2021/12/27

Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe by Robert Lanza | Goodreads

Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe by Robert Lanza | Goodreads

Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe

 3.94  ·   Rating details ·  3,869 ratings  ·  440 reviews
Robert Lanza is one of the most respected scientists in the world—a US News & World Report cover story called him a "genius" and a "renegade thinker," even likening him to Einstein. Lanza has teamed with Bob Berman, the most widely read astronomer in the world, to produce Biocentrism, a revolutionary new view of the universe.

Every now and then a simple yet radical idea shakes the very foundations of knowledge. The startling discovery that the world was not flat challenged and ultimately changed the way people perceived themselves and their relationship with the world. For most humans of the 15th century, the notion of Earth as ball of rock was nonsense. The whole of Western, natural philosophy is undergoing a sea change again, increasingly being forced upon us by the experimental findings of quantum theory, and at the same time, towards doubt and uncertainty in the physical explanations of the universe’s genesis and structure. Biocentrism completes this shift in worldview, turning the planet upside down again with the revolutionary view that life creates the universe instead of the other way around.

In this paradigm, life is not an accidental byproduct of the laws of physics. Biocentrism takes the reader on a seemingly improbable but ultimately inescapable journey through a foreign universe—our own—from the viewpoints of an acclaimed biologist and a leading astronomer. Switching perspective from physics to biology unlocks the cages in which Western science has unwittingly managed to confine itself. Biocentrism will shatter the reader’s ideas of life—time and space, and even death. At the same time it will release us from the dull worldview of life being merely the activity of an admixture of carbon and a few other elements; it suggests the exhilarating possibility that life is fundamentally immortal.

The 21st century is predicted to be the Century of Biology, a shift from the previous century dominated by physics. It seems fitting, then, to begin the century by turning the universe outside-in and unifying the foundations of science with a simple idea discovered by one of the leading life-scientists of our age. Biocentrism awakens in readers a new sense of possibility, and is full of so many shocking new perspectives that the reader will never see reality the same way again.
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Hardcover223 pages
Published April 14th 2009 by BenBella Books
Original Title
Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe
ISBN
1933771690  (ISBN13: 9781933771694)
Edition Language
English
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 Average rating3.94  · 
 ·  3,869 ratings  ·  440 reviews


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Sejin,
Sejin, start your review of Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe
William Richburg
Jun 17, 2018rated it it was amazing  ·  review of another edition
A Worldview That Works For The 21st Century

Perhaps the most important book about science ever written.

The authors, both scientists with impeccable credentials, have made an enormous contribution to human civilization that will raise the consciousness of every serious open minded reader.
Susan Botich
Dec 03, 2013rated it it was amazing
Robert Lanza has been noted as a brilliant biologist, having accomplished significant breakthroughs in stem cell research as well as other contributions to medical science. In Biocentrism, he elucidates an extremely challenging concept for the reader bound to the status quo to grasp: that the universe is actually a perception of consciousness, not a static "out there" reality. Lanza explains step-by-step how this is so, using known and quantified laws of physics and other sciences, and explains his claim in an exquisite, elegant yet easy-to-understand language so that any lay person can easily grasp what he is saying. He also has a wonderful sense of humor that pops through at the most unexpected times that brings a lightheartedness to the weight of his subject.

I highly recommend this book to everyone who enjoys exploring the age-old quandary of the origin of the universe. 
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Delta
Jan 06, 2015rated it it was amazing
Shelves: z2015
This is one of those books that I will always believe changed my life. It's also going to be one of the few books I read more than once. Biocentrism helped me understand how I am not alone in this universe, but a part of it, and realize that I do matter in the grand scheme of things, if only to create the world around me. I came across this theory after reading James Rollins' "The Eye of God" and it was nothing like I expected. Since reading this book I have felt much closer to the universe and more aware of the world around me. I have comforted friends who suffer from bouts of depression and loneliness, including myself.

Don't get me wrong, this is a difficult read; possibly the most difficult I have ever read. But if you put the time into it and really apply the concepts, it could open you up to a world you never knew was around you.
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Wayne
Nov 15, 2013rated it it was amazing
Recommends it for: Everyone
Recommended to Wayne by: Goodreads
This book of biocentrism is a scientific book. It is one of the best books I have ever read. Not that it was entertaining. It wasn't. What this book did was introduce me to some of the most amazing experimental accomplished in the realm of quantum physics and some conclusions that can be drawn. There is not any argument in the scientific community about much of the results of experiments in quantum physics but it has become clear that quantum physic is ill equipped to explain many things. Thus came along biocentrism. The concepts in biocentrism has its roots in quantum physic testing but a great deal of thought and reflection is required to objectively delve into this exciting new field.

One of the quantum physics experiments that is astounding is the two photons that go through a slit and are divided by space. Observing one photon which is a subatomic particle causes it to change and exhibit wave characteristics with vertical polarization. The twin photon separated by considerable space immediately changes from a particle to a wave with horizontal polarization. This leads to a conclusion that philosophers for years have speculated upon. Space and time do not exist in the real universe but are only fabrications of the human mind to enable us to sort things out. Another concept is that if you could travel at the speed of light you could be everywhere in the universe at the same time. Putting it another way if you were in a space ship approaching the speed of light the cosmos would look like a basketball in front of you.

For engineers, philosophers, and scientist this is a must read book. I think everybody should read this book. This book gets as close to religion as science has ever done. I love reading science books that explain complex ideas in a way that can be easy visualized. This book does this. The more I learn the more the reality of a supreme being and eternal life are manifested. The body dies but the spirit lives on. As the scientists will say energy never is destroyed it only changes form. And science shows we are energy. It can be measure as equivalent to a 100 watt light bulb.

So read this book and let your mind be stretched. You will find it fascinating.
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Joshua Wulf
Aug 02, 2014rated it it was amazing
After reading a lot on relativity, quantum mechanics, and consciousness, this is the first book where I felt that the author had a solid grasp of all three and was able to bring something to the conversation.

The Western scientific revolution was predicated on an ontology of objective things that had an existence independent of observers. The periodic table we encountered in high school science is a good example. It exists independent of the reader of the table or the observer of the elements. The observer is an afterthought, and superfluous to the elements, which have their own concrete existence.

However, this view of the world - though utilitarian in that it produces technology such as the computer I am using to write this review - ignores that the entire ontological structure is in fact built through the very observation of the observer that it ignores.

The book begins by examining the Zen-koan-like question "If a tree falls in the woods and there is no-one there to hear it, does it make a sound?"

The authors approach this question in a way that distinguishes sense perception from the phenomena it perceives. "Sound" is a perception - it requires an observer. Things do not make sound - we perceive certain phenomena as sound. Sound is an emergent phenomenon at the intersection of consciousness, senses, and stimulus. The author uses this to show how closely, and transparently, consciousness and observing are bound to our observations; and how difficult it is for us to reason about the world with this distinction.

This is by no means the first time I'd encountered the question of the tree in the woods, but before reading this, it had never occurred to me that the language of "sound" intrinsically implies an observer. Otherwise the "what happened" is merely pressure waves in air. These only become "sound" when perceived through the ear of an observer that processes this phenomenon as sound. No observer = no "sound"; merely pressure waves.

Observation is invisibly embedded in our language and the ideal of objectivity promoted by classical science is an illusion. Lanza uses this example to cause the observer to show up in classical physics.

This is just the beginning, though.

The discoveries of Quantum Mechanics, beginning in the 20th century, turned the ontological basis of science on its head. It turns out that the universe does not exist in the concrete fashion depicted in the periodic table when no-one is looking at it. Ignoring the consciousness of the tree for the moment - if there is no observer present, not only does the tree not make a sound when it falls - it doesn't even exist!

Not only the existence of concrete elements beginning from atoms, but even the phenomenon of time and space themselves are dependent on observation.

In other words, time and space are not an objective background against which reality takes place, but rather they emerge from the interaction of the universe and our experience. Consciousness really is at the centre of everything that we know about the world. Time and space, and even concrete matter do not appear unless consciousness is present. Quantum mechanical experiments have given us knowledge of what the universe "looks like" when no-one is looking: it is an uncollapsed wave function - a state of undetermined probability.

Relativity was the first clue that experience dictates the nature of reality - with changes to space and time taking place depending on the observer - and quantum mechanics has shown that it is not merely a late-stage artifact of reality, but at its very core.

Lanza then takes us further, to show how the primacy of consciousness not only explains both relativity and quantum mechanics, but reconciles the two.

Having personally spent over a decade studying yoga and Eastern philosophy, in addition to my western scientific and engineering education and career, I found this book to come the closest of any I have read to date in presenting an accurate synthesis of the two.

I've read many books that misrepresented either, and sometimes both, in their efforts.

Having given the author credit for presenting a synthesis, in some respects his original material represents a more accurate presentation of ancient ideas than when he is explicitly presenting "Eastern religion" or philosophy. Those parts are a superficial presentation, dwelling on the popularly-known aspects like unified consciousness (Advaita) or reincarnation.

There are other aspects of Vedic cosmology that are more interesting in light of the findings of relativity and quantum mechanics and the desire of the author to explain these things in light of consciousness.

In a discourse on the nature of the material world (a section of Eastern philosophy known as "Sankhya" or "Distinction"), material nature is described in the Srimad Bhagavatam as "pradhana" - an undifferentiated state of potential:

"The unmanifested eternal combination of the three modes is the cause of the manifest state and is called pradhana. It is called prakriti when in the manifested stage of existence.SB. 3.26.10

The discussion continues to describe the various object of sense perception ("sound", "sight", etc), the sense organs ("ears", "eyes"), which are material, and then the senses ("hearing", "vision") and mental apparatus, which are of a subtle material nature, through which consciousness experiences the world (SB. 3.26.11-14), and then explains that both time and the appearance of space of variegated experience arise from the undifferentiated material potentiality through the injection of consciousness (SB.3.26.15-19).

This is, in fact, the argument being made by Lanza in this book. Quantum mechanical experiments reveal that the world exists as a cloud of undifferentiated, unmanifested "probability" until experienced by consciousness through senses, at which point it "collapses" into a deterministic state.

The author of this book comes down against the Many Worlds interpretation of QM.

Personally, I find the Many Worlds interpretation of QM to be more in line with the descriptions given in Bhagavatam, which - in addition to the consciousness-first nature of reality, and sensory-driven wave form collapse - deals with karma - fate and freewill.

An Einsteinian block universe is experienced by living entities as a sequence of events. However, the sequence is "predetermined" in that time is a subjective experience - not an objective reality. This gives us a universe in which past, present, and future are already written, and are merely experienced sequentially. (Don't worry if you don't get that immediately - it took me a lot of reading about the implications of the physics arrow of time to get that).

However, QM demonstrates that quantum uncertainty exists. This is one of the issues in reconciling Newtonian/Einsteinian physics of the macro-world with the Quantum Mechanical nature of the microscopic.

The Many Worlds interpretation of QM allows that an unlimited number of static, predetermined Einsteinian block universes exist, but which universe you are in can change at every moment.

Exactly this scenario is described in Bhagavad-gita, where Arjuna is shown "the Universal Form" - a vision of the Einsteinian block universe in which past, present, and future are all present and visible. He is told that the fate of his enemies is already sealed, but he has the free will to become the agent of that fate. The stage is set, the script is written, but the casting is open.

In this model predetermination and free will co-exist, as they do in a Choose-Your-Own-Adventure. All the paths are there, already written; but which one you are on can change.

The factors that influence the flow of a living entity through different paths (different universes == different fates) are discussed in Srimad BhagavatamBhagavad-gita, and many other texts of Buddhist and Vedic-derivation.

I'm looking forward to the book that builds on Lanza's offering with a more detailed exposition of the relationship between relativity, QM, and consciousness; the insights available in Eastern philosophies, and the issues of fate and free will.

In some universes there will be a Joshua Wulf reading it. In others Joshua Wulf will be the writer. I wonder which one I will experience?
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Steve
Mar 19, 2014rated it it was amazing  ·  review of another edition
Shelves: ebookkindle
Before reading this book, I had always thought of time as somehow real. But now I know it isn't. Whey you look at a distant star, you think you are seeing light millions of years old. This is only because the science, in the last hundred years or so, has told us so. But, quantum entanglement means that if I am on that distant star, and I am quantumly entangled with you, the reader, then things happen simultaneously. These two principles seem to violate each other. How can things be millions of light years apart but acting simultaneously? Here is a quote from Wikipedia:

"Like Einstein, Schrödinger was dissatisfied with the concept of entanglement, because it seemed to violate the speed limit on the transmission of information implicit in the theory of relativity.[16] Einstein later famously derided entanglement as "spukhafte Fernwirkung"[17] or "spooky action at a distance.""

But, as the observer knows, they are seeing the light from the stars now, as you look at that star, in the evening, in the sky, and hear the trees rustle around you. The time is now, not millions of years ago.

It is all a very clever illusion, and we are creating it with our completely lost-from-source minds. And we believe it to be "real" and out of our control. But it is we, the observer, who are out of control.

We need to become better observers. This book helps.
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Stacey
Jul 08, 2015rated it it was amazing
I want all of my friends to read this so we can talk about it for hours. My only problem with this book was some questions he left answered (which did not compromise my rating because questions are not the same as criticism.) His premise is logically viable, it works very well with Bohm's hypothesis; however I would have enjoyed him exploring more of the various states of consciousness or even more of the neuroscience behind consciousness. I think it would have strengthened his argument if he was able to elaborate, for consciousness is not a static entity. Brain waves, for example: alpha, beta, theta, and delta, sleep, dreaming & altered states of consciousness that can come about through psychoactive drugs or meditation. Anyway, this was an amazing, horizon-expanding altered view of the universe. It annoyed me to read in some of the reviews that this was a philosophy book when he clearly used experiments and data from the literature to prove every point he made. It's like people skipped the intro, skimmed the first view paragraphs in each chapter and wrote it off as a new-age concept book written by a hippie.

If life exists because consciousness exists, that could be the "theory of everything" that physicists & philosophers alike have been looking for since man could "think, therefore I am."
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Linda Robinson
Nov 24, 2010rated it really liked it
Reading science/cosmology/metaphysical in combination makes me forget my name and all my passwords. But I zipped right through this book which leads me to believe that I am already on the path, or I totally don't get it. The book quotes a Zen saying, "Name the color, blind the eye," and perhaps putting a label to consciousness does the same to awareness. But the book addresses questions I have now. What was there before the Big Bang? What is the universe expanding into? Quantum physics doesn't answer. The answer cannot be nothing, because nothing is not model-based reality. Quantum physics is working on finding a Grand Unified Theory (GUT) that wraps all this up nicely. In waves or strings, or M-theory, or vintage jacquard ribbon? Superposition experiments now underway might reveal something. But what if, the authors of Biocentrism query, what if consciousness is what created it all? Suppose that external and internal are just language distinctions. Suppose time and space are constructs of our consciousness? (less)
Dennis Venturoni
Jan 14, 2020rated it it was amazing
I bought this book a couple of years ago on a whim, and it forever changed how I look at the universe. Biocentrism is scientific theory mixed in with some philosophy and metaphysics. Lanza does a good balancing act, and his theories are compelling. The idea that physicists have had it exactly backward the past hundred-plus years, that the universe is in fact a construct of our own minds and cannot exist without us, not the other way around, is mindblowing. I think Lanza is onto something
Kitap
Aug 09, 2012rated it it was ok
Recommended to Kitap by: Dr. Bryan Miller
This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here.
Jafar
May 28, 2011rated it it was ok  ·  review of another edition
This book is a bunch of baloney. When I read The Master and His Emissary a few weeks ago, I complained that McGilchrist had written such a large tome to support his claim that I got lost putting it together. Lanza has gone to the other extreme. He’s making pretty much the biggest claim that anyone can make, i.e., explaining existence itself, and he’s put together a few chapters of hogwash to prove it. Lanza is not only sloppy in every aspect, he comes off totally smug and arrogant. You can almost read “Look, aren’t I a genius” between the lines. He’s inserted a few stories from his own personal life for no apparent reason but self-infatuation.

Lanza explicitly denies the reality of time and space. Implicitly, he also denies the existence of an objective reality outside ourselves. Nothing exists out there if there is no “consciousness” to observe it. He stays clear of defining this consciousness and explaining how it came about if nothing existed prior to it. What he offers in term of “scientific proof” is: a) the infamous double-slit experiment of quantum mechanics; b) the amazing fact that the constants of physics appear as if they’d been fine-tuned for the eventual emergence of starts and planets and life. As puzzling and inexplicable these two may be (there are theories and explanations), none of them can support Lanza’s claim by any stretch of imagination. The only chapter worth reading in the book is the one about the double-slit experiment and its different ingenious variations.

I should have taken Deepak Chopra’s endorsement of this book as a bad sign. Lanza plays defensive in the introduction and says that he’s not trying to prove any New Age philosophies (I have to give him credit for realizing that this would be quite bad for a book that claims to be scientific), but in the end what he says is not more than some New Age mumbo-jumbo about the universe being a single and continuous consciousness, etc. – all with the pretense of being scientific.
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Connor Adams
Jun 13, 2014rated it it was amazing
Robert Lanza steps forward to prompt a paradigm shift in the way we think. For those of us who have been waiting for science to finally tackle (Or at least tickle) the behemoth question of consciousness and produce a piece of literature that can practically influence us in a down to earth manner regarding our daily rituals, without boiling down reality to a mass of random stupidity; this is for you.

A wonderful, colourful read, striking the perfect balance between fact, story and wonder, leaving out all the 'spooky knowledge' that so taints previous explanations of the sorts.

Would recommend to all. 
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Jeffrey  Sylvester
Mar 11, 2014rated it it was amazing
“Biocentrism” by Robert Lanza and Robert Berman is excellent.
Lanza is an M.D., and advanced cell scientist, and Berman a famous astronomer. They propose that life creates the universe and not the other way around, and that biology should be the discipline used to develop a “theory of everything” that accounts for life and consciousness to better understand reality, being and the cosmos.

According to Lanza the physics model that Western science has employed has reached its limits in attempting to explain the age-old questions raised by philosophers and theologians regarding the cosmos, the origin of existence and consciousness.

Lanza challenges readers to question the claims of contemporary science such as where the Big Bang came from, the probability of our existence, and how consciousness arose from matter. Essentially Lanza makes the case that the more we know, the less we understand, and that answering the aforesaid questions requires a fundamental shift away from physics and toward biology. By extension, Lanza suggests the theory he proposes, Biocentrism, provides the answers physics cannot answer. Beyond offering the basis for a complete paradigm shift that opens new lines of investigation in physics and cosmology, Lanza suggests other researchers conduct “quantum superposition” experiments to either confirm or refute the theory.

Like any decent resource, Lanza spends much of his time declaring the limitations of what we know before proceeding with his proposed theory that could help close those gaps. For example, we now know that 96% of the universe is dark energy and dark matter but we have little idea of what those are or how they operate. We understand and guide our lives based on animal conceptions of time and space but both are illusory. We have academic fleets dedicated to brain science but the holes in the methodologies used to explain consciousness is never discussed (a problem particularly rife in behavioral ‘science’). We suggest that life was an incredibly improbable chance event when it is more probable the universe was fine-tuned to support life. We operate within the confines of human language and logic, and due to these limitations, are “constitutional materialists, hard-wired, designed, to think linearly”, always seeking sociological and scientific certainty upon which to base the order of our lives.

Much of biocentrism is explained through Lanza and Berman’s understandings of quantum theory and the bizarre relationships between subatomic particles. I have read several breakdowns of this theory by different scholars and felt Lanza’s was well explained. He also uses variations of the Anthropic Principle to support his arguments and ultimately concludes that consciousness must exist beyond our terrestrial realm, and that the content of our minds constitute “reality”, as humans throughout history have always suspected.

Structurally Lanza’s book is user-friendly, particularly at the end where Lanza breaks down “Answers to Basic Questions” and the different ways in which Classical Science, Western Religions and advocates of Biocentrism would respond. The dialogue he sets forth helps exemplify what Western science cannot know and what Biocentrism can provide in consideration of the gaps exposed.

I have also found fascinating how many scholars, building upon recent theoretical findings in physics, have concluded that these new theories increasingly support multi-universe, BiosLogos, and the Anthropic theories, the tenets of which line up with various aspects of millennia old Eastern religions.

5 stars out of 5 for Lanza and Berman!
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Shane
Jun 14, 2014rated it really liked it
Brain successfully fried.
Katelynd Rallo
Jun 02, 2013rated it really liked it
At first I thought these guys were full of it. Everything that they started to approach seemed common sense and to be already proven with psychology and philosophy which in my mind are not to be considered a "science". I decided it would be best to actually read the whole book before making a proper judgement.

As I read I realized the point. If you rated this book a low rating it's probably because you didn't get it. Trust me it took me a few times to read this just to grasp the concept fully.

I have always been on the side of science and never believed perception or consciousness were relevant when discussing the matters of the universe. I love science because there is always an answer and there are very few exceptions to the laws and theories we have developed over the course of human history. What makes this book special is it's ability to force the reader to realize their place. The only reason why anything exists is because we exist to perceive it.

I hate to admit it but psychology and philosophy may actually have a place in the world of science, something you would never catch me saying out loud. 
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Julie
Apr 15, 2010rated it it was amazing
This book must be read twice! I am into my second read and the clarity is overwhelming. Lanza points out and illustrates the flaws in majorly accepted scientific theory about the universe and how it is, and offers up the only possible alternative in his theory of Biocentrism -- a universe that springs from life (the observer), instead of a universe that exists independently of life.

Denise みか Hutchins
I purchased this book when I saw it mentioned on an episode of Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman. It was presented there as an alternative to the preeminent string theory and I was enchanted by the idea. However, what I learned from this book ended up being so much more than that.

Not only does Biocentrism, the theory, do more than simply explain the strange behavior of quantum particles, Biocentrism, the book, was an excellent starting point for all kinds of scientific knowledge. I didn’t just learn about a new theory, I learned about the various scientific experiments and scientific theories that lead the authors to come to the Biocentrism conclusion. If ever I so choose, I can find my way to all that additional science through this book’s bibliography and expand my scientific knowledge even further. I think this is the main reason I LOVED reading this book: it didn’t just shove a new idea in my face and say, “There! Accept it!”, it took the time to explain itself and teach me new things along the way. The two main facets, learning the tenets of a new and wildly different scientific theory and learning about all the solid evidence that supports that theory, worked in harmony to make the whole book extremely readable and eternally fascinating.

Whether or not you end up convinced about this idea’s validity (I certainly am!), this is still an excellent book that sparks new ideas, can elicit extreme emotional response in its reader, is written in an easy style sprinkled with dry humor, and leads the reader to even more avenues of scientific exploration. My view of life and existence has been wholly altered by this book and I’m extremely glad I read it.
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Thomas
Sep 04, 2018rated it it was amazing  ·  review of another edition
This book is fantastic. It presents a worldview entirely new to me, rooted in science and very exciting. Some of the science blew my mind. The only thing I still struggle with is other consciousness. Does reality exist where not you as the individual, but someone else sees it? How is consciousness tied to the individual? It probably isn't, because the book makes clear there are clear hints to a single consciousness (and no free will), but regardless, I'm still struggling with those questions. (less)
Richard Pinnell
Jun 25, 2009rated it did not like it
The central theme of this book is that life creates the universe and that consciousness lies at the center of existence. This is not a new idea and there is absolutely nothing new in this book. Lanza draws on two main sources to back up this idea. The first is that consciousness appears to cause the wave function to collapse in the famous double slit experiment. The second concerns the anthropic principle and how it seems that universe is uncannily just right for life. Both of these 'proofs' are open to various interpretations including the possibility that consciousness does indeed lie at the center of creation. However, that is only one possible conclusion that can be drawn and Lanza adds absolutely zero to the debate. He uses his book to lambaste physics and physicists for such like as not being able to tell us what came before the big bang, whilst at the same time declaring consciousness to be the be all and end all of everything without actually defining what consciousness is or offering any sort of explanation of how it came into existence or how it creates the physical universe. On top of that much of the book contains sections that have absolutely nothing to do with the subject matter and concern nothing more than Lanza's own life experiences. He uses these chapters to butter his own biscuit, blast his own trumpet and bang his own drum interspersed with a bit of name dropping. The worst book I've read all year! (less)
Neil Hayes
May 04, 2015rated it it was amazing
The central point of this book is that consciousness creates the universe, not the other way round. Although not a new insight, this compelling book is the best I have read to bring home the importance of this phenomenon, and the simplest explanation of the quantum physics behind it. Interweaved with the science is a charmingly personal account of some defining experiences in Lanza's life. A wonderful book, and to me a must-read for any student of the mind, the universe, or indeed practically anything. (less)

알라딘: 바이오센트리즘 Biocentrism Robert Lanza

알라딘: 바이오센트리즘
바이오센트리즘 - 왜 과학은 생명과 의식을 설명하지 못하는가?   
로버트 란자,밥 버먼 (지은이),박세연 (옮긴이)예문아카이브2018-03-29

원제 : Biocentrism  Robert Lanza

책소개

아마존 과학분야 10년 연속 베스트셀러. 출간되자마자 과학계를 충격에 빠뜨리고, 이후 10년 동안 물리학자와 생물학자 등 전세계 과학자들을 갑론을박 논쟁하게 만든 문제작이 한국어판으로 나왔다.

의학계에서 줄기세포 최고 권위자로 유명한 로버트 란자 박사는 “생명과 의식이 우주의 실체를 이해하는 열쇠가 된다”는 새로운 관점, 즉 ‘생물중심주의(Biocentrism)’를 제시하면서 기존 현대 물리학의 한계를 가차없이 비판한다. 물리학은 우주를 설명하면서 빅뱅 이론을 내세우지만 “왜 지구는 생명을 부양하기에 적합한 환경을 유지하는가?”라는 가장 기본적인 질문에도 대답하지 못하고 있다. 란자 박사는 양자 역학의 이중 슬릿 실험을 통해 “우주가 의식적인 관찰자에 의해 탄생했다”는 근거를 제시하고 “우리가 생각하는 현실(실재)은 의식을 수반하는 과정”이라고 주장하면서 생물중심주의 7가지 원칙을 설명한다.

또한 로버트 란자 박사는 시간은 “우리가 주변의 변화를 인식하기 위한 도구”이며, 공간은 “생명체가 세상을 이해하기 위한 또 한 가지 도구”라고 말하면서 “시간과 공간은 허상”이라고 주장한다. 여기서 더 나아가 시간과 공간이 없는 곳에서는 “죽음은 존재하지 않는다”는 문제도 제기한다. 에너지 보존 법칙을 따를 때, 육체가 소멸하더라도 “우리의 존재를 이루는 핵심 에너지 또한 늘어나거나 줄지 않는” 이유 때문이다.
목차
이 책에 쏟아진 찬사
들어가며_ 어떤 이론이 물리적 세상을 제대로 설명하는가

제1장_ 암흑으로 가득한 우주
제2장_ 태초에 무엇이 있었던가?
제3장_ 나무가 쓰러지는 소리
제4장_ 여정의 시작
제5장_ 우주는 어디에 있을까?
제6장_ 시간의 흔적들
제7장_ 어제보다 앞선 내일
제8장_ 역사상 가장 놀라운 실험
제9장_ 골디락스의 우주
제10장_ 시간은 허상이다
제11장_ 공간도 허상이다
제12장_ 내가 몰랐던 한 사람
제13장_ 마음이라고 하는 풍차
제14장_ 천국에서 떨어지다
제15장_ 창조의 벽돌
제16장_ 우리는 어떤 세상에서 살아가는가?
제17장_ SF가 현실이 되다
제18장_ 의식의 미스터리
제19장_ 죽음은 존재하지 않는다
제20장_ 생물중심주의의 미래

옮긴이의 글
부록 1_로렌츠 변환
부록 2_아인슈타인의 상대성 이론과 생물중심주의
찾아보기
접기
책속에서
첫문장
전체적으로 볼 때, 세상은 교과서에서 설명하던 그런 곳이 아니다.
의식은 생물학의 핵심 연구 분야가 아니다. 의식은 물리학의 과제다. 그러나 현대 물리학의 어떤 분야도 두뇌를 이루는 분자들이 어떻게 의식을 창조하는지 설명하지 못한다. 낙조의 황홀함, 사랑의 기적, 맛있는 요리의 축복 등 우리의 의식적 경험은 현대 과학에서 신비로 남겨져 있다. 과학의 어떤 영역도 물질이 어떻게 의식으로 전환되는지 밝혀내지 못했다. 그래서 기존 모형은 의식의 존재를 부정하는 방식으로 대처해왔다.
---pp.17~18 「제1장: 암흑으로 가득한 우주」 중에서  접기
“그게 정말로 거기에 있을까?”
이는 대단히 오래된 질문이다. 생물중심주의보다 훨씬 더 먼저 등장했다. 그리고 이 질문에 가장 먼저 대답을 내놓을 것도 생물중심주의가 아니다. 하지만 생물중심주의야말로 다른 모든 이론과는 달리 이 질문에 대한 타당한 ‘설명’을 제시한다. 거꾸로 이 질문에 대한 타당한 설명은 곧 생물중심주의다. “생물학적 존재 외부에 독립적으로 존재하는 세상이란 없다”는 사실을 받아들일 때, 기존의 많은 이론은 그 설득력을 잃어버리고 만다.
---p.35「제2장: 태초에 무엇이 있었던가?」 중에서  접기
좀 더 직관적인 사례로 무지개에 대해 생각해보자. 산봉우리 사이에 펼쳐진 화려한 무지개는 보는 이의 숨을 멎게 만들 정도로 아름답다. 그러나 무지개가 모습을 드러내기 위해서는 관찰자의 존재가 반드시 필요하다. 인식 주체가 없으면 무지개도 없다.
---pp.40~41「제3장: 나무가 쓰러지는 소리」 중에서
아인슈타인은 위대한 말을 남겼다.
“신은 주사위 놀이를 하지 않는다.”
이는 양자 이론에 대한 공격이었다. 사물이 특정 시점에 특정 위치에 존재하는 것이 아니라 다만 확률로서 존재한다는 주장에 대한 비난이었다. “유령 같은 원격 작용”이라는 아인슈타인의 말은 이후로 수십 년 동안 물리학 강의 시간에 등장했다. 이 표... 더보기
우주가 정말로 관찰자 등장 이전에 불확실한 확률(생명의 존재를 허락하지 않았던)의 상태로 머물러 있었다면, 관찰이 시작돼 우주가 현실로 붕괴됐을 때 우주는 필연적으로 스스로를 붕괴시킨 관찰을 허용하는 상태로 머물러 있었던 것이다. 우주에 관한 골디락스의 신비는 이와 같은 생물중심주의의 설명으로 사라진다. 그리고 우주와 우주를 존재... 더보기
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추천글
로버트 란자 박사의 바이오센트리즘 이론은 ‘의식이 실제 물리적 세계를 지배한다’는 고대사회의 관점과 같다. 바이오센트리즘은 과학적·철학적 엄밀성이 결여돼 있지만 현대 물리학의 한계를 보여준다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 과학적 소양이 얕은 독자에게는 매우 위험한 책이지만 물리학적 관점이 뚜렷한 독자들에게는 과학철학적인 도전이 될 것이다. - 이정모 (국립과천과학관장) 
양자 역학의 해석을 통해 생명과 의식, 우주의 본질을 규정하는 로버트 란자의 세계관은 과학적 관점에서 논란과 비판의 소지가 높다. 하지만 어이없을 만큼 조잡한 유사 주장들에 비해서는 훨씬 정교하고 논리적 설득력을 지니는 것도 사실이다. 그래서인지 ‘우주가 정말 이렇다면 어떨까’ 하는 유혹을 느끼게 만드는 힘이 있다. - 원종우 (과학과 사람들 대표) 
인류 역사상 대부분의 사회는 인간의 존재와 주변 환경을 설명하기 위해 신, 또는 여러 신들을 들먹인다. 그리고 과학자는 그 절대적인 해답을 얻기 위해 무한한 우주나 원자의 내부 구조를 들여다본다. 반면 란자 박사가 주창하는 생물중심주의는 그 해답을 관찰 대상이 아니라 관찰자에게서 찾는다. 이러한 점에서 이 책은 모든 분야를 아우르는 통섭의 중심에 생물학을 놓아두는 과학적·철학적 고찰이다. 인간의 존재에 관한 오랜 의문을 바라보는 완전히 새로운 접근방식이라는 점에서, 이 책은 다양한 독자의 호기심을 자극할 것이다. 그리고 무엇보다 중요한 사실은 우리를 생각하게 자극할 것이라는 점이다. - 에드워드 도널 토머스 (1990년 노벨 생리의학상 수상자, 워싱턴 의과대학 명예 교수이자 프레드 허치슨 암연구소 임상연구 과장) 
의식이 현실(실재)을 만들어낸다는 관념은 양자 이론을 근거로 한다. 이는 생물학과 신경과학이 우리 존재의 구조에 대해 말해주는 것과 관련이 있다. 이 책은 새로운 획기적인 전환을 보여준다. 우리는 실재라고 부르는 모든 가능한 결과물의 특별한 배열에 의미를 부여하는 개체다. 이 책은 매우 훌륭한 프로젝트다. - 로널드 그린 (다트머스대학 교수이자 윤리학 연구소 소장) 
그의 새로운 우주 이론은 우리가 지난 세기 동안 이뤄낸 모든 지식을 설명한다. 그 우주 이론은 우리의 존재와 우주를 둘러싼 진리를 이해할 수 없게 한 생물학적 한계를 긴 안목으로 두고 우리의 존재와 연관성이 있음을 보여준다. 이 새로운 이론은 앞으로 수세기 동안 자연의 법칙에 대한 개념에 대변혁을 일으킬 것이다. - 앤서니 아탈라 (웨이크 포레스트 재생의학연구소 소장) 
나는 천체물리학자로서 대단히 크고 멀리 떨어진 사물만 들여다본다. 그리고 의식에 관한 모든 문제는 거대한 우주의 중요한 사안이라 생각한다. 로버트 란자는 이 책을 통해 지극히 거시적인 세상에서도 그 현실을 경험하기 위해서 우리는 어쩔 수 없이 마음에 의존하게 된다는 깨우침을 던진다. ‘양자 불가사의’는 거시 세상에서도 나타나는 현상인 것이다. 시간과 공간은 우리의 지각에 달렸다. 그럼에도 우리는 당연한 듯 일상을 살아가고, 또한 물리적 우주를 객관적 실체인 양 연구한다(확률은 그 정도의 믿음을 우리에게 허용한다). 그러나 란자 박사는 생물학이라고 하는 근본적인 관점을 추가함으로써 진실에 한 걸음더 다가서고 있다. 물론 내가 NASA와 그곳 과학자들의 생각을 대변할 수는 없겠지만, 적어도 개인적인 입장에서 생물중심주의의 우주관에 대해 란자 박사로부터 더 많은 이야기를 듣고 싶다. - 데이비드 톰슨 (NASA 고다드 우주비행센터 천체물리학자) 
그렇다. 이제 공간과 시간에 대한 우리의 인식이 신경생리학적 매커니즘의 결과물인지 질문을 던져야 할 때가 왔다. 또한 최초의 생명이 지구에서 출현하고, 단세포를 시작으로 진핵생물로, 그리고 결국 우리 인간에 이르기까지 진화하는 과정에서 환경 요인들이 정확하게 기능했다는 사실이 어떻게 가능했는지 질문을 던져야 할 때가 왔다. 나는 이 책이 좋은 독자를 만나리라 생각한다. 단지 독단적인 이론을 던지는 것이 아니라, 기존의 생각과 믿음에 도전함으로써 나를 생각하게 자극하는 책이 많이 출판되었으면 한다. 이 책은 분명히 그러한 사례에 해당한다. - 스티븐 베리 (시카고대학교 화학과 명예 교수, 미국과학아카데미 회원) 
진정으로 위대한 책이다. 란자 박사는 지각과 의식으로 어떻게 현실을 경험하게 되는지를 신선하면서도 학문적인 시선으로 바라보고 있다. 그리고 깊이 있는 이해와 폭넓은 통찰력으로 20세기 물리학과 현대 생물학을 조망한다. 그 과정에서 오래 묵은 인식론적 딜레마를 새롭게 평가해야 한다고 촉구한다. 비록 그의 주장에 모두가 동의하지는 않겠지만, 많은 독자들은 그의 생각이 흥미진진하며, 도전적이고 설득력 있다는 사실을 발견하게 될 것이다. 놀랍다. - 마이클 리자트 (브라운대학교 의료공학과 교수, 생명공학연구소 소장) 
과학이란 사람들이 세상을 설명하기 위해 모든 논리적 가능성에 도전하도록 열정을 불어넣는 자유의 징표다. 로버트 란자는 생물학의 관점으로 세상을 바라보는 획기적인 접근방식을 들고 나왔다. 이 책에서 그는 과학자들이 과연 지금까지 세상을 탐구하기 위해 모든 가능한 방법을 시도해보았는지 묻는다. 과학은 생물학을 통해 대통일 이론을 완성할 것인가? 완전히 새로운 이론인 생물중심주의는 ‘그렇다’고 말한다. 란자 박사는 인간의 고유한 특성을 넘어서서, 세상을 이해하기 위해 그 근간을 이루는 모든 생명체 사이의 상호연관성에 주목한다. 이처럼 독특한 접근방식을 제시하는 이 책은 틀림없이 우리 사회를 놀라게 할 뿐만 아니라, 그 새로운 가설을 검증해보도록 요구할 것이다.
- 군터 클레티트쉬카 (NASA 고다드 우주비행센터 지구물리학자)

 
저자 및 역자소개
로버트 란자 (Robert Lanza) (지은이) 
저자파일
 
신간알리미 신청
세계적인 생명공학자이자 웨이크포레스트 의과대학 교수.
재생의료 전문기업 아스텔라스 글로벌(Astellas Global Regenerative Medicine) 대표로서 줄기세포 분야 세계 최고 권위자이며 아인슈타인에 비견되는 천재 과학자다.
열세 살 때 닭 유전자 조작 실험을 하면서 하버드대학교에 무작정 찾아갔던 로버트 란자는 신경생물학을 창시한 스티븐 커플러 교수의 도움으로 실험을 시작했으며, 고교 졸업 직후 MIT에서는 노벨 생리의학상 수상자 살바도르 루리아 교수와 함께 연구했다. 또한 행동주의 심리학의 아버지 B. F. 스키너, 노벨 생리의학상 공동 수상자 제럴드 에델만과 로드니 포터, 소아마비 백신 개발자 조너스 소크, 최초로 심장 이식을 성공한 크리스천 버나드 등 우리 시대 최고의 과학자들과 함께 연구했다.
2014년 〈타임〉 선정 ‘세계에서 가장 영향력 있는 100인’, 2015년 〈프로스펙트(Prospect)〉 선정 ‘세계의 사상가 50인’에 이름을 올렸다. 2005년에 〈와이어드〉로부터 의학 분야 레이브 상(Rave Award)을, 2006년
에는 〈매스하이테크(Mass High Tech)〉로부터 생명공학 분야의 올스타 상(All Star Award)을, 2010년에는 하버드 의과대학 김광수 교수와 함께 미국국립보건원(NIH) 디렉터 상(Director’s Award)을 수상하는 등 의
학과 생명공학 분야에서 수많은 상을 받았다.
란자 박사의 연구팀은 세계 최초로 인간 배아복제에 성공했으며, 위기에 처한 여러 종을 복제하고, 핵이식으로 노화 과정을 되돌릴 수 있는 가능성을 보여줬다. 또한 인간배아를 파괴하지 않고 줄기세포를 만드는 데 성공했다. 2009년에는 김광수 교수팀과 진행한 줄기세포 연구를 발표하여 〈네이처〉에 ‘올해 최고의 연구 5’에 선정됐다. 2011년에 한국에서 열린 제3차 국제 줄기세포 심포지엄에 참석했던 란자 박사는 스타가르트병(청소년 실명)과 노인성 황반변성 치료에서 미국식품의약국(FDA) 임상 허가를 획득한 배아줄기세포 망막치료제의 임상연구 결과를 발표함으로써 시각장애로 고통받는 사람들에게 새로운 희망을 주고 있다.
〈뉴욕타임스〉 1면 특집을 포함한 〈포춘〉 〈파이낸셜타임스〉 등 많은 매체에서 커버스토리로 다룬 인물인 로버트 란자 박사의 연구성과는 CNN 등 주요 TV 방송사는 물론, 〈타임〉 〈뉴스위크〉 〈피플〉 〈월스트리트저널〉 〈워싱턴포스트〉 〈LA타임스〉 〈USA투데이〉 등 거의 모든 전세계 리딩 언론들이 앞다퉈 소개하고 있다.
수백 편의 논문을 발표하고 30권의 책을 출간한 로버트 란자 박사는 《바이오센트리즘》을 통해 “생명과 의식이 우주의 실체를 이해하는 열쇠가 된다”는 새로운 관점을 제시하면서, 양자 이론을 근거로 “우리가 생각하는 현실(실재)은 의식을 수반하는 과정”이라고 주장한다.
많은 저작 가운데 대표작인 《조직공학의 원리(Principles of Tissue Engineering)》는 학계에서 주요 참고자료로 활용되고 있으며 《줄기세포와 그 생물학적 원리에 관한 안내서(Handbook of Stem Cells and Essentials of Stem Cell Biology)》는 줄기세포 분야에서 가장 중요하게 인용되는 책이다. 그 밖에도 《하나의 세상: 21세기 인류의 건강과 생존(One World: The Health & Survival of the Human Species in the 21st Century)》 《재생의학의 원리(Principles of Regenerative Medicine)》 등이 있다. 접기
최근작 : <바이오센트리즘> … 총 32종 (모두보기)
밥 버먼 (Bob Berman) (지은이) 
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신간알리미 신청

메리마운트대학교 천문학 교수이자 과학 칼럼니스트, 저술가.
〈디스커버(Discover)〉의 유명한 ‘나이트 워치맨(Night Watchman)’ 칼럼을 17년 동안 진행했으며 최고의 천문학지 〈애스트로노미(Astronomy)〉에 인기 칼럼을 연재하면서 ‘스카이맨 밥(Skyman Bob)’이라는 애칭을 얻었다. 〈노스이스트퍼블릭라디오(Northeast PublicRadio)〉를 진행하고 있고 〈올드파머스앨머낵(Old Farmer’s Almanac)〉의 과학 편집자로도 활동 중이다. 또한 미국에서 가장 인기 있는 과학칼럼니스트이자 과학을 가장 쉽고 재미있게 설명해주는 과학 커뮤니케이터로서 뛰어난 입담과 필력을 자랑하는 작가다. 종종 일반인들을 이끌고 ‘일식 투어’, ‘유성우 샤워’, ‘알래스카 오로라 투어’ 등에서 눈 덮인 설원과 깜깜한 하늘과 끝없는 우주의 신비에 대해 과학적인 해설도 해주고 있다.
수많은 자연현상을 취재하며 그 모습과 감동을 생생하게 전달하는 재치 넘치는 과학 기자인 밥 버먼은 어느 날 폭풍 때문에 집이 망가지는 사건을 겪는다. 그날 이후, 자연과 우주에서 움직이고 있는 모든 것들을 추적하기 위해 세계여행을 시작한다. 이 책은 그 과정을 기록한 여행기이자 세상의 거의 모든 움직임과 그 속도에 관한 탐험기다.
지은 책으로 세계적인 천재 과학자 로버트 란자 박사와 공저한 《바이오센트리즘》을 비롯해 《이상한 우주(Strange Universe)》 《밤하늘의 비밀(Secrets of the Night Sky)》 등이 있다.
http://skymanbob.com
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최근작 : <거의 모든 것의 종말>,<ZOOM 거의 모든 것의 속도>,<바이오센트리즘> … 총 42종 (모두보기)
박세연 (옮긴이) 
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신간알리미 신청
고려대학교 철학과를 졸업하고 글로벌 IT기업에서 10년간 마케터와 브랜드 매니저로 일했다. 현재 전문 번역가로 활동하면서 번역가 모임 ‘번역인’의 공동 대표를 맡고 있다. 옮긴 책으로 《변화는 어떻게 촉발되는가》, 《행동경제학》, 《슈퍼펌프드》, 《실리콘밸리의 팀장들》, 《OKR》, 《어떻게 민주주의는 무너지는가》, 《더 나은 세상》, 《이카루스 이야기》, 《플루토크라트》, 《죽음이란 무엇인가》, 《디퍼런트》 등이 있다.
최근작 : … 총 122종 (모두보기)
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책소개


“시간과 공간은 허상인가, 죽음까지도?”
우주의 구성 요소를 밝혀줄 생물중심주의 7가지 원칙
★아마존 과학분야 10년 연속 베스트셀러
★천재 과학자이자 줄기세포 최고 권위자의 문제작

출간되자마자 과학계를 충격에 빠뜨리고, 이후 10년 동안 물리학자와 생물학자 등 전세계 과학자들을 갑론을박 논쟁하게 만든 문제작 《바이오센트리즘(Biocentrism)》의 한국어판이 나왔다.
의학계에서 줄기세포 최고 권위자로 유명한 로버트 란자 박사는 “생명과 의식이 우주의 실체를 이해하는 열쇠가 된다”는 새로운 관점, 즉 ‘생물중심주의(Biocentrism)’를 제시하면서 기존 현대 물리학의 한계를 가차없이 비판한다. 물리학은 우주를 설명하면서 빅뱅 이론을 내세우지만 “왜 지구는 생명을 부양하기에 적합한 환경을 유지하는가?”라는 가장 기본적인 질문에도 대답하지 못하고 있다. 란자 박사는 양자 역학의 이중 슬릿 실험을 통해 “우주가 ... 더보기


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가볍게 읽기 좋다. 물론, 다소 어려운 현대물리학 이론들이 기술되는데. 발상의 전환을 위한 기폭제가 될 수 있다. 입문서 길라잡이 성격이 큰 책이다. 이를 바탕으로 엉뚱하게도 신비주의나 사이비 종교들로 빠진다면 스스로 이성의 끈을 정신줄을 놓는거라 하겠다. 끝가지 이성을 챙기시길요! 홧팅!  구매
jethrotull 2018-12-10 공감 (1) 댓글 (0)
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공감순 
     
왜 의식중심주의가 아니고 생물중심주의인가 새창으로 보기
기존의 고정관념을 깬다는 면에서는 훌륭하나 왜 '의식중심주의'가 아니고 "생물중심주의"인지 설명이 부족하다. 마찬가지로 인간중심주의anthropocentrism가 아닌지도 설명이 불충분. 양자역학의 이중슬릿실험과 불확정성원리등이  관찰자와의 상호관계를 드러낸다는 것은 분명하지만 이러한 상호작용이나 상호관계를 초월해서 '관찰'이 대상을 규정한다고 결론내리긴 힘들다. 양자가 유기적 연관이 있다라는 정도에서 판단을 중지하는게 옳지 않을까? 코펜하겐 해석까지는 과학계에서 수용가능하다고 보지만 그 이상은 판단을 보류하는게 맞다고 본다. 



부언하자면 왜 인간중심주의나 의식중심주의가 아니라 생물중심주의biocentrism인지 책을 읽으면서도 계속 고개를 갸우뚱하게 만든다. 굳이 그렇게 명명한 이유가 물질적 대상, 그리고 시공간과 상호작용하는  '관찰'행위라는게 인간의 의식이나 관찰에 국한되는 것이 아니라 다른 생명체도 가능하다고 보기때문인가? 그렇다면 생물이나 생명이란 무엇인지부터 규명되어야 하지 않을까? 미생물도 생물이고 대상에 반응하는 지각을 가지고있음에 분명하다면 그때부터 생물중심주의의 적용이 가능하다고 해야할까? 더 확장해서 생각해보면 지구밖의 외계생명체의 관찰도 고려해야하지 않을까? 기타등등. 



이런저런 여러가지 불충분한 내용에도 불구하고 기존의 통념을 되돌아보게 만드는 시각이라는 점에서 충분히 일독해볼만한 가치는 있다. 특히 시공간과 관련된  10,11장은 인상적이다.   



  

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yoonta 2018-05-18 공감(2) 댓글(0)
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Prapañca - Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Prapañca - Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Prapañca

Prapañca (P. papañca; T. spros pa; C. xilun) is translated as "conceputal elaboration," "conceptual proliferation," etc.

Christian Coseru states:

The Buddhist philosophical term used for describing the state of ordinary mentation is prapañca in Sanskrit. It literally means ‘fabrication,’ usually translated as ‘conceptual proliferation’ or 'conceptual elaboration' [see Samyutta Nikāya, IV, 72]. 

We don't simply apprehend an object. Rather, we apprehend it as the locus of a multiplicity of associations: in seeing a tree we perceive an entity made of trunk, branches, and foliage but also something that can provide shade and lumber. 
In perception we are ordinarily assailed by a stream of conceptualizing tendencies, which have their ultimate source in linguistic conventions and categorizing practices. These conceptualizing tendencies overwhelm and distort the perceptual experience.[1]

References

  1. Jump up Coseru, Christian, "Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/mind-indian-buddhism/>.


Alternative Translations

  • mental constructs (Thomas Doctor)
  • mental elaboration
  • conceptual proliferation (Nyanatiloka Mahathera)
  • proliferation of discursive thought