reputed to be the most secret sect in Judea.”
At oasis, he recognizes “the painting that shadowed Mary and Joseph in the stable.” On another painting he recognizes three crosses, and their meaning.
This unique journey takes Jesus through confusion and doubt to the realization of his true identity. The author combines spirituality with dramatic narrative to bring this intriguing story.
Author’s Note: “A static Jesus stands outside human experience… it makes him unique… but it also creates a gap. (…) Indeed, the only way to follow Christ’s teachings is to reach his own state of consciousness. To achieve Christ-consciousness… means walking the path to enlightenment that he walked. For that reason, the Jesus of this novel faces everyday doubts and contradictions. He wonders why God allows evil to triumph so often. He feels inadequate to change other people. He is torn between love for men and women and divine love. In other words, Jesus sets out to solve the deepest mysteries of life – this is the chief reason he isn’t static, as the biblical version of Jesus often seems to be.”
@FB/BestHistoricalFiction (less)
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Aug 12, 2010Brad rated it really liked it
Last Week: So far I read the Authors Note pages and the Reader's Guide at the end of the book. I think it gives the book a better head start. I have enjoyed both of these sections very much and look forward to the fictional story of Jesus' middle years within.
Conclusion: I think this book, to be enjoyed by Christians, must be approached with an open heart and an open mind. One should not be attached to their own version/vision of who Christ was in his early years, the between years. But rather, be accepting of Chopra's own vision in his work of fiction about what it might have been like for Jesus.
In all I found when I approached the writing with non-resistance, non-attachment and non-judgment, I could more calmly accept this nicely written story. Hence the rating of four stars from me. (I know, I know, it is a judgment of sorts :-P) (less)
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Mar 04, 2013Kerri rated it really liked it
I enjoyed this book for the same reason I have always loved Godspell and Jesus Christ Superstar- they portray the "human" side of Jesus who I can find relatable. I did not know much about Deepak Chopra before this and I look forward to learning more about him, and reading more of his books. (less)
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Sep 12, 2010Becca Chopra rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Deepak Chopra offers sage advice on transforming your life, from a Christian perspective, in his novel "Jesus." While many Christians may not agree with his fictional account of Jesus' lost years before his ministry began,
Deepak Chopra's explanation is that Jesus was teaching how to find the source of all God's qualities inside yourself and ultimately to embody them.
While this book may not be the best "fiction" ever written, it offers an explanation I can grasp of how and why Christianity has failed to bring love and peace to the world. Chopra illustrates Jesus' teachings in a way that bridges a gap between the Christianity that is taught in organized religion and the way to transformation that Jesus offered to the world. Inspirational to say the least!
Becca Chopra, author of The Chakra Diaries (less)
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Jan 07, 2013Nicole Wagner rated it really liked it
A very interesting book, Deepak is a superb writer and has a wonderful imagination. I like that it sparks thoughts about life and humanity from a personal level and how we can shine and encompass our own Christ-like selves.
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Nov 13, 2018Kevin Orth rated it it was amazing
This is reminiscent of The Last Temptation of Christ. In that the Jesus character is as human as human can be. The other characters, Mary Magdalene & Judas, are equally committed and well rounded. Even though Jesus is making sense of his mission and purpose as he goes along and questioning his interpretation each step of the way, he does not waiver from the guidance he is receiving from Spirit. We would all be well served by taking such a tact.
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Jul 12, 2019Robert Case rated it really liked it
Recommends it for: students of religions of the world
Shelves: biography, own-the-book, theology
A biographical account of the in-between years in the life of Jesus, the one's only alluded to in the New Testament from about 12 to 30, and according to author, Deepak Chopra, the years in which Jesus journeyed toward and found enlightenment. (less)
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Aug 30, 2021 Kathleen Brandt rated it it was amazing
This is a very interesting book. The body of the book, a fanciful idea about what the "lost years of Jesus" (from the age of 12 to the age of 30) might have been like, was a rather strange story.
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Jan 27, 2013 Rita rated it really liked it
Although I find the storyline improbable, I found Chopra's imagined tale to be an interesting story of "what might have been" the activitiies of Jesus, between the ages of 26 to 30. I say that I find this story improbable, but I am open to the idea that it is - not impossible.
I did not read the book, but rather, I listened to the book...and I absolutely loved listening to Deepak Chopras' voice, inflections, and cadence.
If you are not locked into a pre-conceived notion of who can speak of Jesus, and what can be said about him, and if you are open minded enough, then you just might find this book to be thought provoking. (less)
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Dec 18, 2009 Ange rated it it was amazing
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Apr 06, 2016Lucy rated it it was amazing
I enjoyed Deepak's Readers Guide the most. It was interesting to imagine what Jesus's journey was like other than what we know from the bible. (less)
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Jul 02, 2019Gianmichael Salvato rated it it was ok
Shelves: spirituality, historic-fiction
I will have to admit to being rather disappointed after reading this book. That doesn't mean it wasn't a well-written book, certainly worth reading. But I expected something more from the author, Deepak Chopra.
In his preface to Jesus, Chopra is very straightforward about his purpose in writing the book, saying:
"[there is] a Jesus left out of the New Testament - the enlightened Jesus. His absence, in my view, has profoundly crippled the Christian faith, for...making [Jesus] the one and only Son of God leaves the rest of humankind stranded...What if Jesus wanted his followers - and us - to reach the same unity with God that he had reached?"
Chopra takes on the task quite well, but not without failing to give some consideration I would have thought he'd undertake in his treatment of the Jesus mythos. For example, he allows the notion that Jesus was born in Nazareth, a misrepresentation caused by illiteracy in the early translations of the ancient texts that made up the canonical texts. Nazareth didn't even exist at the time of the radically inclusive Dharma teacher and itinerate Rabbi. And he fails to recognise that it was the ignorance of Pope Gregory that resulted in the complete misrepresentation of Mary of Magdala as a whore -- something that is indicated nowhere, even in the poorly plagiarised canonical texts of the Christian Bible.
Still, I think that Chopra's thoughtful treatment of the story in a way that those who entertain such ideas as the god-concept, and who believe the account in their bible was ever intended to be an historic or literal account of the life of Rav Yeshua ben Yusef, is well done and imaginative.
I might have expected that greater attention would have been paid the likelihood that the Egyptian Therapeutae, long believed to either be Tibetan Buddhist monks or to have been trained by Tibetan monks, played a significant role in the formative ideology and philosophy of the young Yeshua. But this possibility is implied in Chopra's positioning of Yeshua with the Essenes, who are likewise, students of the Dharma, integrated with a more mystical/metaphysical understanding of the traditional god-concept.
I was disturbed by Chopra's decision to support the notion of "Satan", and by an almost Harry Potter-esque encounter by Yeshua with paintings depicting future events. It seemed incongruent with Chopra's own intelligence and wisdom, and only supported one of the most unhealthy delusions of theistic spiritual paths... the notion of this fearmongering, spiteful and bitchy "god", and his "nemesis" (the Angel of Light).
In the end though, I think that for those inclined toward theistic philosophies and spiritual paths, it would be useful to consider the idea that Yeshua (Jesus) understood that all of the qualities we seek from "God" can be found within us already, and the Enlightenment is the pathway or realisation of these qualities (our True Nature). He brings to the forefront the realisation that like the meditative practices (sadhanas) of the Eastern traditions, Christianity offers prayer as a way to "transcend," to still the mind and expand it beyond the limitations of our perceived realities.
The premise that Jesus became enlightened during the so-called "lost years" is a powerful idea, but unfortunately, I expected a bit more substance to support this idea. That was entirely my fault, because I did not realise, when I picked the book up, that Chopra's intended approach was going to be purely fictional -- midrashic, really... much as the authors of the canonical and apocryphal texts intended.
Missing was any reference to the reality that most of the tales we find in the canonical texts, especially in the synoptic gospels, are nothing more than repackaged (horribly plagiarised) versions of a 5000 year old astrological myth about various sun-gods (including Horus, Osiris/Isis, Mithra, Attis, and so many others). I had hoped this book might illuminate some possibilities, even within the context of ficition, that somehow, a manipulative, unilluminated, power-hungry group of rich and powerful men (known collectively as what we now call the Roman Catholic Church) would miss the entire point of the stories, and after them, nearly every "Christian" sect that followed would be disadvantaged and misinformed as well.
Perhaps that is a book that is yet to be written... by a punk monk or something along those lines! ;-)
If you like a light, good natured read... pick up this book. It's certainly better written than the Bible, and much more believable overall. (less)
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Oct 20, 2021Krystal Hill rated it really liked it · review of another edition
I am still not totally sure how I feel about this book. I am a Christian, so I believe that Jesus was fully human and fully divine and that all I need to know about Jesus is written in the Bible and since He is living I can have a relationship with Him here and now. All that said to make my biases clear.
The narrative of the book is well paced and intriguing. It’s main focus is in the relationships between characters and Jesus’s spiritual growth as He comes to realize His calling as the Messiah.
In the introduction, Chopra makes it clear this is purely a work of His imagination and lays out his own point of view as an outsider to Christianity, but with understanding of the main tenants of the faith. There are parts of the story that made me uncomfortable, but I think that’s okay. All art is made to provoke feelings, and ones like anger, discomfort, and unease are just as important to explore and unpack as any.
The Reader’s Guide is the best part of the book and changed my rating from three stars to four.
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Jan 20, 2021 Janice Shull rated it liked it
Chopra has created a fascinating story of Jesus’s life between age 12 and age 30. What was the young man Jesus like?
Chopra includes a helpful reader’s guide, which describes the three levels of reality:
1) The material world, or the level at which most of us live most of the time
2) The Kingdom of God, sometimes called Heaven by Jesus, is the opposite of the material world
3) God, which goes beyond both the material world and Heaven, is “a peace that passes understanding.” God’s reality is inconceivable for us. “God, or the Absolute, is the source from which reality is born.”
All three levels of reality are present at this very moment in you and outside you.
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Sep 14, 2013Eric Nelson rated it it was ok · review of another edition
Shelves: read-but-unowned
Chopra takes his own non-historical sense of who Jesus was and places him in a geniusly re-created first century Palestine.
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