2021/10/19

David Bowie - Wikipedia Spirituality and religion

David Bowie - Wikipedia

David Bowie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

OAL

Bowie in 2002
Born
David Robert Jones
8 January 1947

London, England
Died 10 January 2016 (aged 69)

David Robert Jones OAL (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), known professionally as David Bowie (/ˈboʊi/ BOH-ee),[1] was an English singer-songwriter and actor. A leading figure in the music industry, Bowie is regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. He was acclaimed by critics and musicians, particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, with his music and stagecraft having a significant impact on popular music.

Born in Brixton, South London, Bowie developed an interest in music as a child. He studied art, music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963.

 "Space Oddity", released in 1969, was his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart. After a period of experimentation, he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust. 

The character was spearheaded by the success of Bowie's single "Starman" and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, which won him widespread popularity. In 1975, Bowie's style shifted towards a sound he characterised as "plastic soul", initially alienating many of his UK fans but garnering him his first major US crossover success with the number-one single "Fame" and the album Young Americans. 

In 1976, Bowie starred in the cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth, directed by Nicolas Roeg, and released Station to Station. In 1977, he further confounded expectations with the electronic-inflected album Low, the first of three collaborations with Brian Eno that came to be known as the "Berlin Trilogy". "Heroes" (1977) and Lodger (1979) followed; each album reached the UK top five and received lasting critical praise.

After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single "Ashes to Ashes", its album Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps), and "Under Pressure", a 1981 collaboration with Queen. 

He reached his commercial peak in 1983 with Let's Dance; its title track topped both the UK and US charts. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles, including industrial and jungle. He also continued acting; his roles included Major Jack Celliers in Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983), Jareth the Goblin King in Labyrinth (1986), Pontius Pilate in The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), and Nikola Tesla in The Prestige (2006), among other film and television appearances and cameos. He stopped touring after 2004 and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006. In 2013, Bowie returned from a decade-long recording hiatus with The Next Day. He remained musically active until his death from liver cancer at his home in New York City, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of his final album, Blackstar (2016).

During his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at over 100 million records worldwide, made him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. In the UK, he was awarded ten platinum album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, and released eleven number-one albums. In the US, he received five platinum and nine gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996. Rolling Stone placed him among its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and named him the "Greatest Rock Star Ever" after his death in 2016.


Contents

1Early life
2Music career
2.11962–1967: Early career to debut album
2.21968–1971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory
2.31972–1974: Ziggy Stardust
2.41974–1976: "Plastic soul" and the Thin White Duke
2.51976–1979: Berlin era
2.61980–1988: New Romantic and pop era
2.71989–1991: Tin Machine
2.81992–1998: Electronic period
2.91999–2012: Neoclassicist era
2.102013–2016: Final years
2.112016–present: Posthumous releases


Early life

David Robert Jones was born on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London. His mother, Margaret Mary "Peggy" (née Burns; 2 October 1913 – 2 April 2001),[2] was born at Shorncliffe Army Camp near Cheriton, Kent.[3] Her paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester.[4] She worked as a waitress at a cinema in Royal Tunbridge Wells.[5] His father, Haywood Stenton "John" Jones (21 November 1912 – 5 August 1969),[2] was from Doncaster, Yorkshire[6] and worked as a promotions officer for the children's charity Barnardo's. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, on the boundary between Brixton and Stockwell in the south London borough of Lambeth. Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler.[7]

From 1953 Bowie moved with his family to Bickley and then Bromley Common, before settling in Sundridge Park in 1955 where he attended Burnt Ash Junior School.[8] His voice was considered "adequate" by the school choir, and he demonstrated above-average abilities in playing the recorder. At the age of nine, his dancing during the newly introduced music and movement classes was strikingly imaginative: teachers called his interpretations "vividly artistic" and his poise "astonishing" for a child.[9] The same year, his interest in music was further stimulated when his father brought home a collection of American 45s by artists including the Teenagers, the Platters, Fats Domino, Elvis Presley (who shared Bowie's birthday), and Little Richard.[10][11] Upon listening to Little Richard's song "Tutti Frutti", Bowie would later say that he had "heard God".[12]

Bowie was first impressed with Presley when he saw his cousin Kristina dance to "Hound Dog" soon after it was released in 1956.[11] According to Kristina, she and David "danced like possessed elves" to records of various artists.[13] By the end of the following year, Bowie had taken up the ukulele and tea-chest bass, begun to participate in skiffle sessions with friends, and had started to play the piano; meanwhile, his stage presentation of numbers by both Presley and Chuck Berry—complete with gyrations in tribute to the original artists—to his local Wolf Cub group was described as "mesmerizing ... like someone from another planet".[11] Having encouraged his son to follow his dreams of being an entertainer since he was a toddler, in the late 1950s David's father took him to meet singers and other performers preparing for the Royal Variety Performance, introducing him to Alma Cogan and Tommy Steele.[13] After taking his eleven-plus exam at the conclusion of his Burnt Ash Junior education, Bowie went to Bromley Technical High School.[14]

It was an unusual technical school, as biographer Christopher Sandford wrote:


Despite its status it was, by the time David arrived in 1958, as rich in arcane ritual as any [English] public school. There were houses named after eighteenth-century statesmen like Pitt and Wilberforce. There was a uniform and an elaborate system of rewards and punishments. There was also an accent on languages, science and particularly design, where a collegiate atmosphere flourished under the tutorship of Owen Frampton. In David's account, Frampton led through force of personality, not intellect; his colleagues at Bromley Tech were famous for neither and yielded the school's most gifted pupils to the arts, a regime so liberal that Frampton actively encouraged his own son, Peter, to pursue a musical career with David, a partnership briefly intact thirty years later.[14]

Bowie's maternal half-brother, Terry Burns, was a substantial influence on his early life.[15] Burns, who was 10 years older than Bowie, suffered from schizophrenia and seizures, and lived alternately at home and in psychiatric wards; while living with Bowie, he introduced the younger man to many of his lifelong influences, such as modern jazz, Buddhism, Beat poetry, and the occult.[16] In addition to Burns, a significant proportion of Bowie's extended family members had schizophrenia spectrum disorders, including an aunt who was institutionalised and another who underwent a lobotomy; this has been labelled as an influence on his early work.[15]

Bowie studied art, music, and design, including layout and typesetting. After Burns introduced him to modern jazz, his enthusiasm for players like Charles Mingus and John Coltrane led his mother to give him a Grafton saxophone in 1961. He was soon receiving lessons from baritone saxophonist Ronnie Ross.[17][18] He received a serious injury at school in 1962 when his friend George Underwood punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl. After a series of operations during a four-month hospitalisation,[19] his doctors determined that the damage could not be fully repaired and Bowie was left with faulty depth perception and anisocoria (a permanently dilated pupil), which gave a false impression of a change in the iris' colour, erroneously suggesting he had heterochromia iridum (one iris a different colour to the other); his eye later became one of Bowie's most recognisable features.[20] Despite their altercation, Bowie remained on good terms with Underwood, who went on to create the artwork for Bowie's early albums.[21]

Music career
1962–1967: Early career to debut album

A trade ad photo of Bowie in 1967

Bowie formed his first band, the Konrads, in 1962 at the age of 15. Playing guitar-based rock and roll at local youth gatherings and weddings, the Konrads had a varying line-up of between four and eight members, Underwood among them.[22] When Bowie left the technical school the following year, he informed his parents of his intention to become a pop star. His mother arranged his employment as an electrician's mate. Frustrated by his bandmates' limited aspirations, Bowie left the Konrads and joined another band, the King Bees. He wrote to the newly successful washing-machine entrepreneur John Bloom inviting him to "do for us what Brian Epstein has done for the Beatles—and make another million." Bloom did not respond to the offer, but his referral to Dick James's partner Leslie Conn led to Bowie's first personal management contract.[23]

Conn quickly began to promote Bowie. The singer's debut single, "Liza Jane", credited to Davie Jones with the King Bees, was not commercially successful. Dissatisfied with the King Bees and their repertoire of Howlin' Wolf and Willie Dixon covers, Bowie quit the band less than a month later to join the Manish Boys, another blues outfit, who incorporated folk and soul—"I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger", Bowie was to recall.[23] Their cover of Bobby Bland's "I Pity the Fool" was no more successful than "Liza Jane", and Bowie soon moved on again to join the Lower Third, a blues trio strongly influenced by the Who. "You've Got a Habit of Leaving" fared no better, signalling the end of Conn's contract. Declaring that he would exit the pop music world "to study mime at Sadler's Wells", Bowie nevertheless remained with the Lower Third. His new manager, Ralph Horton, later instrumental in his transition to solo artist, soon witnessed Bowie's move to yet another group, the Buzz, yielding the singer's fifth unsuccessful single release, "Do Anything You Say". While with the Buzz, Bowie also joined the Riot Squad; their recordings, which included one of Bowie's original songs and material by The Velvet Underground, went unreleased. Kenneth Pitt, introduced by Horton, took over as Bowie's manager.[24]

Dissatisfied with Davy (and Davie) Jones, which in the mid-1960s invited confusion with Davy Jones of the Monkees, he took on the stage name David Bowie after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised.[25] His April 1967 solo single, "The Laughing Gnome", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, David Bowie, an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years.[26]

1968–1971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory

Studying the dramatic arts under Lindsay Kemp, from avant-garde theatre and mime to commedia dell'arte, Bowie became immersed in the creation of personae to present to the world. Satirising life in a British prison, the Bowie composition "Over The Wall We Go" became a 1967 single for Oscar; another Bowie song, "Silly Boy Blue", was released by Billy Fury the following year.[27] Playing acoustic guitar, Hermione Farthingale formed a group with Bowie and guitarist John Hutchinson named Feathers; between September 1968 and early 1969 the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk, Merseybeat, poetry, and mime.[28]

After the break-up with Farthingale, Bowie moved in with Mary Finnigan as her lodger.[29] In February and March 1969, he undertook a short tour with Marc Bolan's duo Tyrannosaurus Rex, as third on the bill, performing a mime act.[30] On 11 July 1969, "Space Oddity" was released five days ahead of the Apollo 11 launch, and reached the top five in the UK.[31] Continuing the divergence from rock and roll and blues begun by his work with Farthingale, Bowie joined forces with Finnigan, Christina Ostrom and Barrie Jackson to run a folk club on Sunday nights at the Three Tuns pub in Beckenham High Street.[29] The club was influenced by the Arts Lab movement, developing into the Beckenham Arts Lab and became extremely popular. The Arts Lab hosted a free festival in a local park, the subject of his song "Memory of a Free Festival".[32]

Bowie's second album followed in November; originally issued in the UK as David Bowie, it caused some confusion with its predecessor of the same name, and the early US release was instead titled Man of Words/Man of Music; it was reissued internationally in 1972 by RCA Records as Space Oddity. Featuring philosophical post-hippie lyrics on peace, love, and morality, its acoustic folk rock occasionally fortified by harder rock, the album was not a commercial success at the time of its release.[33]

Bowie met Angela Barnett in April 1969. They married within a year. Her impact on him was immediate, and her involvement in his career far-reaching, leaving manager Ken Pitt with limited influence which he found frustrating.[34] Having established himself as a solo artist with "Space Oddity", Bowie began to sense a lacking: "a full-time band for gigs and recording—people he could relate to personally".[35] The shortcoming was underlined by his artistic rivalry with Marc Bolan, who was at the time acting as his session guitarist.[35] The band Bowie assembled comprised John Cambridge, a drummer Bowie met at the Arts Lab, Tony Visconti on bass and Mick Ronson on electric guitar. Known as Hype, the bandmates created characters for themselves and wore elaborate costumes that prefigured the glam style of the Spiders from Mars. After a disastrous opening gig at the London Roundhouse, they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist.[35][36] Their initial studio work was marred by a heated disagreement between Bowie and Cambridge over the latter's drumming style. Matters came to a head when an enraged Bowie accused the drummer of the disturbance, exclaiming "You're fucking up my album." Cambridge left and was replaced by Mick Woodmansey.[37] Not long after, the singer fired his manager and replaced him with Tony Defries. This resulted in years of litigation that concluded with Bowie having to pay Pitt compensation.[37]

The studio sessions continued and resulted in Bowie's third album, The Man Who Sold the World (1970), which contained references to schizophrenia, paranoia, and delusion.[38] It represented a departure from the acoustic guitar and folk-rock style established by Space Oddity,[39] to a more hard rock sound.[40][41] To promote it in the US, Mercury Records financed a coast-to-coast publicity tour across America in which Bowie, between January and February 1971, was interviewed by radio stations and the media. Exploiting his androgynous appearance, the original cover of the UK version unveiled two months later depicted the singer wearing a dress: taking the garment with him, he wore it during interviews—to the approval of critics, including Rolling Stone's John Mendelsohn who described him as "ravishing, almost disconcertingly reminiscent of Lauren Bacall" – and in the street, to mixed reaction including laughter and, in the case of one male pedestrian, producing a gun and telling Bowie to "kiss my ass".[42][43]

During the tour, Bowie's observation of two seminal American proto-punk artists led him to develop a concept that eventually found form in the Ziggy Stardust character: a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed, producing "the ultimate pop idol".[42] A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars".[42] The "Stardust" surname was a tribute to the "Legendary Stardust Cowboy", whose record he was given during the tour. Bowie would later cover "I Took a Trip on a Gemini Space Ship" on 2002's Heathen.[44]

Hunky Dory (1971) found Visconti, Bowie's producer and bassist, supplanted in both roles by Ken Scott and Trevor Bolder, respectively. It again featured a stylistic shift towards art pop and melodic pop rock.[45] It featured light fare tracks such as "Kooks", a song written for his son, Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones, born on 30 May.[46] (His parents chose "his kooky name"—he was known as Zowie for the next 12 years—after the Greek word zoe, life.)[47] Elsewhere, the album explored more serious subjects, and found Bowie paying unusually direct homage to his influences with "Song for Bob Dylan", "Andy Warhol", and "Queen Bitch", the latter a Velvet Underground pastiche.[48] His first release through RCA Records,[49] it was a commercial failure,[50] partly due lack of promotion from the label.[51]
1972–1974: Ziggy Stardust

Bowie during the Ziggy Stardust Tour, 1972–1973

Dressed in a striking costume, his hair dyed reddish-brown, Bowie launched his Ziggy Stardust stage show with the Spiders from Mars—Ronson, Bolder, and Woodmansey—at the Toby Jug pub in Tolworth in Kingston upon Thames on 10 February 1972.[52] The show was hugely popular, catapulting him to stardom as he toured the UK over the next six months and creating, as described by Buckley, a "cult of Bowie" that was "unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom."[52] The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972), combining the hard rock elements of The Man Who Sold the World with the lighter experimental rock and pop of Hunky Dory, was released in June and was considered one of the defining albums of glam rock. "Starman", issued as an April single ahead of the album, was to cement Bowie's UK breakthrough: both single and album charted rapidly following his July Top of the Pops performance of the song. The album, which remained in the chart for two years, was soon joined there by the 6-month-old Hunky Dory. At the same time, the non-album single "John, I'm Only Dancing", and "All the Young Dudes", a song he wrote and produced for Mott the Hoople,[53] were successful in the UK. The Ziggy Stardust Tour continued to the United States.[54]

Bowie contributed backing vocals, keyboards, and guitar to Reed's 1972 solo breakthrough Transformer, co-producing the album with Mick Ronson.[55] The following year, Bowie co-produced and mixed the Stooges' album Raw Power alongside Iggy Pop.[56] His own Aladdin Sane (1973) topped the UK chart, his first number-one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the US during the earlier part of the Ziggy tour, which now continued to Japan to promote the new album. Aladdin Sane spawned the UK top five singles "The Jean Genie" and "Drive-In Saturday".[57][58]

Bowie's love of acting led to his total immersion in the characters he created for his music. "Offstage I'm a robot. Onstage I achieve emotion. It's probably why I prefer dressing up as Ziggy to being David." With satisfaction came severe personal difficulties: acting the same role over an extended period, it became impossible for him to separate Ziggy Stardust—and later, the Thin White Duke—from his own character offstage. Ziggy, Bowie said, "wouldn't leave me alone for years. That was when it all started to go sour ... My whole personality was affected. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity."[59] His later Ziggy shows, which included songs from both Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane, were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments, such as Bowie stripping down to a sumo wrestling loincloth or simulating oral sex with Ronson's guitar.[60] Bowie toured and gave press conferences as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on-stage "retirement" at London's Hammersmith Odeon on 3 July 1973. Footage from the final show was released the same year for the film Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.[61]


"Ziggy Stardust"


MENU



0:00

Sample of "Ziggy Stardust" (1972). A pioneer of glam rock, Bowie performed as the character Ziggy Stardust, backed by the Spiders from Mars.
Problems playing this file? See media help.


After breaking up the Spiders from Mars, Bowie attempted to move on from his Ziggy persona. His back catalogue was now highly sought after: The Man Who Sold the World had been re-released in 1972 along with Space Oddity. "Life on Mars?", from Hunky Dory, was released in June 1973 and peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. Entering the same chart in September, Bowie's novelty record from 1967, "The Laughing Gnome", reached number six.[62] Pin Ups, a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites, followed in October, producing a UK number three hit in his version of the McCoys's "Sorrow" and itself peaking at number one, making David Bowie the best-selling act of 1973 in the UK. It brought the total number of Bowie albums concurrently on the UK chart to six.[63]
1974–1976: "Plastic soul" and the Thin White Duke

Bowie filming a video for "Rebel Rebel" in 1974

Bowie moved to the US in 1974, initially staying in New York City before settling in Los Angeles.[64] Diamond Dogs (1974), parts of which found him heading towards soul and funk, was the product of two distinct ideas: a musical based on a wild future in a post-apocalyptic city, and setting George Orwell's 1984 to music.[65] The album went to number one in the UK, spawning the hits "Rebel Rebel" and "Diamond Dogs", and number five in the US. To promote it, Bowie launched the Diamond Dogs Tour, visiting cities in North America between June and December 1974. Choreographed by Toni Basil, and lavishly produced with theatrical special effects, the high-budget stage production was filmed by Alan Yentob. The resulting documentary, Cracked Actor, featured a pasty and emaciated Bowie: the tour coincided with the singer's slide from heavy cocaine use into addiction, producing severe physical debilitation, paranoia, and emotional problems.[66] He later commented that the accompanying live album, David Live, ought to have been titled "David Bowie Is Alive and Well and Living Only in Theory".[67] David Live nevertheless solidified Bowie's status as a superstar, charting at number two in the UK and number eight in the US. It also spawned a UK number ten hit in Bowie's cover of Eddie Floyd's "Knock on Wood". After a break in Philadelphia, where Bowie recorded new material, the tour resumed with a new emphasis on soul.[68]

Bowie performing during Diamond Dogs Tour, 1974

The fruit of the Philadelphia recording sessions was Young Americans (1975). Biographer Christopher Sandford writes, "Over the years, most British rockers had tried, one way or another, to become black-by-extension. Few had succeeded as Bowie did now."[69] The album's sound, which the singer identified as "plastic soul", constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees.[70] Young Americans yielded Bowie's first US number one, "Fame", co-written with John Lennon, who contributed backing vocals, and Carlos Alomar. Lennon called Bowie's work "great, but it's just rock'n'roll with lipstick on".[71] Earning the distinction of being one of the first white artists to appear on the US variety show Soul Train, Bowie mimed "Fame", as well as "Golden Years", his November single, which was originally offered to Elvis Presley, who declined it.[72] Young Americans was a commercial success in both the US and the UK, and a re-issue of the 1969 single "Space Oddity" became Bowie's first number-one hit in the UK a few months after "Fame" achieved the same in the US.[73] Despite his by now well-established superstardom, Bowie, in the words of Sandford, "for all his record sales (over a million copies of Ziggy Stardust alone), existed essentially on loose change."[74] In 1975, in a move echoing Ken Pitt's acrimonious dismissal five years earlier, Bowie fired his manager. At the culmination of the ensuing months-long legal dispute, he watched, as described by Sandford, "millions of dollars of his future earnings being surrendered" in what were "uniquely generous terms for Defries", then "shut himself up in West 20th Street, where for a week his howls could be heard through the locked attic door."[74] Michael Lippman, Bowie's lawyer during the negotiations, became his new manager; Lippman, in turn, was awarded substantial compensation when Bowie fired him the following year.[75]

Bowie, making his US television debut,[76] performs with Cher on the variety show Cher, 1975

Station to Station (1976), produced by Bowie and Harry Maslin,[77] introduced a new Bowie persona, "The Thin White Duke" of its title-track. Visually, the character was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton, the extraterrestrial being he portrayed in the film The Man Who Fell to Earth the same year.[78] Developing the funk and soul of Young Americans, Station to Station's synthesizer-heavy arrangements prefigured the krautrock-influenced music of his next releases. The extent to which drug addiction was now affecting Bowie was made public when Russell Harty interviewed the singer for his London Weekend Television talk show in anticipation of the album's supporting tour. Shortly before the satellite-linked interview was scheduled to commence, the death of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco was announced. Bowie was asked to relinquish the satellite booking, to allow the Spanish Government to put out a live newsfeed. This he refused to do, and his interview went ahead. In the ensuing lengthy conversation with Harty, Bowie was incoherent and looked "disconnected".[79] His sanity—by his own later admission—had become twisted from cocaine; he overdosed several times during the year and was withering physically to an alarming degree.[66][80]

Station to Station's January 1976 release was followed in February by a 31/2-month-long concert tour of Europe and North America. Featuring a starkly lit set, the Isolar – 1976 Tour with its colour newsprint Isolar concert program, highlighted songs from the album, including the dramatic and lengthy title track, the ballads "Wild Is the Wind" and "Word on a Wing", and the funkier "TVC 15" and "Stay". The core band that coalesced to record this album and tour—rhythm guitarist Carlos Alomar, bassist George Murray, and drummer Dennis Davis—continued as a stable unit for the remainder of the 1970s. The tour was highly successful but mired in political controversy. Bowie was quoted in Stockholm as saying that "Britain could benefit from a Fascist leader", and was detained by customs on the Russian/Polish border for possessing Nazi paraphernalia.[81]

Bowie as the Thin White Duke at Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, 1976

Matters came to a head in London in May in what became known as the "Victoria Station incident". Arriving in an open-top Mercedes convertible, Bowie waved to the crowd in a gesture that some alleged was a Nazi salute, which was captured on camera and published in NME. Bowie said the photographer caught him in mid-wave.[82] He later blamed his pro-fascism comments and his behaviour during the period on his addictions and the character of the Thin White Duke.[83] "I was out of my mind, totally crazed. The main thing I was functioning on was mythology ... that whole thing about Hitler and Rightism ... I'd discovered King Arthur".[80] According to playwright Alan Franks, writing later in The Times, "he was indeed 'deranged'. He had some very bad experiences with hard drugs."[84] Bowie's cocaine addiction, which had motivated these controversies, had much to do with his time living in Los Angeles, a city which alienated him. Discussing his flirtations with fascism in a 1980 interview with NME, Bowie explained that Los Angeles was "where it had all happened. The fucking place should be wiped off the face of the Earth. To be anything to do with rock and roll and go and live in Los Angeles is, I think, just heading for disaster. It really is."[85]

After recovering from addiction, Bowie apologised for these statements, and throughout the 1980s and '90s criticised racism in European politics and the American music industry.[86] Nevertheless, Bowie's comments on fascism, as well as Eric Clapton's alcohol-fuelled denunciations of Pakistani immigrants in 1976, led to the establishment of Rock Against Racism.[87]
1976–1979: Berlin era

Main article: Berlin Trilogy

Apartment building at Hauptstraße 155, Schöneberg, Berlin, where Bowie lived from 1976 to 1978

Before the end of 1976, Bowie's interest in the burgeoning German music scene, as well as his drug addiction, prompted him to move to West Berlin to clean up and revitalise his career. There he was often seen riding a bicycle between his apartment on Hauptstraße in Schöneberg and Hansa Tonstudio, the recording studio he used, located on Köthener Straße in Kreuzberg, near the Berlin Wall.[88] While working with Brian Eno and sharing an apartment with Iggy Pop, he began to focus on minimalist, ambient music for the first of three albums, co-produced with Tony Visconti, that became known as the Berlin Trilogy.[89] During the same period, Iggy Pop, with Bowie as a co-writer and musician, completed his solo album debut The Idiot and its follow-up Lust for Life, touring the UK, Europe, and the US in March and April 1977.[90]

Bowie performing in Oslo, Norway, 1978

The album Low (1977), partly influenced by the Krautrock sound of Kraftwerk and Neu!, evinced a move away from narration in Bowie's songwriting to a more abstract musical form in which lyrics were sporadic and optional. Although he completed the album in November 1976, it took his unsettled record company another three months to release it.[91] It received considerable negative criticism upon its release—a release which RCA, anxious to maintain the established commercial momentum, did not welcome,[92] and which Bowie's former manager, Tony Defries, who still maintained a significant financial interest in the singer's affairs, tried to prevent.[93] Despite these forebodings, Low yielded the UK number three single "Sound and Vision", and its own performance surpassed that of Station to Station in the UK chart, where it reached number two.[94] Contemporary composer Philip Glass described Low as "a work of genius" in 1992, when he used it as the basis for his Symphony No. 1 "Low"; subsequently, Glass used Bowie's next album as the basis for his 1996 Symphony No. 4 "Heroes".[95][96] Glass has praised Bowie's gift for creating "fairly complex pieces of music, masquerading as simple pieces".[97] Also in 1977, London released Starting Point, a ten-song LP containing releases from Bowie's Deram period (1966–67).[98]


"'Heroes'"


MENU



0:00

Sample of "'Heroes'" (1977). One of the ambient rock songs to emerge from Bowie's Berlin Trilogy era, "'Heroes'" gained lasting popularity.
Problems playing this file? See media help.


Echoing Low's minimalist, instrumental approach, the second of the trilogy, "Heroes" (1977), incorporated pop and rock to a greater extent, seeing Bowie joined by guitarist Robert Fripp. Like Low, "Heroes" evinced the zeitgeist of the Cold War, symbolised by the divided city of Berlin.[99] Incorporating ambient sounds from a variety of sources including white noise generators, synthesisers and koto, the album was another hit, reaching number three in the UK. Its title-track, though only reaching number 24 in the UK singles chart, gained lasting popularity, and within months had been released in both German and French.[100] Towards the end of the year, Bowie performed the song for Marc Bolan's television show Marc, and again two days later for Bing Crosby's final CBS television Christmas special, when he joined Crosby in "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy", a version of "The Little Drummer Boy" with a new, contrapuntal verse. Five years later, the duet proved a worldwide seasonal hit, charting in the UK at number three on Christmas Day, 1982.[101]

After completing Low and "Heroes", Bowie spent much of 1978 on the Isolar II world tour, bringing the music of the first two Berlin Trilogy albums to almost a million people during 70 concerts in 12 countries. By now he had broken his drug addiction; biographer David Buckley writes that Isolar II was "Bowie's first tour for five years in which he had probably not anaesthetised himself with copious quantities of cocaine before taking the stage. ... Without the oblivion that drugs had brought, he was now in a healthy enough mental condition to want to make friends."[102] Recordings from the tour made up the live album Stage, released the same year.[103] Bowie also recorded narration for an adaptation of Sergei Prokofiev's classical composition Peter and the Wolf, which was released as an album in May 1978.[104]

The final piece in what Bowie called his "triptych", Lodger (1979), eschewed the minimalist, ambient nature of the other two, making a partial return to the drum- and guitar-based rock and pop of his pre-Berlin era. The result was a complex mixture of new wave and world music, in places incorporating Hijaz non-Western scales. Some tracks were composed using Eno and Peter Schmidt's Oblique Strategies cards: "Boys Keep Swinging" entailed band members swapping instruments, "Move On" used the chords from Bowie's early composition "All the Young Dudes" played backwards, and "Red Money" took backing tracks from "Sister Midnight", a piece previously composed with Iggy Pop.[105] The album was recorded in Switzerland. Ahead of its release, RCA's Mel Ilberman stated, "It would be fair to call it Bowie's Sergeant Pepper ... a concept album that portrays the Lodger as a homeless wanderer, shunned and victimized by life's pressures and technology." As described by biographer Christopher Sandford, "The record dashed such high hopes with dubious choices, and production that spelt the end—for fifteen years—of Bowie's partnership with Eno." Lodger reached number four in the UK and number 20 in the US, and yielded the UK hit singles "Boys Keep Swinging" and "DJ".[106][107] Towards the end of the year, Bowie and Angie initiated divorce proceedings, and after months of court battles the marriage was ended in early 1980.[108]

1980–1988: New Romantic and pop era

Serious Moonlight Tour, 1983

Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) (1980) produced the number-one hit "Ashes to Ashes", featuring the textural work of guitar-synthesist Chuck Hammer and revisiting the character of Major Tom from "Space Oddity". The song gave international exposure to the underground New Romantic movement when Bowie visited the London club "Blitz"—the main New Romantic hangout—to recruit several of the regulars (including Steve Strange of the band Visage) to act in the accompanying video, renowned as one of the most innovative of all time.[109] While Scary Monsters used principles established by the Berlin albums, it was considered by critics to be far more direct musically and lyrically. The album's hard rock edge included conspicuous guitar contributions from Robert Fripp, Chuck Hammer, and Pete Townshend.[110] As "Ashes to Ashes" hit number one on the UK charts,[111] Bowie opened a five-month run on Broadway on 29 July, starring as John Merrick in The Elephant Man.[112][113]

Bowie paired with Queen in 1981 for a one-off single release, "Under Pressure". The duet was a hit, becoming Bowie's third UK number-one single.[114] Bowie was given the lead role in the BBC's 1982 televised adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's play Baal. Coinciding with its transmission, a five-track EP of songs from the play, recorded earlier in Berlin, was released as David Bowie in Bertolt Brecht's Baal. In March 1982, the month before Paul Schrader's film Cat People came out, Bowie's title song, "Cat People (Putting Out Fire)", was released as a single, becoming a minor US hit and entering the UK Top 30.[115]

Bowie reached his peak of popularity and commercial success in 1983 with Let's Dance.[116] Co-produced by Chic's Nile Rodgers, the album went platinum in both the UK and the US. Its three singles became Top 20 hits in both countries, where its title track reached number one. "Modern Love" and "China Girl" each made number two in the UK, accompanied by a pair of "absorbing" promotional videos that biographer David Buckley said "activated key archetypes in the pop world. 'Let's Dance', with its little narrative surrounding the young Aborigine couple, targeted 'youth', and 'China Girl', with its bare-bummed (and later partially censored) beach lovemaking scene (a homage to the film From Here to Eternity), was sufficiently sexually provocative to guarantee heavy rotation on MTV".[117] Stevie Ray Vaughan was a guest guitarist playing solo on "Let's Dance", although the video depicts Bowie miming this part.[118] By 1983, Bowie had emerged as one of the most important video artists of the day. Let's Dance was followed by the Serious Moonlight Tour, during which Bowie was accompanied by guitarist Earl Slick and backing vocalists Frank and George Simms. The world tour lasted six months and was extremely popular.[119] At the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards Bowie received two awards including the inaugural Video Vanguard Award.[120]

Bowie performing during the Glass Spider Tour, 1987

Tonight (1984), another dance-oriented album, found Bowie collaborating with Tina Turner and, once again, Iggy Pop. It included a number of cover songs, among them the 1966 Beach Boys hit "God Only Knows". The album bore the transatlantic Top 10 hit "Blue Jean", itself the inspiration for a short film that won Bowie a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video, Jazzin' for Blue Jean. Bowie performed at Wembley Stadium in 1985 for Live Aid, a multi-venue benefit concert for Ethiopian famine relief.[121] During the event, the video for a fundraising single was premiered, Bowie's duet with Mick Jagger. "Dancing in the Street" quickly went to number one on release. The same year, Bowie worked with the Pat Metheny Group to record "This Is Not America" for the soundtrack of The Falcon and the Snowman. Released as a single, the song became a Top 40 hit in the UK and US.[122]

Bowie was given a role in the 1986 film Absolute Beginners. It was poorly received by critics, but Bowie's theme song, also named "Absolute Beginners", rose to number two in the UK charts. He also appeared as Jareth, the Goblin King, in the 1986 Jim Henson film Labyrinth, for which he worked with composer Trevor Jones and wrote five original songs.[123] His final solo album of the decade was 1987's Never Let Me Down, where he ditched the light sound of his previous two albums, instead offering harder rock with an industrial/techno dance edge. Peaking at number six in the UK, the album yielded the hits "Day-In, Day-Out", "Time Will Crawl", and "Never Let Me Down". Bowie later described it as his "nadir", calling it "an awful album".[124] Supporting Never Let Me Down, and preceded by nine promotional press shows, the 86-concert Glass Spider Tour commenced on 30 May. Bowie's backing band included Peter Frampton on lead guitar. Contemporary critics maligned the tour as overproduced, saying it pandered to the current stadium rock trends in its special effects and dancing,[125] although in later years critics acknowledged the tour's strengths and influence on concert tours by other artists, such as Britney Spears, Madonna, and U2.[126][127][128][129]
1989–1991: Tin Machine

Main article: Tin Machine

Bowie shelved his solo career in 1989, retreating to the relative anonymity of band membership for the first time since the early 1970s. A hard-rocking quartet, Tin Machine came into being after Bowie began to work experimentally with guitarist Reeves Gabrels. The line-up was completed by Tony and Hunt Sales, whom Bowie had known since the late 1970s for their contribution, on bass and drums respectively, to Iggy Pop's 1977 album Lust for Life.[130]

Bowie in Chile during the Sound+Vision Tour, 1990

Although he intended Tin Machine to operate as a democracy, Bowie dominated, both in songwriting and in decision-making.[131] The band's album debut, Tin Machine (1989), was initially popular, though its politicised lyrics did not find universal approval: Bowie described one song as "a simplistic, naive, radical, laying-it-down about the emergence of Neo-Nazis"; in the view of biographer Christopher Sandford, "It took nerve to denounce drugs, fascism and TV ... in terms that reached the literary level of a comic book."[132] EMI complained of "lyrics that preach" as well as "repetitive tunes" and "minimalist or no production".[133] The album nevertheless reached number three and went gold in the UK.[132]

Tin Machine's first world tour was a commercial success, but there was growing reluctance—among fans and critics alike—to accept Bowie's presentation as merely a band member.[134] A series of Tin Machine singles failed to chart, and Bowie, after a disagreement with EMI, left the label.[135] Like his audience and his critics, Bowie himself became increasingly disaffected with his role as just one member of a band.[136] Tin Machine began work on a second album, but Bowie put the venture on hold and made a return to solo work. Performing his early hits during the seven-month Sound+Vision Tour, he found commercial success and acclaim once again.[137]

In October 1990, a decade after his divorce from Angie, Bowie and Somali-born supermodel Iman were introduced by a mutual friend. Bowie recalled, "I was naming the children the night we met ... it was absolutely immediate." They married in 1992.[138] Tin Machine resumed work the same month, but their audience and critics, ultimately left disappointed by the first album, showed little interest in a second. Tin Machine II's arrival was marked by a widely publicised and ill-timed conflict over the cover art: after production had begun, the new record label, Victory, deemed the depiction of four ancient nude Kouroi statues, judged by Bowie to be "in exquisite taste", to be "a show of wrong, obscene images", requiring air-brushing and patching to render the figures sexless.[139] Tin Machine toured again, but after the live album Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby failed commercially, the band drifted apart, and Bowie, though he continued to collaborate with Gabrels, resumed his solo career.[140]

1992–1998: Electronic period

On 20 April 1992, Bowie appeared at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, following the Queen singer's death the previous year. As well as performing "'Heroes'" and "All the Young Dudes", he was joined on "Under Pressure" by Annie Lennox, who took Mercury's vocal part; during his appearance, Bowie knelt and recited the Lord's Prayer at Wembley Stadium.[141][142] Four days later, Bowie and Iman were married in Switzerland. Intending to move to Los Angeles, they flew in to search for a suitable property, but found themselves confined to their hotel, under curfew: the 1992 Los Angeles riots began the day they arrived. They settled in New York instead.[143]

Bowie performing in Turku, Finland, 1997

In 1993, Bowie released his first solo offering since his Tin Machine departure, the soul, jazz, and hip-hop influenced Black Tie White Noise. Making prominent use of electronic instruments, the album, which reunited Bowie with Let's Dance producer Nile Rodgers, confirmed Bowie's return to popularity, hitting the number-one spot on the UK charts and spawning three Top 40 hits, including the Top 10 single "Jump They Say".[144] Bowie explored new directions on The Buddha of Suburbia (1993), ostensibly a soundtrack album of his music composed for the BBC television adaptation of Hanif Kureishi's novel. Only the title track had been used in the television adaptation, although some of his themes for it were also present on the album.[145] It contained some of the new elements introduced in Black Tie White Noise, and also signalled a move towards alternative rock. The album was a critical success but received a low-key release and only made number 87 in the UK charts.[146]

Reuniting Bowie with Eno, the quasi-industrial Outside (1995) was originally conceived as the first volume in a non-linear narrative of art and murder. Featuring characters from a short story written by Bowie, the album achieved UK and US chart success and yielded three Top 40 UK singles.[147] In a move that provoked mixed reactions from both fans and critics, Bowie chose Nine Inch Nails as his tour partner for the Outside Tour. Visiting cities in Europe and North America between September 1995 and February 1996, the tour saw the return of Gabrels as Bowie's guitarist.[148] On 7 January 1997, Bowie celebrated his half century with a 50th birthday concert at Madison Square Garden, New York, at which he was joined in playing his songs and those of his guests, Lou Reed, Dave Grohl and the Foo Fighters, Robert Smith of the Cure, Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins, Black Francis of the Pixies, and Sonic Youth.[149]

Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996.[150] Incorporating experiments in British jungle and drum 'n' bass, Earthling (1997) was a critical and commercial success in the UK and the US, and two singles from the album – "Little Wonder" and "Dead Man Walking" – became UK Top 40 hits. Bowie's song "I'm Afraid of Americans" from the Paul Verhoeven film Showgirls was re-recorded for the album, and remixed by Trent Reznor for a single release. The heavy rotation of the accompanying video, also featuring Trent Reznor, contributed to the song's 16-week stay in the US Billboard Hot 100. Reznor also executive produced the Lost Highway soundtrack (1997) which begins and ends with different mixes of Bowie's Outside song "I'm Deranged".[151] Bowie received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 12 February 1997.[152] The Earthling Tour took place in Europe and North America between June and November 1997.[153] In November 1997, Bowie performed on the BBC's Children in Need charity single "Perfect Day", which reached number one in the UK.[154] Bowie reunited with Visconti in 1998 to record "(Safe in This) Sky Life" for The Rugrats Movie. Although the track was edited out of the final cut, it was later re-recorded and released as "Safe" on the B-side of Bowie's 2002 single "Everyone Says 'Hi'".[155] The reunion led to other collaborations including a limited-edition single release version of Placebo's track "Without You I'm Nothing", co-produced by Visconti, with Bowie's harmonised vocal added to the original recording.[156]
1999–2012: Neoclassicist era

Bowie on stage with Sterling Campbell during the Heathen Tour, 2002

Bowie, with Gabrels, created the soundtrack for Omikron: The Nomad Soul, a 1999 computer game in which he and Iman also voiced characters based on their likenesses. Released the same year and containing re-recorded tracks from Omikron, his album Hours featured a song with lyrics by the winner of his "Cyber Song Contest" Internet competition, Alex Grant.[157] Making extensive use of live instruments, the album was Bowie's exit from heavy electronica.[158] Hours and a performance on VH1 Storytellers in mid-1999 represented the end of Gabrels' association with Bowie as a performer and songwriter.[159] Sessions for the planned album Toy, intended to feature new versions of some of Bowie's earliest pieces as well as three new songs, commenced in 2000, but the album was never released. Bowie and Visconti continued their collaboration, producing a new album of completely original songs instead: the result of the sessions was the 2002 album Heathen.[160]

On 25 June 2000, Bowie made his second appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in England, playing 30 years after his first.[161] The performance was released as a posthumous live album in November 2018.[162] On 27 June, Bowie performed a concert at BBC Radio Theatre in London, which was released in the compilation album Bowie at the Beeb, which also featured BBC recording sessions from 1968 to 1972.[163] Bowie and Iman's daughter was born on 15 August.[164] His interest in Buddhism led him to support the Tibetan cause by performing at the February 2001 and February 2003 concerts to support Tibet House US at Carnegie Hall in New York.[165][166][167]

Bowie performing in Dublin, Ireland in November 2003 during the A Reality Tour—his last tour before his 2006 retirement from touring.

In October 2001, Bowie opened the Concert for New York City, a charity event to benefit the victims of the September 11 attacks, with a minimalist performance of Simon & Garfunkel's "America", followed by a full band performance of "'Heroes'".[168] 2002 saw the release of Heathen, and, during the second half of the year, the Heathen Tour. Taking place in Europe and North America, the tour opened at London's annual Meltdown festival, for which Bowie was that year appointed artistic director. Among the acts he selected for the festival were Philip Glass, Television, and the Dandy Warhols. As well as songs from the new album, the tour featured material from Bowie's Low era.[169] Reality (2003) followed, and its accompanying world tour, the A Reality Tour, with an estimated attendance of 722,000, grossed more than any other in 2004. On 13 June, Bowie headlined the last night of the Isle of Wight Festival 2004, his final live show in the UK.[170] On 25 June, he suffered chest pain while performing at the Hurricane Festival in Scheeßel, Germany. Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder, the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked coronary artery, requiring an emergency angioplasty in Hamburg. The remaining 14 dates of the tour were cancelled.[171]

In the years following his recuperation from the heart attack, Bowie reduced his musical output, making only one-off appearances on stage and in the studio. He sang in a duet of his 1971 song "Changes" with Butterfly Boucher for the 2004 animated film Shrek 2.[172] During a relatively quiet 2005, he recorded the vocals for the song "(She Can) Do That", co-written with Brian Transeau, for the film Stealth.[173] He returned to the stage on 8 September 2005, appearing with Arcade Fire for the US nationally televised event Fashion Rocks, and performed with the Canadian band for the second time a week later during the CMJ Music Marathon.[174] He contributed backing vocals on TV on the Radio's song "Province" for their album Return to Cookie Mountain,[175] and joined with Lou Reed on Danish alt-rockers Kashmir's 2005 album No Balance Palace.[176]

Bowie with his son Duncan Jones at the premiere of Jones's directorial debut Moon, 2009

Bowie was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award on 8 February 2006.[177] In April, he announced, "I'm taking a year off—no touring, no albums."[178] He made a surprise guest appearance at David Gilmour's 29 May concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The event was recorded, and a selection of songs on which he had contributed joint vocals were subsequently released.[179] He performed again in November, alongside Alicia Keys, at the Black Ball, a benefit event for Keep a Child Alive at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York.[180][181] The performance marked the last time Bowie performed his music on stage.[182]

Bowie was chosen to curate the 2007 High Line Festival, selecting musicians and artists for the Manhattan event, including electronic pop duo AIR, surrealist photographer Claude Cahun, and English comedian Ricky Gervais.[183][184] Bowie performed on Scarlett Johansson's 2008 album of Tom Waits covers, Anywhere I Lay My Head.[185] In June 2008 a live album was released of a Ziggy Stardust-era concert from 1972.[186] On the 40th anniversary of the July 1969 moon landing—and Bowie's accompanying commercial breakthrough with "Space Oddity"—EMI released the individual tracks from the original eight-track studio recording of the song, in a 2009 contest inviting members of the public to create a remix.[187] A Reality Tour, a double album of live material from the 2003 concert tour, was released in January 2010.[188]

In late March 2011, Toy, Bowie's previously unreleased album from 2001, was leaked onto the internet, containing material used for Heathen and most of its single B-sides, as well as unheard new versions of his early back catalogue.[189][190]

2013–2016: Final years

On 8 January 2013, his 66th birthday, his website announced a new album, to be titled The Next Day and scheduled for release in March.[191] Bowie's first studio album in a decade, The Next Day contains 14 songs plus 3 bonus tracks.[192][193] His website acknowledged the length of his hiatus.[194] Producer and longtime collaborator Tony Visconti said 29 tracks were recorded for the album, some of which could appear on Bowie's next record, which he might start work on later in 2013. The announcement was accompanied by the immediate release of a single, "Where Are We Now?", written and recorded by Bowie in New York and produced by Visconti.[194]

A music video for "Where Are We Now?" was released onto Vimeo the same day, directed by New York artist Tony Oursler.[194] The single topped the UK iTunes Chart within hours of its release,[195] and debuted in the UK Singles Chart at number six,[196] his first single to enter the Top 10 for two decades (since "Jump They Say" in 1993). A second video, "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)", was released 25 February. Directed by Floria Sigismondi, it stars Bowie and Tilda Swinton as a married couple.[197] On 1 March, the album was made available to stream for free through iTunes.[198] The Next Day debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, was his first album to achieve that position since Black Tie White Noise (1993), and was the fastest-selling album of 2013 at the time.[199] The music video for the song "The Next Day" created some controversy, initially being removed from YouTube for terms-of-service violation, then restored with a warning recommending viewing only by those 18 or over.[200]

According to The Times, Bowie ruled out ever giving an interview again.[201] Later in 2013, Bowie was featured in a cameo vocal in the Arcade Fire song "Reflektor".[202] A poll carried out by BBC History Magazine, in October 2013, named Bowie as the best-dressed Briton in history.[203] In mid-2014, Bowie was diagnosed with liver cancer, a diagnosis he kept private.[204] New information was released in September 2014 regarding his next compilation album, Nothing Has Changed, which was released in November. The album featured rare tracks and old material from his catalogue in addition to a new song titled "Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)".[205] In May 2015, "Let's Dance" was announced to be reissued as a yellow vinyl single on 16 July 2015 in conjunction with the David Bowie Is exhibition at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image in Melbourne, Australia.[206]

In August 2015, it was announced that Bowie was writing songs for a Broadway musical based on the SpongeBob SquarePants cartoon series.[207] Bowie wrote and recorded the opening title song to the television series The Last Panthers, which aired in November 2015.[208] The theme that was used for The Last Panthers was also the title track for his January 2016 release Blackstar which is said to take cues from his earlier krautrock-influenced work.[209] According to The Times: "Blackstar may be the oddest work yet from Bowie".[210] On 7 December 2015, Bowie's musical Lazarus debuted in New York. His last public appearance was at opening night of the production.[211]

Blackstar was released on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday, and was met with critical acclaim.[212] Following his death on 10 January, Visconti revealed that Bowie had planned the album to be his swan song, and a "parting gift" for his fans before his death.[213] Several reporters and critics subsequently noted that most of the lyrics on the album seem to revolve around his impending death,[214] with CNN noting that the album "reveals a man who appears to be grappling with his own mortality".[215] Visconti later said that Bowie had been planning a post-Blackstar album, and had written and recorded demo versions of five songs in his final weeks, suggesting that Bowie believed he had a few months left.[216] The day following his death, online viewing of Bowie's music skyrocketed, breaking the record for Vevo's most viewed artist in a single day.[217] On 15 January, Blackstar debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart; nineteen of his albums were in the UK Top 100 Albums Chart, and thirteen singles were in the UK Top 100 Singles Chart.[218][219] Blackstar also debuted at number one on album charts around the world, including Australia, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and the US Billboard 200.[220][221]

2016–present: Posthumous releases

In September 2016 a box set was released covering Bowie's mid-70s soul period, including The Gouster, a previously unreleased 1974 album.[222] An EP, No Plan, was released on 8 January 2017, which would have been Bowie's 70th birthday.[223] Apart from "Lazarus", the EP includes three songs that Bowie recorded during the Blackstar sessions, but were left off the album and appeared on the soundtrack album for the Lazarus musical in October 2016.[224] A music video for the title track was also released.[224] 2017 and 2018 also saw the release of a series of posthumous live albums, covering the Diamond Dogs tour of 1974, the Isolar tour of 1976 and the Isolar II tour of 1978.[225][226][227] In the two years following his death, Bowie sold 5 million records in the UK alone.[228] In their top 10 list for the Global Recording Artist of the Year, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry named Bowie the second-bestselling artist worldwide in 2016, behind Drake.[229]

At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards on 12 February 2017, Bowie won all five nominated awards: Best Rock Performance; Best Alternative Music Album; Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical; Best Recording Package; and Best Rock Song. They were Bowie's first Grammy wins in musical categories.[230] On 8 January 2020, on what would have been Bowie's 73rd birthday, a previously unreleased version of "The Man Who Sold the World" was released and two releases were announced: a streaming-only EP, Is It Any Wonder?, and an album, CHANGESNOWBOWIE, released in November 2020 for Record Store Day.[231] In August 2020, another series of live shows were released, including sets from Dallas in 1995 and Paris in 1999.[232] These and other shows, part of a series of live concerts spanning his tours from 1995 to 1999, was released in late 2020 and early 2021 as part of the box set Brilliant Live Adventures.[233] In September 2021, Bowie's estate signed a distribution deal with Warner Music Group, beginning in 2023, covering Bowie's recordings from 2000 through 2016.[234] Bowie's album Toy recorded in 2001, is set to release on what would have been Bowie's 75th birthday in early 2022.[235]

Acting career

While always primarily a musician, Bowie took acting roles throughout his career, appearing in over 30 films, television shows and theatrical productions. Bowie's acting career was "productively selective," largely eschewing starring roles for cameos and supporting parts.[236][237] Many critics have observed that, had Bowie not chosen to pursue music, he could have found great success as an actor.[238][239] Other critics have noted that, while his screen presence was singular, his best contributions to film were the use of his songs in films such as Lost Highway, A Knight's Tale, The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou and Inglourious Basterds.[240][241]

1960s and 1970s

The beginnings of Bowie's acting career predate his commercial breakthrough as a musician. Studying avant-garde theatre and mime under Lindsay Kemp, he was given the role of Cloud in Kemp's 1967 theatrical production Pierrot in Turquoise (later made into the 1970 television film The Looking Glass Murders).[242] Bowie filmed a walk-on role for the BBC drama series Theater 625 that aired in May 1968.[243] In the black-and-white short The Image (1969), he played a ghostly boy who emerges from a troubled artist's painting to haunt him. The same year, the film of Leslie Thomas's 1966 comic novel The Virgin Soldiers saw Bowie make a brief appearance as an extra.[244]

In 1976, Bowie earned acclaim for his first major film role, portraying Thomas Jerome Newton, an alien from a dying planet, in The Man Who Fell to Earth, directed by Nicolas Roeg.[245] He later admitted that his severe cocaine use during the film's production left him in such a fragile state of mind that he barely understood the film.[246] Just a Gigolo (1979), an Anglo-German co-production directed by David Hemmings, saw Bowie in the lead role as Prussian officer Paul von Przygodski, who, returning from World War I, is discovered by a Baroness (Marlene Dietrich) and put into her gigolo stable.[247] The film was a critical and commercial bomb, and Bowie later expressed embarrassment at his role in it.[248]
1980s

Bowie's costume from Labyrinth at the Museum of Pop Culture, Seattle

Bowie played Joseph Merrick in the Broadway theatre production The Elephant Man, which he undertook wearing no stage make-up, and which earned high praise for his expressive performance. He played the part 157 times between 1980 and 1981.[111] Christiane F. – We Children from Bahnhof Zoo, a 1981 biographical film focusing on a young girl's drug addiction in West Berlin, featured Bowie in a cameo appearance as himself at a concert in Germany. Its soundtrack album, Christiane F. (1981), featured much material from his Berlin Trilogy albums.[249] In 1982, he starred in the titular role in a BBC adaptation of the Bertolt Brecht play Baal.[250] Bowie portrayed a vampire in Tony Scott's erotic horror film The Hunger (1983), with Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon.[251] In Nagisa Oshima's film the same year, Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence, based on Laurens van der Post's novel The Seed and the Sower, Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp.[252] Bowie had a cameo in Yellowbeard, a 1983 pirate comedy created by Monty Python members and directed by Mel Damski.[253]

To promote the single "Blue Jean", Bowie filmed the 21 minute short film Jazzin' for Blue Jean (1984) with director Julien Temple, and played the dual roles of romantic protagonist Vic and arrogant rock star Screaming Lord Byron.[254] The short won Bowie his only non-posthumous Grammy award.[255] Bowie had a supporting role as hitman Colin in the 1985 John Landis film Into the Night.[256] He declined to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film A View to a Kill (1985).[257] Bowie reteamed with Temple for Absolute Beginners (1986), a rock musical film adapted from Colin MacInnes's book of the same name about life in late 1950s London, in a supporting role as ad man Vendice Partners.[258] The same year, Jim Henson's dark musical fantasy Labyrinth cast him as Jareth, the villainous Goblin King.[259] Despite initial poor box office, the film grew in popularity and became a cult film.[260] Two years later, he played Pontius Pilate in Martin Scorsese's critically acclaimed biblical epic The Last Temptation of Christ (1988).[261]

1990s

In 1991, Bowie reteamed with director John Landis for an episode of the HBO sitcom Dream On[262] and played a disgruntled restaurant employee opposite Rosanna Arquette in The Linguini Incident.[263] Bowie portrayed the mysterious FBI agent Phillip Jeffries in David Lynch's Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992). The prequel to the television series was poorly received at the time of its release, but has since been critically reevaluated.[264] He took a small but pivotal role as his friend Andy Warhol in Basquiat, artist/director Julian Schnabel's 1996 biopic of Jean-Michel Basquiat, another artist he considered a friend and colleague.[265] Bowie co-starred in Giovanni Veronesi's Spaghetti Western Il Mio West (1998, released as Gunslinger's Revenge in the US in 2005) as the most feared gunfighter in the region.[266] He played the aging gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth's Everybody Loves Sunshine (1999, released in the US as B.U.S.T.E.D.),[267] and appeared as the host in the second season of the television horror anthology series The Hunger. Despite having several episodes which focus on vampires and Bowie's involvement, the show had no plot connection to the 1983 film of the same name.[268] In 1999, Bowie voiced two characters in the Sega Dreamcast game Omikron: The Nomad Soul, his only appearance in a video game.[269]
2000s and posthumous notes

In Mr. Rice's Secret (2000), Bowie played the title role as the neighbour of a terminally ill 12-year-old.[270] Bowie appeared as himself in the 2001 Ben Stiller comedy Zoolander, judging a "walk-off" between rival male models,[271] and in Eric Idle's 2002 mockumentary The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch.[272] In 2005, he filmed a commercial with Snoop Dogg for XM Satellite Radio.[273] Bowie portrayed a fictionalized version of physicist and inventor Nikola Tesla in Christopher Nolan's film The Prestige (2006), which was about the bitter rivalry between two magicians in the late 19th century. Nolan later claimed that Bowie was his only preference to play Tesla, and that he personally appealed to Bowie to take the role after he initially passed.[274] In the same year, he voice-acted in Luc Besson's animated film Arthur and the Invisibles as the powerful villain Maltazard,[275] and appeared as himself in an episode of the Ricky Gervais television series Extras.[276] In 2007, he lent his voice to the character Lord Royal Highness in the SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis television film.[277] In the 2008 film August, directed by Austin Chick, he played a supporting role as Ogilvie, a "ruthless venture capitalist."[278] Bowie's final film appearance was a cameo as himself in the 2009 teen comedy Bandslam.[279]

In a 2017 interview with Consequence of Sound, director Denis Villeneuve revealed his intention to cast Bowie in Blade Runner 2049 as the lead villain, Niander Wallace, but when news broke of Bowie's death in January of the same year, Villeneuve was forced to look for talent with similar "rock star" qualities. He eventually cast actor and lead singer of Thirty Seconds to Mars, Jared Leto. Talking about the casting process, Villeneuve said: "Our first thought [for the character] had been David Bowie, who had influenced Blade Runner in many ways. When we learned the sad news, we looked around for someone like that. He [Bowie] embodied the Blade Runner spirit.".[280] David Lynch also hoped to have Bowie reprise his Fire Walk With Me character for Twin Peaks: The Return but Bowie's illness prevented this. His character was portrayed via archival footage. At Bowie's request, Lynch overdubbed Bowie's original dialogue with a different actor's voice, as Bowie was unhappy with his Cajun accent in the original film.[281]

Other works

Painter and art collector
See also: David Bowie's art collection

Bowie was also a painter and artist. He moved to Switzerland in 1976, purchasing a chalet in the hills to the north of Lake Geneva. In the new environment, his cocaine use decreased and he found time for other pursuits outside his musical career.[282] He devoted more time to his painting, and produced a number of post-modernist pieces. When on tour, he took to sketching in a notebook, and photographing scenes for later reference. Visiting galleries in Geneva and the Brücke Museum in Berlin, Bowie became, in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford, "a prolific producer and collector of contemporary art. ... Not only did he become a well-known patron of expressionist art: locked in Clos des Mésanges he began an intensive self-improvement course in classical music and literature, and started work on an autobiography."[283]

One of Bowie's paintings sold at auction in late 1990 for $500,[284] and the cover for his 1995 album Outside is a close-up of a self-portrait (from a series of five) he painted that same year.[285]

His first solo show was at The Gallery, Cork Street in 1995, entitled New Afro/Pagan and Work: 1975–1995.[286][287] He was invited to join the editorial board of the journal Modern Painters in 1998,[288] and participated in the Nat Tate art hoax later that year.[289]

In 1998, during an interview with Michael Kimmelman for The New York Times, he said "Art was, seriously, the only thing I'd ever wanted to own."[290] Subsequently, in a 1999 interview for the BBC, he said "The only thing I buy obsessively and addictively is art".[291] His art collection, which included works by Damien Hirst, Derek Boshier, Frank Auerbach, Henry Moore, and Jean-Michel Basquiat among others, was valued at over £10m in mid-2016.[288][292]

After his death, his family decided to sell most of the collection because they "didn't have the space" to store it.[288] On 10 and 11 November, three auctions were held at Sotheby's in London, first with 47 lots and second with 208 paintings, drawings, and sculptures, third with 100 design lots.[293] The items on sale represented about 65 percent of the collection.[294] Exhibition of the works in the auction attracted 51,470 visitors, the auction itself was attended by 1,750 bidders, with over 1,000 more bidding online. The auctions has overall sale total £32.9 million (app. $41.5 million), while the highest-selling item, Basquiat's graffiti-inspired painting Air Power, sold for £7.09 million.[293][295]

Bowie Bonds
Main article: Celebrity bond

"Bowie Bonds", the first modern example of celebrity bonds, were asset-backed securities of current and future revenues of the 25 albums (287 songs) that Bowie recorded before 1990.[296] Issued in 1997, the bonds were bought for US$55 million by the Prudential Insurance Company of America.[297][298] Royalties from the 25 albums generated the cash flow that secured the bonds' interest payments.[299] By forfeiting 10 years worth of royalties, Bowie received a payment of US$55 million up front. Bowie used this income to buy songs owned by his former manager, Tony Defries.[300] The bonds liquidated in 2007 and the rights to the income from the songs reverted to Bowie.[301]
BowieNet

In September 1998, Bowie launched an Internet service provider, BowieNet, developed in conjunction with Robert Goodale and Ron Roy.[302][303] Subscribers to the dial-up service were offered exclusive content as well as a BowieNet email address and Internet access. The service was closed by 2006.[302]
Legacy and influence

Bowie's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Berlin memorial plaque, Hauptstraße 155, in Schöneberg, Germany

Bowie's songs and stagecraft brought a new dimension to popular music in the early 1970s, strongly influencing both its immediate forms and its subsequent development. Bowie was a pioneer of glam rock, according to music historians Schinder and Schwartz, who credited Bowie and Marc Bolan with creating the genre.[304] At the same time, he inspired the innovators of the punk rock music movement.[305] When punk musicians were "noisily reclaiming the three-minute pop song in a show of public defiance", biographer David Buckley wrote that "Bowie almost completely abandoned traditional rock instrumentation."[306][307] Bowie's record company promoted his unique status in popular music with the slogan, "There's old wave, there's new wave, and there's David Bowie".[308]

Musicologist James Perone credited Bowie with having "brought sophistication to rock music", and critical reviews frequently acknowledged the intellectual depth of his work and influence.[304][309][310] The Human League founder Martyn Ware remarked that Bowie lived his life "as though he were an art installation."[311] The BBC's arts editor Will Gompertz likened Bowie to Pablo Picasso, writing that he was "an innovative, visionary, restless artist who synthesised complex avant garde concepts into beautifully coherent works that touched the hearts and minds of millions".[312] U2 lead singer Bono commented, "I like Bowie when he’s evenly pulled in the direction of being a pop star and Picasso, where he's right down the middle. That’s usually my favorite, when the songwriting is disciplined but the recording is not. I love when he's pulled equally in the directions of art and populism."[313]

Broadcaster John Peel contrasted Bowie with his progressive rock contemporaries, arguing that Bowie was "an interesting kind of fringe figure... on the outskirts of things". Peel said he "liked the idea of him reinventing himself... the one distinguishing feature about early-70s progressive rock was that it didn't progress. Before Bowie came along, people didn't want too much change". Buckley called the era "bloated, self-important, leather-clad, self-satisfied"; then Bowie "subverted the whole notion of what it was to be a rock star".


After Bowie there has been no other pop icon of his stature, because the pop world that produces these rock gods doesn't exist any more. ... The fierce partisanship of the cult of Bowie was also unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom.

Buckley called Bowie "both star and icon. The vast body of work he has produced ... has created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture. ... His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure."[314]

Through continual reinvention, his influence broadened and extended.[315] Biographer Thomas Forget added, "Because he has succeeded in so many different styles of music, it is almost impossible to find a popular artist today that has not been influenced by David Bowie."[316] In 2000, Bowie was voted by other music stars as the "most influential artist of all time" in a poll by NME.[317] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that Bowie was confirmed by 1980 to be "the most important and influential artist since the Beatles".[318] Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph stated that Bowie had "one of the supreme careers in popular music, art and culture of the 20th century" and "he was too inventive, too mercurial, too strange for all but his most devoted fans to keep up with".[319] The BBC's Mark Easton argued that Bowie provided fuel for "the creative powerhouse that Britain has become" by challenging future generations "to aim high, to be ambitious and provocative, to take risks". Easton concluded that Bowie had "changed the way the world sees Britain. And the way Britain sees itself".[320] In 2006, Bowie was voted the fourth greatest living British icon in a poll held by the BBC's Culture Show.[321] Annie Zaleski of Alternative Press wrote, "Every band or solo artist who's decided to rip up their playbook and start again owes a debt to Bowie".[322] In 2016, he was dubbed "The Greatest Rock Star Ever" by Rolling Stone.[323]

Numerous figures from the music industry whose careers Bowie had influenced paid tribute to him following his death; panegyrics on Twitter (tweets about him peaked at 20,000 a minute an hour after the announcement of his death)[311] also came from outside the entertainment industry and pop culture, such as those from the Vatican, namely Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi, who quoted "Space Oddity", and the Federal Foreign Office, which thanked Bowie for his part in the fall of the Berlin Wall and referenced "Heroes".[324][325]

Belgian amateur astronomers at the MIRA Public Observatory in conjunction with Studio Brussel created a "Bowie asterism" in homage to Bowie in January 2016; it depicts the lightning bolt of Aladdin Sane using the stars Sigma Librae, Spica, Zeta Centauri, SAO 204132, Sigma Octantis,[a] SAO 241641 and Beta Trianguli Australis which were near Mars at the time of Bowie's death.[326][327][328]

On 7 January 2017, the BBC broadcast the 90-minute documentary David Bowie: The Last Five Years, taking a detailed look at Bowie's last albums, The Next Day and Blackstar, and his play Lazarus.[329] On 8 January 2017, which would have been Bowie's 70th birthday, a charity concert in his birthplace of Brixton was hosted by actor Gary Oldman, a close friend.[330] A David Bowie walking tour through Brixton was also launched, and other events marking his birthday weekend included concerts in New York, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Tokyo.[331]

On 6 February 2018, the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket carried Elon Musk's personal Tesla Roadster and a mannequin affectionately named Starman into space. "Space Oddity" and "Life on Mars?" were looping on the car's sound system during the launch.[332]

David Bowie Is
Main article: David Bowie Is

An exhibition of Bowie artefacts, called David Bowie Is, was organised by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and shown there in 2013.[333] The London exhibit was visited by over 300,000 people, making it one of the most successful exhibitions ever staged at the museum.[334] Later that year the exhibition began a world tour which started in Toronto and included stops in Chicago, Paris, Melbourne, Groningen and Brooklyn, New York where the exhibit ended in 2018 at the Brooklyn Museum.[335] The exhibition hosted around 2,000,000 visitors over the entire course of its run.[336]
Stardust biopic
Main article: Stardust (2020 film)

A biopic, Stardust, was announced on 31 January 2019, with musician and actor Johnny Flynn as Bowie, Jena Malone as his wife Angie, and Marc Maron as his publicist. The film follows Bowie on his first trip to the United States in 1971. The film was written by Christopher Bell and directed by Gabriel Range.[337] Bowie's son Duncan Jones spoke out against the film, saying he was not consulted and that the film would not have permission to use Bowie's music.[338] The film was set to premiere at the 2020 Tribeca Film Festival, but the festival was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[339]
Musicianship

Bowie's Vox Mark VI guitar in the Hard Rock Cafe, Warsaw, Poland

From the time of his earliest recordings in the 1960s, Bowie employed a wide variety of musical styles. His early compositions and performances were strongly influenced by rock and roll singers like Little Richard and Elvis Presley, and also the wider world of show business. He particularly strove to emulate the British musical theatre singer-songwriter and actor Anthony Newley, whose vocal style he frequently adopted, and made prominent use of for his 1967 debut release, David Bowie (to the disgust of Newley himself, who destroyed the copy he received from Bowie's publisher).[26][340] Bowie's fascination with music hall continued to surface sporadically alongside such diverse styles as hard rock and heavy metal, soul, psychedelic folk, and pop.[341]

Musicologist James Perone observes Bowie's use of octave switches for different repetitions of the same melody, exemplified in his commercial breakthrough single, "Space Oddity", and later in the song "'Heroes'" to dramatic effect; Perone notes that "in the lowest part of his vocal register ... his voice has an almost crooner-like richness."[342]

Voice instructor Jo Thompson describes Bowie's vocal vibrato technique as "particularly deliberate and distinctive".[343] Schinder and Schwartz call him "a vocalist of extraordinary technical ability, able to pitch his singing to particular effect."[344] Here, too, as in his stagecraft and songwriting, the singer's role playing is evident: historiographer Michael Campbell says that Bowie's lyrics "arrest our ear, without question. But Bowie continually shifts from person to person as he delivers them ... His voice changes dramatically from section to section."[345] In a 2014 analysis of 77 "top" singers' vocal ranges, Bowie was 8th, just behind Christina Aguilera and just ahead of Paul McCartney.[346] In addition to the guitar, Bowie also played a variety of keyboards, including piano, Mellotron, Chamberlin, and synthesisers; harmonica; alto and baritone saxophones; stylophone; viola; cello; koto (in the "Heroes" track "Moss Garden"); thumb piano; drums (on the Heathen track "Cactus"), and various percussion instruments.[347][348][349][350]

Personal life
Early relationships

Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre.[351] He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image "really blossomed".[351] "He lived on his emotions, he was a wonderful influence. His day-to-day life was the most theatrical thing I had ever seen, ever. It was everything I thought Bohemia probably was. I joined the circus."[352] In January 1968, Kemp choreographed a dance scene for a BBC play, The Pistol Shot, in the Theatre 625 series, and used Bowie with a dancer, Hermione Farthingale;[353][354] the pair began dating, and moved into a London flat together. Bowie and Farthingale broke up in early 1969 when she went to Norway to take part in a film, Song of Norway;[355] this affected him, and several songs, such as "Letter to Hermione" and "Life on Mars?" reference her,[356][357] and for the video accompanying "Where Are We Now?", he wore a T-shirt with the words "m/s Song of Norway".[358] They were last together in January 1969 for the filming of Love You till Tuesday, a 30-minute film that was not released until 1984: intended as a promotional vehicle, it featured performances from Bowie's repertoire, including "Space Oddity", which had not been released when the film was made.[31]
Family

Bowie and wife Iman, 2009

Bowie married his first wife, Mary Angela Barnett, on 19 March 1970 at Bromley Register Office in Bromley, London. They had an open marriage. Angela described their union as a marriage of convenience. "We got married so that I could [get a permit to] work. I didn't think it would last and David said, before we got married, 'I'm not really in love with you' and I thought that's probably a good thing," she said. Bowie said about Angela that "living with her is like living with a blow torch."[359] Their son Duncan, born on 30 May 1971, was at first known as Zowie.[360] Bowie and Angela divorced on 8 February 1980 in Switzerland.[361] Bowie received custody of their son. After the gag order that was part of their divorce agreement ended, Angela wrote, Backstage Passes: Life on the Wild Side with David Bowie, a memoir of their turbulent marriage.[362]

On 24 April 1992, Bowie married Somali-American model Iman in a private ceremony in Lausanne. The wedding was later solemnised on 6 June in Florence.[363] They had one daughter, Alexandria "Lexi" Zahra Jones, born in August 2000.[364][365] The couple resided primarily in New York City and London, as well as owning an apartment in Sydney's Elizabeth Bay[366][367] and Britannia Bay House on the island of Mustique.[368]

Sexuality

Bowie declared himself gay in an interview with Michael Watts for a 1972 issue of Melody Maker,[369] coinciding with his campaign for stardom as Ziggy Stardust.[60] According to Buckley, "If Ziggy confused both his creator and his audience, a big part of that confusion centred on the topic of sexuality."[370] In a September 1976 interview with Playboy, Bowie said, "It's true—I am a bisexual. But I can't deny that I've used that fact very well. I suppose it's the best thing that ever happened to me."[371] His first wife, Angie, supports his claim of bisexuality and alleges that Bowie had a relationship with Mick Jagger.[372][373]

In a 1983 interview with Rolling Stone, Bowie said his public declaration of bisexuality was "the biggest mistake I ever made" and "I was always a closet heterosexual."[374] On other occasions, he said his interest in homosexual and bisexual culture had been more a product of the times and the situation in which he found himself than of his own feelings.[375][b]

Blender asked Bowie in 2002 whether he still believed his public declaration was his biggest mistake. After a long pause, he said, "I don't think it was a mistake in Europe, but it was a lot tougher in America. I had no problem with people knowing I was bisexual. But I had no inclination to hold any banners nor be a representative of any group of people." Bowie said he wanted to be a songwriter and performer rather than a headline for his bisexuality, and in "puritanical" America, "I think it stood in the way of so much I wanted to do."[377]

Buckley wrote that Bowie "mined sexual intrigue for its ability to shock",[378] and was probably "never gay, nor even consistently actively bisexual", instead experimenting "out of a sense of curiosity and a genuine allegiance with the 'transgressional'."[379] Biographer Christopher Sandford said, according to Mary Finnigan—with whom Bowie had an affair in 1969—the singer and his first wife Angie "created their bisexual fantasy".[380] Sandford wrote that Bowie "made a positive fetish of repeating the quip that he and his wife had met while 'fucking the same bloke' ... Gay sex was always an anecdotal and laughing matter. That Bowie's actual tastes swung the other way is clear from even a partial tally of his affairs with women."[380] The BBC's Mark Easton wrote in 2016 that Britain was "far more tolerant of difference", and that gay rights (such as same-sex marriage) and gender equality would not have "enjoyed the broad support they do today without Bowie's androgynous challenge all those years ago".[320]

Spirituality and religion

Over the years, Bowie made numerous references to religions and to his evolving spirituality. 

Beginning in 1967 from the influence of his brother,[15] he became interested in Buddhism and considered becoming a Buddhist monk.[381] After a few months' study at Tibet House in London, he was told by a Lama, "You don't want to be Buddhist. ... You should follow music."[382] By 1975, Bowie admitted, "I felt totally, absolutely alone. And I probably was alone because I pretty much had abandoned God."[376] In his will, Bowie stipulated that he be cremated and his ashes scattered in Bali "in accordance with the Buddhist rituals".[165]

After Bowie married Iman in a private ceremony in 1992, he said they knew that their "real marriage, sanctified by God, had to happen in a church in Florence".[383] Earlier that year, he knelt on stage at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recited the Lord's Prayer before a television audience.[142][c] 

In 1993, Bowie said he had an "undying" belief in the "unquestionable" existence of God.[376] In a separate 1993 interview, while describing the genesis of the music for his album Black Tie White Noise, he said " … it was important for me to find something [musically] that also had no sort of representation of institutionalized and organized religion, of which I'm not a believer, I must make that clear."[384]

Interviewed in 2005, Bowie said whether God exists "is not a question that can be answered. ... I'm not quite an atheist and it worries me. There's that little bit that holds on: 'Well, I'm almost an atheist. Give me a couple of months. ... I've nearly got it right.'"[385] He had a tattoo of the Serenity Prayer in Japanese on his left calf.[386]

"Questioning [his] spiritual life [was] always ... germane" to Bowie's songwriting.[385]

The song "Station to Station" is "very much concerned with the Stations of the Cross"; the song also specifically references Kabbalah. Bowie called the album "extremely dark ... the nearest album to a magick treatise that I've written".[387][d] Earthling showed "the abiding need in me to vacillate between atheism or a kind of gnosticism ...
 What I need is to find a balance, spiritually, with the way I live and my demise."[389] 

Released shortly before his death, "Lazarus"—from his final album, Blackstar—began with the words, "Look up here, I'm in Heaven" while the rest of the album deals with other matters of mysticism and mortality.[390]

Politics

As a seventeen-year-old still known as Davy Jones, he was a cofounder and spokesman for the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Long-Haired Men in response to members of The Manish Boys being asked to cut their hair prior to a television appearance on the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).[391] He and his bandmates were interviewed on the network's 12 November 1964 installment of Tonight to champion their cause.[392] He stated on the programme, "I think we all like long hair and we don't see why other people should persecute us because of it."[393]

In 1976, speaking as The Thin White Duke, Bowie's persona at the time, and "at least partially tongue-in-cheek", he made statements that expressed support for fascism and perceived admiration for Adolf Hitler in interviews with Playboy, NME, and a Swedish publication. Bowie was quoted as saying: "Britain is ready for a fascist leader ... I think Britain could benefit from a fascist leader. After all, fascism is really nationalism... I believe very strongly in fascism, people have always responded with greater efficiency under a regimental leadership." He was also quoted as saying: "Adolf Hitler was one of the first rock stars" and "You've got to have an extreme right front come up and sweep everything off its feet and tidy everything up."[394][395] Bowie later retracted these comments in an interview with Melody Maker in October 1977, blaming them on mental instability caused by his drug problems at the time, saying: "I was out of my mind, totally, completely crazed."[396] In the same interview, Bowie described himself as "apolitical", stating "The more I travel and the less sure I am about exactly which political philosophies are commendable. The more government systems I see, the less enticed I am to give my allegiance to any set of people, so it would be disastrous for me to adopt a definitive point of view, or to adopt a party of people and say 'these are my people'."[397]

In the 1980s and 1990s, Bowie's public statements shifted sharply towards anti-racism and anti-fascism. In an interview with MTV anchor Mark Goodman in 1983, Bowie criticised the channel for not providing enough coverage of Black musicians, becoming visibly uncomfortable when Goodman suggested that the network's fear of backlash from the American Midwest was one reason for such a lack of coverage.[398][399] The music videos for "China Girl" and "Let's Dance" were described by Bowie as a "very simple, very direct" statement against racism.[400] The album Tin Machine took a more direct stance against fascism and neo-Nazism, and was criticised for being too preachy.[132]

At the 2014 Brit Awards on 19 February, Bowie became the oldest recipient of a Brit Award in the ceremony's history when he won the award for British Male Solo Artist, which was collected on his behalf by Kate Moss. 

His speech read: "I'm completely delighted to have a Brit for being the best male – but I am, aren't I Kate? Yes. I think it's a great way to end the day. Thank you very, very much and Scotland stay with us."[401] 

Bowie's reference to the forthcoming September 2014 Scottish independence referendum garnered a significant reaction throughout the UK on social media.[402][403]

In 2016, filmmaker and activist Michael Moore said he had wanted to use "Panic in Detroit" for his 1998 documentary The Big One. Denied at first, Moore was given the rights after calling Bowie personally, recalling: "I've read stuff since his death saying that he wasn't that political and he stayed away from politics. But that wasn't the conversation that I had with him."[404]

Death
Main article: Death of David Bowie

A woman places flowers outside Bowie's apartment in New York on Lafayette Street the day after his death was announced.

On 10 January 2016, Bowie died of liver cancer in his New York City apartment.[405] He had been diagnosed 18 months earlier but had not made his condition public.[204] The Belgian theatre director Ivo van Hove, who had worked with the singer on his off-Broadway musical Lazarus, explained that Bowie was unable to attend rehearsals due to the progression of the disease. He noted that Bowie had kept working during the illness.[406]

Visconti wrote:


He always did what he wanted to do. And he wanted to do it his way and he wanted to do it the best way. His death was no different from his life – a work of art. He made Blackstar for us, his parting gift. I knew for a year this was the way it would be. I wasn't, however, prepared for it. He was an extraordinary man, full of love and life. He will always be with us. For now, it is appropriate to cry.[407][408]

Following Bowie's death, fans gathered at impromptu street shrines.[409] At the mural of Bowie in his birthplace of Brixton, south London, which shows him in his Aladdin Sane character, fans laid flowers and sang his songs.[410] Other memorial sites included Berlin, Los Angeles, and outside his apartment in New York.[411] After news of his death, sales of his albums and singles soared.[412] Bowie had insisted that he did not want a funeral, and according to his death certificate he was cremated in New Jersey on 12 January.[413] As he wished in his will, his ashes were scattered in a Buddhist ceremony in Bali, Indonesia.[414]
Awards and achievements
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by David Bowie

Variety of Bowie's outfits on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Bowie's 1969 commercial breakthrough, the song "Space Oddity", won him an Ivor Novello Special Award For Originality.[415] For his performance in the 1976 science fiction film The Man Who Fell to Earth, he won a Saturn Award for Best Actor. In the ensuing decades he was honoured with numerous awards for his music and its accompanying videos, receiving, among others, six Grammy Awards[416][417][230] and four Brit Awards—winning Best British Male Artist twice; the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1996; and the Brits Icon award for his "lasting impact on British culture", given posthumously in 2016.[418][419][420]

In 1999, Bowie was made a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government.[421] He received an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music the same year.[422] He declined the royal honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2000, and turned down a knighthood in 2003.[423] Bowie later stated "I would never have any intention of accepting anything like that. I seriously don't know what it's for. It's not what I spent my life working for."[424]

Statue of Bowie in different guises in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, the town where he debuted Ziggy Stardust in 1972

Bowie has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists.[425][e] In the United Kingdom, he was awarded 9 platinum, 11 gold, and 8 silver albums, and in the United States, 5 platinum and 9 gold.[427]

Five of Bowie's albums appear on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[428] Seven of Bowie's songs appear on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Additionally, four of his songs are included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[429] According to Acclaimed Music, he is the fourth most celebrated artist in popular music history.[430]

In the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, he was ranked 29.[431] In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the 100 Greatest Rock Artists of All Time.[432] Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.[150] He was inducted into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2013.[433][434] In 2016, Rolling Stone proclaimed Bowie "the greatest rock star ever".[435]

In 2008, the spider Heteropoda davidbowie was named in Bowie's honour.[436] On 5 January 2015, a main-belt asteroid was named 342843 Davidbowie.[437] On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory created a "Bowie asterism" of seven stars which had been in the vicinity of Mars at the time of Bowie's death; the "constellation" forms the lightning bolt on Bowie's face from the cover of his Aladdin Sane album.[438]

On 25 March 2018, a statue of Bowie was unveiled in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, the town where he debuted Ziggy Stardust.[439] The statue features a likeness of Bowie in 2002 accompanied with various characters and looks from over his career, with Ziggy stardust at the front.[440]
Discography
Main articles: David Bowie discography and List of songs recorded by David Bowie

David Bowie (1967)
David Bowie[f] (1969)
The Man Who Sold the World (1970)
Hunky Dory (1971)
The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars(1972)
Aladdin Sane (1973)
Pin Ups (1973)
Diamond Dogs (1974)
Young Americans (1975)
Station to Station (1976)
Low (1977)
"Heroes" (1977)
Lodger (1979)
Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) (1980)
Let's Dance (1983)
Tonight (1984)
Never Let Me Down (1987)
Black Tie White Noise (1993)
The Buddha of Suburbia (soundtrack album) (1993)
Outside (1995)
Earthling (1997)
Hours (1999)
Heathen (2002)
Reality (2003)
The Next Day (2013)
Blackstar (2016)
Filmography
Main article: David Bowie filmography
See also
List of ambient music artists
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance Club Songs chart
List of Billboard number-one Dance Club songs
List of Billboard number-one singles

Notes

  1. ^ Internet images of the "Bowie asterism" actually indicate Delta Octantis.
  2. ^ In 1993, Bowie recalled having read City of Night in the 1960s, and it connected with his loneliness. "And that led me a merry dance in the early Seventies, when gay clubs really became my lifestyle and all my friends were gay".[376]
  3. ^ Asked why he knelt and prayed, Bowie said he had a friend who was dying of AIDS. "He was just dropping into a coma that day. And just before I went on stage something just told me to say the Lord's Prayer. The great irony is that he died two days after the show".[376]
  4. ^ He later said he was influenced by his cocaine addiction and the "psychological terror" from making The Man Who Fell To Earth, marking "the first time I'd really seriously thought about Christ and God ... I very nearly got suckered into that narrow [view of] finding the Cross as the salvation of mankind".[388]
  5. ^ Additional sources place this figure somewhere between 100 million and 150 million.[426]
  6. ^ David Bowie (1969) was the original name for the album in the UK, while in the USA it was released a few months later as Man of Words / Man of Music (1969). Following the success of Ziggy Stardust the album was rereleased worldwide as Space Oddity, after Bowie's well known song of the same name that opened the album. In 2009, a worldwide release returned the original name to the album.[441]

References

  1. ^ "How to say: Bowie". BBC. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Bowie mourns mother's death". BBC News. 2 April 2001. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016.
  3. ^ Gillman & Gillman 1987, p. 17: "[Peggy] was born in the hospital at Shorncliffe Camp [near Folkestone, Kent] on October 2nd, 1913.".
  4. ^ Gillman & Gillman 1987, p. 15: "[Her father] Jimmy Burns's parents were poor Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester"; p. 16: "[Jimmy] had known [her mother] in Manchester. Her name was Margaret Heaton".
  5. ^ Gillman & Gillman 1987, p. 44: "At the end of the war, Peggy Burns was working as a waitress at the Ritz cinema in Tunbridge Wells".
  6. ^ Gillman & Gillman 1987, p. 44 "John Jones was born in the grimy Yorkshire town of Doncaster in 1912.".
  7. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 9–16.
  8. ^ Palmer, Jim (11 January 2016). "18 south east London places where David Bowie lived, learned and played". News Shopper. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  9. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 18–19.
  10. ^ Buckley 2000, p. 21.
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sandford 1997, pp. 19–20.
  12. ^ Doggett, Peter (January 2007). "Teenage Wildlife". Mojo Classic (60 Years of Bowie): 8–9.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b Marsh, Joanne (18 February 2016). "David Bowie's cousin pens letter about their childhood: 'He exceeded all his father's dreams'". NME. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, pp. 21–22.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b c O'Leary 2015, chap. 4.
  16. ^ O'Leary 2015, chap. 3–4.
  17. ^ "Commencement 1999 – Berklee College of Music". www.berklee.edu. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  18. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 25.
  19. ^ Evans 2006, p. 57.
  20. ^ Basu, Tanya (12 January 2016). "The Story Behind David Bowie's Unusual Eyes". The Cut. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  21. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 19.
  22. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 28.
  23. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, pp. 29–30.
  24. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 35–39.
  25. ^ Buckley 2000, p. 33.
  26. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, pp. 41–42.
  27. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 46.
  28. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 49–52.
  29. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, p. 53.
  30. ^ Paytress 2009, p. 199.
  31. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, pp. 49–50.
  32. ^ McKay 1996, p. 188.
  33. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 60.
  34. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 54–60.
  35. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sandford 1997, pp. 62–63.
  36. ^ Buckley 2000, pp. 89–90.
  37. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, p. 67.
  38. ^ Smith, Karl (6 October 2014). "Random Ultra-Violence: Simon Critchley On David Bowie". The Quietus. London, England. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  39. ^ Perone 2012, p. 90.
  40. ^ Kot, Greg (10 June 1990). "Bowie's Many Faces Are Profiled On Compact Disc". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  41. ^ Doggett 2012, p. 106.
  42. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sandford 1997, pp. 73–74.
  43. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 338–343.
  44. ^ Spitz 2009, p. 177.
  45. ^ Sullivan 2017, p. 494; Doggett 2012, p. 11.
  46. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 95–99.
  47. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 80.
  48. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 85–86.
  49. ^ Trynka 2011, p. 174.
  50. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 104.
  51. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 348–349.
  52. ^ Jump up to:a b Buckley 2005, pp. 135–136.
  53. ^ "Why David Bowie gave away All the Young Dudes to Mott the Hoople". Wales Online. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  54. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 93–95.
  55. ^ Buckley 2000, p. 156.
  56. ^ Sheffield, Rob (13 April 2016). "How America Inspired David Bowie to Kill Ziggy Stardust With 'Aladdin Sane'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May2020.
  57. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 361–364.
  58. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 108.
  59. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 106–107.
  60. ^ Jump up to:a b Carr & Murray 1981, p. 7.
  61. ^ Carr & Murray 1981, p. 116.
  62. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 163.
  63. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 115.
  64. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 3.
  65. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 180–183.
  66. ^ Jump up to:a b Buckley 2005, pp. 204–205.
  67. ^ Jones, Allan (May 2015). Goodbye to Ziggy and All That...Melody Maker. ISBN 978-1-56976-977-5. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  68. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 128.
  69. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 138.
  70. ^ Carr & Murray 1981, pp. 68–74.
  71. ^ Buckley, Peter, ed. (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-84353-105-0.
  72. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 146.
  73. ^ Roberts 2001, p. 120.
  74. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, pp. 135–136.
  75. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 137, 153.
  76. ^ Greenblatt, Jeffrey (8 November 2018). "David Bowie Makes US Television Debut On 'Cher' Show On This Date In 1975". Jambase. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  77. ^ "How David Bowie Brought Thin White Duke to Life on 'Station to Station'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  78. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 238.
  79. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 244.
  80. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, p. 158.
  81. ^ Buckley 2000, pp. 289–291.
  82. ^ Paytress, Mark (January 2007). "The Controversial Homecoming". Mojo Classic (60 Years of Bowie): 64.
  83. ^ Carr & Murray 1981, p. 11.
  84. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 252.
  85. ^ MacKinnon, Angus (13 September 1980). "The future isn't what it used to be David Bowie talks about loneliness, insecurity, and myth, And the dangers of messing with Major Tom". NME. London, England. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  86. ^ Williams, Stereo (12 January 2016). "On Race, David Bowie Delved Deep into the Darkness and Came Back Human". Daily Beast. New York City: IAC/InteractiveCorp. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  87. ^ Greene, Andy (13 May 2014). "Flashback: The Clash Rock Against Racism in 1978". Rolling Stone. New York City. Retrieved 21 March2015.
  88. ^ Ruether, Tobias (Winter 2006–2007). "The Man Who Came from Hell". 032c. pp. 82–85. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  89. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 149.
  90. ^ Needs, Kris (January 2007). "The Passenger". Mojo Classic (60 Years of Bowie). London, England. p. 65.
  91. ^ Seabrook 2008, p. 116.
  92. ^ David Sheppard (18 September 2008). On Some Faraway Beach: The Life and Times of Brian Eno. Hachette UK. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-40910-593-0.
  93. ^ Pegg 2006, p. 309.
  94. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 272.
  95. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 166–168.
  96. ^ Perone 2007, p. 175.
  97. ^ Thomson 1993, p. xiii.
  98. ^ Henderson, Alex. "Starting Point – David Bowie". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  99. ^ Pegg 2000, pp. 90–92.
  100. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 181–82.
  101. ^ Bronson, Fred (1990). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. Billboard Books. p. 572. ISBN 978-0-8230-7677-2.
  102. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 293.
  103. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 189.
  104. ^ Viglione, Joe. "David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf – David Bowie / Eugene Ormandy / Philadelphia Orchestra". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  105. ^ Carr & Murray 1981, pp. 102–107.
  106. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 281.
  107. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 191–192.
  108. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 197.
  109. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 27–30.
  110. ^ Carr & Murray 1981, pp. 108–114.
  111. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, pp. 205–207.
  112. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 662–664.
  113. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 324–325.
  114. ^ "David Bowie: UK Chart history". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  115. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 208, 211–212.
  116. ^ Brown, Mick (11 January 2016). "David Bowie interview from 1996: 'I have done just about everything that it's possible to do'". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  117. ^ Buckley 2000, p. 344.
  118. ^ White, Timothy (May 1983). "David Bowie Interview". Musician. 55. pp. 52–66, 122.
  119. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 335–355.
  120. ^ "1984 Video Music Awards". MTV. Select "Winners", and then "View all nominees" under the relevant category. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  121. ^ Greene, Andy (26 January 2016). "Flashback: David Bowie Triumphs at Live Aid in 1985". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 May2018.
  122. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 165–166.
  123. ^ "All hail the Goblin King: David Bowie's 'Labyrinth' soundtrack being reissued". ABC Newsradio Online. Retrieved 12 October2019.
  124. ^ McNair, James (January 2007). Tumble & Twirl. Mojo Classic. London, England. p. 101.
  125. ^ Fyfe, Andy (January 2007). "Too Dizzy". Mojo Classic (60 Years of Bowie). London, England. pp. 88–91.
  126. ^ Greene, Andy (27 August 2013). "Flashback: David Bowie Faces Heat on Glass Spider Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 27 August2013.
  127. ^ Thompson, Dave. "Glass Spider Live:Critics' Reviews (AMG Review)". MSN. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  128. ^ Youngs, Ian (13 August 2009). "Stadium rock, from Beatles to Bono". BBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  129. ^ Platiau, Charles (12 January 2016). "Bowie's greatest gift? Even his 'failures' will echo through the ages". The Conversation. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  130. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 387.
  131. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 274.
  132. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sandford 1997, p. 275.
  133. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 273.
  134. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 394.
  135. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 278–79.
  136. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 278.
  137. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 280–286.
  138. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 289.
  139. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 292.
  140. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 294–295.
  141. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 298–299.
  142. ^ Jump up to:a b Kaye, Jeff (22 April 1992). "(Safe) Sex, (No) Drugs and Rock 'n' Roll : A Star-Filled Send-Off to Freddie Mercury". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  143. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 413–414.
  144. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 301–308.
  145. ^ Keefe, Michael (16 October 2007). "David Bowie The Buddha of Suburbia". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  146. ^ Buckley 2000, pp. 494–495, 623.
  147. ^ Buckley 2000, pp. 623–624.
  148. ^ Buckley 2000, pp. 512–513.
  149. ^ Spicer, Nathan (21 March 2011). "David Bowie Birthday Celebration Live Album an Unauthorized Bootleg". Paste. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011.
  150. ^ Jump up to:a b "David Bowie: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  151. ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Lost Highway [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]– Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  152. ^ "David Bowie Launches New Album 'earthling' With Network Television Appearances, A Pay-per-view Concert, A National Radio Broadcast, And Star On Hollywood Blvd's Walk Of Fame". 30 January 1997. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  153. ^ Buckley 2000, pp. 533–534.
  154. ^ "Oh, it's such a perfect song". The Independent. 9 November 1997. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  155. ^ Thompson 2006, p. 203.
  156. ^ Thompson 2006, pp. 203, 212.
  157. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 466.
  158. ^ Perone 2007, p. 125.
  159. ^ "David Bowie: How Tin Machine Saved Him From Soft Rock". 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  160. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 488–489.
  161. ^ "Bowie ends 'best-ever' Glastonbury". BBC. 26 June 2000. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  162. ^ "David Bowie's Glastonbury 2000 Set Getting Full Release". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  163. ^ Thompson 2006, p. 257.
  164. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 485.
  165. ^ Jump up to:a b Sawer, Patrick; McNulty, Bernadette (30 January 2016). "David Bowie's lifetime interest in Buddhism to culminate in Bali scattering of his ashes". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  166. ^ "Bowie, Moby, Matthews Spark Tibet House Benefit". Billboard. 27 February 2001. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  167. ^ Andrew Dansby (9 January 2003). "Bowie Back in Tibet House". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  168. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 491.
  169. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 493–495.
  170. ^ "David Bowie's agent says the musician has 'performed his last live show'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  171. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 504–505.
  172. ^ Buckley 2004, p. 16.
  173. ^ Perone 2007, p. 142.
  174. ^ Thompson 2006, pp. 291–292.
  175. ^ "Space Is the Place: Innovative Brooklyn rockers blast off to the future". Spin. June 2006. p. 1.
  176. ^ Stone, Andrew (2008). Denmark. Lonely Planet. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-74104-669-4.
  177. ^ Thompson 2006, p. 293.
  178. ^ Yuan, Jada (1 May 2006). "David Bowie Takes Time Off, Sneaks into Movies". New York. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  179. ^ Gulla, Bob (2008). Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History. Greenwood. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-313-35806-7.
  180. ^ Mitchell, Gail (November 2009). "The Elements of Style". Billboard: 22.
  181. ^ Jones, Dylan (2017). David Bowie: A Life. Preface Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84809-495-6. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  182. ^ Gilmore, Mikal (2 February 2012). "How Ziggy Stardust Fell to Earth". Rolling Stone. No. 1149. pp. 36–43, 68.
  183. ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 500.
  184. ^ "Ten Days on a High". New York magazine. 16 January 2016.
  185. ^ Marchese, David (May 2008). "The Inquisition: Scarlett Johansson". Spin. p. 40.
  186. ^ "Live Santa Monica '72". Allmusic. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  187. ^ "David Bowie to release "Space Oddity" multi-tracks to celebrate moon landing". NME News. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 2 September2010.
  188. ^ Diver, Mike (5 February 2010). "David Bowie A Reality Tour Review". BBC. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  189. ^ Perpetua, Matthew (22 March 2011). "Unreleased David Bowie LP 'Toy' Leaks Online". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  190. ^ Michaels, Sean (23 March 2011). "David Bowie's unreleased album Toy leaks online". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  191. ^ "David Bowie To Release New Album and Posts New Music Video". New York Music News. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  192. ^ "New Website, Album, Single And Video for the Birthday Boy". davidbowie.com. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  193. ^ "David Bowie Returns From Decade-Long Hiatus With New Album, Single". Spin. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  194. ^ Jump up to:a b c Levine, Nick (8 January 2013). "David Bowie announces first album in 10 years and releases new single". NME. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  195. ^ Levine, Nick (8 January 2013). "David Bowie's comeback single rockets to Number One on iTunes". NME. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  196. ^ "David Bowie secures first Top 10 single in two decades". Official Chart Company. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  197. ^ "David Bowie chart history". Official Chart Company. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 23 January2013.
  198. ^ Phillips, Amy (28 February 2013). "Listen to the New David Bowie Album". Pitchfork. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  199. ^ "David Bowie scores first Number 1 album in 20 years". Official Chart Company. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  200. ^ Savage, Lesley (9 May 2013). "David Bowie's new religious-themed video causing controversy". CBS News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  201. ^ Teeman, Tim (12 January 2013). "Tony Visconti spills the beans on cocaine, AA and sushi with David Bowie". The Times. Archivedfrom the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  202. ^ Barton, Laura. "Arcade Fire: Voodoo rhythms, dance music and David Bowie". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  203. ^ Michaels, Sean. "David Bowie voted the best-dressed person in British history". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  204. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandle, Paul; Faulconbridge, Guy (11 January 2016). "David Bowie dies after 18-month battle with cancer". Reuters. Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  205. ^ Barnes, Anthony (9 September 2014). "David Bowie to release retrospective album 'Nothing has Changed' with single 'Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)' in November". Irish Independent. Dublin. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  206. ^ "David Bowie's 'Let's Dance' to get limited vinyl reissue". Never Enough Notes. 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  207. ^ "David Bowie, Aerosmith, Flaming Lips Pen Songs for 'SpongeBob Musical'". Rolling Stone. 31 August 2015.
  208. ^ Kreps, Daniel (22 September 2015). "David Bowie Records Theme Song for 'Last Panthers' Series". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  209. ^ Carley, Brennan (24 October 2015). "David Bowie Will Reportedly Release New Album, 'Blackstar,' in January". Spin. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  210. ^ Young, Alex (24 October 2015). "David Bowie to release "oddest" album yet, Blackstar, in January". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  211. ^ Adams, Char (23 February 2016). "Last Pictures of David Bowie: Icon Looked in Good Spirits at Final Public Appearance a Month Ago". People. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  212. ^ "Reviews for Blackstar by David Bowie". Metacritic. Archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 27 December2015.
  213. ^ Furness, Hannah (11 January 2016). "David Bowie's last release, 'Lazarus', was 'parting gift' for fans in carefully planned finale". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  214. ^ Payne, Chris (11 January 2016). "David Bowie's Final AlbumBlackstar & 'Lazarus' Video Were Goodbye Notes". Billboard. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  215. ^ Griggs, Brandon (13 January 2016). "Blackstar: Haunting final album hints at David Bowie's death". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  216. ^ Hiatt, Brian (13 January 2016). "David Bowie Planned Post-Blackstar Album, 'Thought He Had Few More Months'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  217. ^ Lelinwalla, Mark (14 January 2016). "David Bowie Breaks Vevo Record with 51 Million Video Views in One Day". Tech Times. Retrieved 16 January 2016. Bowie's catalog generated 51 million video views on Vevo on Monday, Jan. 11, the day after he died, making him the most viewed artist in a single day in the video-streaming platform's history, the company reported Thursday morning via a press release.
  218. ^ Copsey, Rob (15 January 2016). "David Bowie is the Starman of this week's Official Chart as the nation pays tribute to a music icon". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  219. ^ Harriet Gibsone (15 January 2016). "David Bowie dominates UK album charts as latest album hits No 1". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2016. Elsewhere, 19 Bowie albums and 13 singles have entered the top 100
  220. ^ "David Bowie's final album Blackstar rockets to top of charts". ABC. 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  221. ^ Caulfield, Keith (17 January 2016). "David Bowie's Blackstar Album Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  222. ^ Slate, Jeff (23 September 2016). "The Making of David Bowie's Lost Soul Album". Esquire. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  223. ^ Young, Alex (8 January 2017). "Final David Bowie songs collected on new EP released for his 70th birthday". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  224. ^ Jump up to:a b Kreps, Daniel (8 January 2017). "Watch David Bowie's Mysterious 'No Plan' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 8 January2017.
  225. ^ Randle, Chris (29 June 2017). "David Bowie: Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) Album Review". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  226. ^ "Live Nassau Coliseum '76 – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  227. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78) – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  228. ^ "Two years since his death, Bowie is still selling millions of records". The Independent. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January2018.
  229. ^ Brandle, Lars (8 February 2017). "Drake Named IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016". Billboard. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  230. ^ Jump up to:a b Kelley, Seth (12 February 2017). "David Bowie's 'Blackstar' Wins All Five Nominated Categories at 2017 Grammys". Variety. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  231. ^ Prisco, Jacopo (9 January 2020). "Rare and unreleased music by David Bowie is coming this year". CNN. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  232. ^ Tan, Emily (6 August 2020). "David Bowie's Something in the Air (Live Paris 99) Set for Digital Release". Yahoo! Entertainment. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  233. ^ "Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes: David Bowie's 'Brilliant Live Adventures' Series Continues with 'Live Paris 99'". The Second Disc. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  234. ^ Brandle, Lars (16 September 2021). "David Bowie Estate and Warner Music Partner to Bring Icon's Entire Catalog to Label". Billboard. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  235. ^ "David Bowie: 'Lost' album Toy set for birthday release". Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  236. ^ Kenny, Glenn (11 January 2016). "David Bowie in Movies: The Definition of Screen Presence". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 10 November2019.
  237. ^ Whitington, Paul (12 January 2019). "Sound and vision: the best and the worst of David Bowie's acting career". Irish Independent. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  238. ^ "David Bowie – The man who could have been a movie star". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  239. ^ Falk, Ben (22 August 2016). "10 Brilliant Stories From David Bowie's Film Career". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  240. ^ Lane, Anthony (13 January 2016). "David Bowie in the Movies". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  241. ^ VanDerWerff, Emily Todd (12 January 2016). "9 times David Bowie songs transformed movies and television". Vox. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  242. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 43.
  243. ^ Trynka 2011, p. 99.
  244. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 49.
  245. ^ Webster, Andy (2 August 2013). "The Man Who Fell Into Movie Acting". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  246. ^ McManus, Brian (11 January 2016). "Remembering David Bowie's Movie Career". Vice. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  247. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 660–661.
  248. ^ "Beautiful images from David Bowie's least favorite film role: 1978's Just a Gigolo". Dangerous Minds. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  249. ^ Sandford 1997, p. 208.
  250. ^ "David Bowie in Baal, Alan Clarke's 1982 Bertolt Brecht adaptation – video". The Guardian. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  251. ^ Canby, Vincent (29 April 1983). "Vampires and Chic". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  252. ^ Maslin, Janet (26 August 1983). "David Bowie in Merry Christmas". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  253. ^ Ford, Chris (15 January 2016). "David Bowie, Actor: A Complete Look Back at His Film and TV Roles". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  254. ^ Elder, Sean (9 November 2014). "David Bowie: The Man Who Showed the World". Newsweek. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  255. ^ Lockett, Dee (12 February 2017). "David Bowie Swept The 2017 Grammys". Vulture. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  256. ^ Canby, Vincent (22 February 1985). "Film: John Landis's Into the Night". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  257. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 692.
  258. ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (21 September 2015). "How we made Absolute Beginners". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  259. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 252–253.
  260. ^ Pai, Tanya (27 June 2016). "Labyrinth is now 30 years old. Here's how this gloriously weird movie became a cult classic". Vox. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  261. ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (13 January 2016). "Martin Scorsese pays tribute to the late David Bowie". Independent UK. Retrieved 5 October2019.
  262. ^ Landis, John (13 January 2016). "Director John Landis on David Bowie: "A Gentleman"". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  263. ^ Lyne, Charlie (6 February 2016). "The Linguini Incident: a Bowie re-release nobody needs to see". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October2019.
  264. ^ Conterio, Martyn (2 September 2017). "Fire Walk With Me: how David Lynch's film went from laughing stock to the key to Twin Peaks". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  265. ^ Gural, Natasha (10 January 2019). "Remembering David Bowie As Neo-Expressionist Painter, Avid Art Collector, Friend of Warhol, Basquiat". Forbes. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  266. ^ Thompson 2006, p. 195.
  267. ^ Bulut, Selim (13 November 2017). "That time David Bowie and Goldie starred in a gangster film". Dazed Digital. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  268. ^ Kelly, Brendan (16 November 1998). "Bowie sates 'Hunger'". Variety. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  269. ^ Griffin, Andrew (11 January 2016). "David Bowie dead: Singer and actor appeared in bizarre Dreamcast video game 'Omikron: The Nomad Soul'". Independent UK. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  270. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (22 December 2000). "David Bowie With a Secret and a Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  271. ^ Ruby, Jennifer (1 February 2016). "Ben Stiller live-tweets Zoolander: I can't believe David Bowie actually did this". Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  272. ^ "The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch". Variety. 6 March 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  273. ^ Lamb, Charles W.; Hair, Joseph F.; McDaniel, Carl (2007). Marketing. South-Western College Pub. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-324-36208-4.
  274. ^ Libbey, Dirk (19 January 2016). "Why Christopher Nolan Begged David Bowie to Star in The Prestige". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  275. ^ Burr, Ty. "The kingdom isn't magic in 'Arthur and the Invisibles'". Movie Review. Boston.com. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  276. ^ Spanos, Brittany (15 January 2016). "David Bowie pokes fun at Ricky Gervais on 'Extras'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 October2019.
  277. ^ "Grammy Winner David Bowie Lends His Voice to SpongeBob". TV Guide. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  278. ^ Catsoulis, Jeanette (11 July 2008). "August review: A Web of Cynicism". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  279. ^ Weitzman, Elizabeth (13 August 2009). "'Bandslam': Vanessa Hudgens miscast as outcast, but cool high school movie still rocks". New York Daily News. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  280. ^ Roffman, Michael (16 November 2017). "Denis Villeneuve on wanting to cast David Bowie: "He embodied the Blade Runner spirit"". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  281. ^ Robinson, Joanna (19 September 2017). "How David Lynch and Twin Peaks Honored One Final David Bowie Request". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  282. ^ Curtis, Malcolm (11 January 2016). "Bowie's discreet time in Switzerland recalled". The Local. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  283. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 154–155.
  284. ^ "Random notes". Newsweek. 10 December 1990. p. 94.
  285. ^ "Behold The Paintings of David Bowie: Neo-Expressionist Self Portraits, Illustrations of Iggy Pop, and Much More". openculture.com. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  286. ^ Sulcas, Roslyn (14 January 2016). "Painting Offered a Different Palette for David Bowie's Talents". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  287. ^ "David Bowie is – la Philharmonie de Paris: fine exhibition, superlative venue". Rock Art Editions. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  288. ^ Jump up to:a b c Kennedy, Maev (14 July 2016). "David Bowie's private art collection to be unveiled for the first time". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  289. ^ Plagens, Peter (20 April 1998). "The Late Great Tate". Newsweek. p. 62.
  290. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (14 June 1998). "David Bowie on His Favorite Artists". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  291. ^ Silva, Cristina (14 July 2016). "David Bowie's Art Collection Is As Beautiful As You Imagined". International Business Times. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  292. ^ Bain, Katie (25 May 2017). "David Bowie and The Clash Were Fans of Derek Boshier's Art, and You Should Be Too". Vice. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  293. ^ Jump up to:a b "David Bowie's Art Captivates Collectors". Sotheby's. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  294. ^ "After two days, David Bowie art auction raises $41 million". Deutsche Welle. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  295. ^ "David Bowie art collection worth over $41 mn at auction". Agence France-Presse. 12 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December2016 – via Yahoo! News.
  296. ^ Furman, Phyllis (26 October 1998). "Investment Banker Hopes to Issue More Rock 'n' Roll Bonds". New York Daily News. Sec. Business, p. 28. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  297. ^ Venkataraghavan, Srinivasan. "David Bowie Bonds & IP Securitization". CommodityOnline. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  298. ^ "Bowie Rocks Wall Street". Eastside Journal. Bellevue, WA. Associated Press. 15 February 1997. pp. B1, B4.
  299. ^ "The Pullman Group – David Bowie Bonds". Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  300. ^ Lonkevich, Susan. "David Pullman". The Pennsylvania Gazette. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  301. ^ "A Short History of the Bowie Bond". FT Alphaville. 11 January 2016.
  302. ^ Jump up to:a b Stuart, Keith (11 January 2016). "BowieNet: how David Bowie's ISP foresaw the future of the internet". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  303. ^ Hogan, Marc. "Behind David Bowie's Pioneering Internet Service BowieNet, Where the 'Sailor' Was Known to Roam". Billboard. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  304. ^ Jump up to:a b Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 482.
  305. ^ Campbell, Michael (2011). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. New York City: G. Schirmer, Inc. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-84002-976-8.
  306. ^ Campbell 2008, p. 304.
  307. ^ Buckley 2004, p. 45.
  308. ^ Thomson 1993, p. 217.
  309. ^ Perone 2007, p. 183.
  310. ^ Paytress 2003, p. 218.
  311. ^ Jump up to:a b "2016 deaths: The great, the good and the lesser known". BBC News. 30 December 2016.
  312. ^ Gompertz, Will (11 January 2016). "David Bowie: The Picasso of pop". BBC News. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  313. ^ "Bono Remembers David Bowie: 'He Is My Idea of a Rock Star'". Rolling Stone. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  314. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 516–517, 524, 529.
  315. ^ Filicky, Brad (10 June 2002). "Reviews; David Bowie: Heathen". CMJ New Music Report. 71 (766): 13.
  316. ^ Forget, Thomas (2002). David Bowie (Rock & Roll Hall of Famers). New York City: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8239-3523-9.
  317. ^ "NME poll places Bowie as most influential artist of all-time". NME. 27 November 2000. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  318. ^ Petridis, Alexis (11 January 2016). "David Bowie: the man who thrilled the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  319. ^ McCormick, Neil (11 January 2016). "A one-man melting pot of ideas: why we will never solve the mystery of David Bowie's music". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  320. ^ Jump up to:a b Easton, Mark (12 January 2016). "Bowie: the creative force who changed Britain". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  321. ^ Thompson, Jody (8 January 2007). "Sixty things about David Bowie". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  322. ^ Zaleski, Annie (12 January 2016). "How David Bowie influenced our scene". Alternative Press. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  323. ^ Sheffield, Rob (11 January 2016). "Thanks, Starman: Why David Bowie Was the Greatest Rock Star Ever". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  324. ^ Kollmeyer, Barbara (11 January 2016). "David Bowie death triggers tributes from Iggy Pop, Madonna—even the Vatican and the German government". MarketWatch. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  325. ^ "Vatican culture official pays tribute to David Bowie". Catholic Herald. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  326. ^ "StardustForBowie, Mira in the eye of a Cyclone ... – MIRA". Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  327. ^ Malkin, Bonnie (17 January 2016). "David Bowie: astronomers give the Starman his own constellation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  328. ^ "Astronomers Pay Tribute to Bowie With New Constellation". Rolling Stone. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  329. ^ "David Bowie: The Last Five Years". BBC. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  330. ^ O'Connor, Roisin (10 January 2017). "Celebrating David Bowie's 70th birthday in Brixton, gig review: Touching tributes from those who knew him". The Independent. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  331. ^ "David Bowie fans gather for birthday concert". BBC. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  332. ^ Seemangel, Robin (6 February 2018). "SpaceX Successfully Launches the Falcon Heavy—And Elon Musk's Roadster". Wired. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  333. ^ "David Bowie Is". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  334. ^ "Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty Is Most Popular Show in V&A's History". The Guardian. Press Association. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  335. ^ "Touring Exhibition: David Bowie is". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  336. ^ von Aue, Mary (1 March 2018). "David Bowie Retrospective Starts Its Final Bow at Brooklyn Museum". Billboard. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  337. ^ Clarke, Stewart (31 January 2019). "Johnny Flynn to Play David Bowie in 'Stardust,' Marc Maron Also Attached". Variety. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  338. ^ Arnold, Ben (1 February 2019). "David Bowie's son Duncan Jones slams plans for planned biopic about his dad". Yahoo!. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  339. ^ Reed, Ryan (12 March 2020). "Tribeca Film Festival Postponed Over Coronavirus Precautions". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 August2020.
  340. ^ Perone 2007, p. 4.
  341. ^ Perone 2007, pp. 22, 36–37.
  342. ^ Perone 2007, p. 12.
  343. ^ Thompson, Jo (2004). Find Your Voice: A Self-Help Manual for Singers. Chamalières, France: Artemis Editions. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-634-07435-6.
  344. ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 483.
  345. ^ Campbell 2008, p. 254.
  346. ^ Kristobak, Ryan (20 May 2014). "Comparing The Top Artists, Past And Present, By Vocal Range". The Huffington Post. Australia. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 22 May2014.
  347. ^ Thompson 2006, p. 346.
  348. ^ Hopkins, Jerry (1985). Bowie. MacMillan. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-02-553730-9.
  349. ^ Perone 2007, pp. 17–44, 152–160.
  350. ^ Buckley 2004, p. 48.
  351. ^ Jump up to:a b Thian, Helene Marie (24 March 2015). "Moss Garden". In Eoin Devereux (ed.). David Bowie: Critical Perspectives. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-317-75449-7.
  352. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 41–42.
  353. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 655–656.
  354. ^ Sandford 2009, p. 46.
  355. ^ Heawood, Sophie (8 January 2013). "David Bowie has gone from new to old – and what a beautiful thing it is". The Independent. London, England. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  356. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 160–161.
  357. ^ Heatley, Michael; Hopkinson, Frank (24 November 2014). The Girl in the Song: The Real Stories Behind 50 Rock Classics. Chicago: Anova Books. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-909396-88-3.
  358. ^ Seale, Jack (8 January 2013). "David Bowie rocks music world with Where Are We Now?". Radio Times. London, England. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  359. ^ Saner, Emine (17 March 2006). "Angie Bowie: 'Why I gave up my son Zowie'". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  360. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 147–148.
  361. ^ Sandford 2009, p. 197.
  362. ^ Bowie, Angie (11 January 2016). "David Bowie's first wife Angie on her fiery marriage to 'one in a million' music genius". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 October2019.
  363. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 304–305.
  364. ^ "FIRST LOOK: The News in Brief, 15 August 2000". E!. 15 August 2000. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  365. ^ "Iman". The FMD – FashionModelDirectory.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  366. ^ Dumas, Daisy (16 January 2016). "Bowie Down Under: star hooked on Sydney". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 January2016.
  367. ^ "Who knew? Pop superstar David Bowie was once a secret resident of Sydney's Elizabeth Bay". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). 7 May 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  368. ^ Buckley, Christopher (31 August 1992). "David Bowie's House on the Island of Mustique". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  369. ^ Watts, Michael (22 January 2006). "On the cusp of fame, Bowie tells Melody Maker he's gay – and changes pop for ever". The Observer. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  370. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 140.
  371. ^ "Interview: David Bowie". Playboy. September 1976. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  372. ^ Andersen, Christopher (July 2012). Mick: the Wild Life and Mad Genius of Jagger. Robson Press. ISBN 978-1-84954-382-8.
  373. ^ Anderson, Christopher (9 July 2012). "Mick Jagger's affair with David Bowie revealed in new book: They 'were really sexually obsessed with each other'". New York Daily News. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  374. ^ "David Bowie Calls Himself 'A Closet Heterosexual'". Orlando Sentinel. 30 May 1993. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  375. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 106.
  376. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Parsons, Tony. "Bowie, what is he like?". Arena. Spring/Summer 1993. Retrieved 31 January 2016 – via Exploring David Bowie.
  377. ^ Collis, Clark (August 2002). "Dear Superstar: David Bowie". Blender. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  378. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 141.
  379. ^ Buckley 2005, pp. 147.
  380. ^ Jump up to:a b Sandford 1997, p. 48.
  381. ^ "Thurston Moore Reflects on David Bowie". Pitchfork. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  382. ^ Gamboa, Glenn (21 February 2001). "Stardust Memories – Without Tibet House, David Bowie never may have gotten Ziggy with it. Now the pop star returns the favor ..." Newsday. Retrieved 11 January2016.
  383. ^ Johnson, Bridget (13 January 2016). "Why David Bowie Knelt and Said the Lord's Prayer at Wembley Stadium". PJ Media. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  384. ^ Simon Bates radio interviews, BBC Radio 1, 29–31 March 1993
  385. ^ Jump up to:a b DeCurtis, Anthony (5 May 2005). In Other Words: Artists Talk About Life And Work. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 262–263. ISBN 978-0-634-06655-9. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  386. ^ Morley, Paul (2016). The Age of Bowie. London: Simon and Schuster. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-47114-810-1.
  387. ^ Cavanagh, David (February 1997). "ChangesFiftyBowie". Q: 52–59.
  388. ^ Egan, Sean (2015). Bowie on Bowie: Interviews and Encounters. London, England: Souvenir Press Ltd. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-56976-977-5.
  389. ^ Cavanagh, David (February 1997), "ChangesFiftyBowie", Q magazine: 52–59
  390. ^ Clement, Olivia (11 January 2016). "'Look Up Here, I'm in Heaven' – Poignant Lyrics to Bowie's 'Lazarus' Signal His Farewell". Playbill. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  391. ^ "Pre-fame David Bowie takes a stand to fight injustice on first-ever TV appearance". Far Out. 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  392. ^ "David Bowie on long-haired men, 1964"". BBC. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  393. ^ Valdesolo, Fiorella (12 January 2016). "How David Bowie Changed the Way We Look at Beauty". Glamour. Retrieved 13 September2021.
  394. ^ "Flashback: The Clash Rock Against Racism in 1978". Rolling Stone. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  395. ^ Manzoor, Sarfraz (20 April 2008). "1978, the year rock found the power to unite". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  396. ^ Gilmore, Mikal (18 January 2012). "Cover Story Excerpt: David Bowie". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  397. ^ Nichols, John (11 January 2016). "David Bowie, the 'Apolitical' Insurrectionist Who Taught Us How to Rebel". The Nation. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  398. ^ "David Bowie Criticizes MTV for Not Playing Videos by Black Artists". MTV News. 1983. Retrieved 13 January 2016 – via YouTube.
  399. ^ Christian, Margena A (9 October 2006). "Why It Took So Long For MTV To Play Black Videos". Jet. p. 17.
  400. ^ Loder, Kurt (12 May 1983). "Straight Time". Rolling Stone. No. 395. pp. 22–28, 81.
  401. ^ "Brit Awards 2014: David Bowie wins best British male award". BBC News. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  402. ^ "Oldest Brit winner David Bowie enters independence debate". BBC News. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  403. ^ "David Bowie on Scottish independence: Reactions on Twitter". The Independent. London, UK. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  404. ^ Greene, Andy (2 February 2016). "Michael Moore: Bob Dylan Loved Fahrenheit 9/11". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  405. ^ Gallagher, Paul (11 January 2016). "David Bowie died from liver cancer he kept secret from all but handful of people, friend says". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  406. ^ "Shock and condolences as the Netherlands reacts to David Bowie's death". DutchNews.nl. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  407. ^ "David Bowie: Friends and stars pay tribute". BBC News. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016. Alt URL
  408. ^ "David Bowie's Death a 'Work of Art,' Says Tony Visconti". Rolling Stone. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  409. ^ "Bowie 'died from liver cancer'". The New Zealand Herald. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016.
  410. ^ "David Bowie fans create makeshift London shrines". BBC News. 14 January 2016.
  411. ^ "David Bowie: Brit Awards tribute for 'visionary' musician". BBC News. 14 January 2016.
  412. ^ Hunt, Elle (13 January 2016). "Global streams of David Bowie's songs on Spotify soar 2,822% after his death". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016.
  413. ^ Barron, James (29 January 2016). "David Bowie's Will Splits Estate Said to Be Worth $100 Million". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  414. ^ Woolf, Nicky. "David Bowie's Will Detailed, Ashes Scattered in Bali". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  415. ^ "Ivor Novello Awards". Bucks Music Group. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  416. ^ "Grammy Award Winners". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  417. ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award: Past Recipients". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  418. ^ "Brit Awards 2016: Adele dominates with four awards". BBC. 25 February 2016.
  419. ^ "Brit Awards 2014: David Bowie wins Best Male and wades into Scottish independence debate via Kate 'Ziggy' Moss". The Independent. 11 January 2015.
  420. ^ "Read Annie Lennox And Gary Oldman's David Bowie Tribute Speeches at the Brit Awards 2016". NME. 4 October 2016.
  421. ^ Lichfield, John (8 May 2009). "The Big Question: How does the French honours system work, and why has Kylie been decorated?". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  422. ^ "ChChChChanges". Berklee College of Music. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  423. ^ Thompson, Jody (8 January 2007). "Sixty things about David Bowie". (No. 35): BBC News. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  424. ^ "David Bowie turns down knighthood". music-news.com. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  425. ^ Gill, Andy (2 January 2016). "Rebel, rebel: We profile singing legend David Bowie". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January2016.
  426. ^ Gill, Andy (2 January 2016). "Rebel, rebel: We profile singing legend David Bowie". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  427.   Wilkinson, Peter (22 March 2013). "Bowie exhibition charts life of pop's ultimate Starman". CNN. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  428.   Anderson, Kyle (21 January 2016). "David Bowie EW cover story: How the singer, style icon, and eternal chameleon, ch-ch-ch-changed pop culture forever". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  429. ^ "RIAA Searchable Database: search for David Bowie". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  430. ^ "Rolling Stone greatest albums of all time". Rolling Stone. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  431. ^ "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Archived from the original on 17 March 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  432. ^ "David Bowie ranked 4th most celebrated artist". Acclaimed Music. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  433. ^ "100 great British heroes". BBC. 21 August 2002. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  434. ^ "100 Greatest Artists: 39 David Bowie". Rolling Stone. 11 January 2015.
  435. ^ "Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame: EMP welcomes five major players". EMP Museum. June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013.
  436. ^ "David Bowie: Shape-shifting musician and movie star". EMP Museum. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  437. ^ Sheffield, Rob (11 January 2016). "Thanks, Starman: Why David Bowie Was the Greatest Rock Star Ever". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  438. ^ "David Bowie spider videos, photos and facts – Heteropoda davidbowie". ARKive. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  439. ^ "It's no 'Space Oddity': Mile-Wide David Bowie Asteroid to Forever Float in Outer Space". denver.cbslocal.com. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  440. ^ Kreps, Daniel (16 January 2016). "Belgian Astronomers Pay Tribute to David Bowie With New Constellation". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  441. ^ Gaca, Anna (27 March 2018). "David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted". Billboard. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  442. ^ "Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury". BBC. 25 March 2018. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  443. ^ Pegg, p. 263[incomplete short citation]


Sources

Buckley, David (2000) [First published 1999]. Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0457-4.
Buckley, David (2004). David Bowie: The Complete Guide To His Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-423-1.
Buckley, David (2005) [First published 1999]. Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-1002-5.
Campbell, Michael (2008). Popular Music in America: And The Beat Goes On. Schirmer. ISBN 978-0-495-50530-3.
Carr, Roy; Murray, Charles Shaar (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-77966-6.
Doggett, Peter (2012). The Man Who Sold the World: David Bowie and the 1970s. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-202466-4. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020.
Evans, Mike (2006). Rock 'n' Roll's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary Tales from Over Fifty Years. Chicago: Anova Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-923-9.
Gillman, Peter; Gillman, Leni (1987) [1986]. Alias David Bowie. New English Library. ISBN 978-0-450-41346-9.
O'Leary, Chris (2015). Rebel Rebel: All the Songs of David Bowie from '64 to '76. Winchester: Zero Books. ISBN 978-1-78099-244-0.
Paytress, Mark (2003). Bolan: The Rise and Fall of a 20th Century Superstar. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-9293-1.
Paytress, Mark (2009). Bolan: The Rise and Fall of a 20th Century Superstar. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-023-6.
McKay, George (1996). Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance. Miamisburg, Ohio: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-908-8.
Pegg, Nicholas (2000). The Complete David Bowie. Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 978-1-90311-114-7.
Pegg, Nicholas (2006). The Complete David Bowie. Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 978-1-90528-715-4.
Pegg, Nicholas (2016). The Complete David Bowie (Revised and Updated ed.). London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-1-78565-365-0.
Perone, James E. (2007). The Words and Music of David Bowie. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-99245-3.
Perone, James E. (2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37906-2. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
Roberts, David (ed.) (2001). Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles. Guinness World Records Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85156-156-1.
Sandford, Christopher (1997) [First published 1996]. Bowie: Loving the Alien. London: Time Warner. ISBN 978-0-306-80854-8.
Seabrook, Thomas Jerome (2008). Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town. London: Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-90600-208-4.
Sandford, Christopher (5 August 2009). Bowie: Loving The Alien. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-7867-5096-2.
Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2007). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33845-8.
Spitz, Marc (2009). Bowie: A Biography. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-71699-6.
Sullivan, Steve (2017). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-44225-449-7.
Thomson, Elizabeth (1993). The Bowie Companion. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-283-06262-9.
Thompson, Dave (2006). Hallo Spaceboy: The Rebirth of David Bowie. Ecw Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-733-8.
Trynka, Paul (2011). David Bowie – Starman: The Definitive Biography. New York City: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-31603-225-4.


Further reading

Auliac, Philippe (2004). Passenger – David Bowie Photobook. Venezia: Sound & Vision. p. 200.
Cann, David (2011). Any Day Now: David Bowie the London Years 1947–1974. Kenneth Pitt in Books.
Cole, Shaun (2000). 'Don We Now Our Gay Apparel': Gay Men's Dress in the Twentieth Century. London: Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-415-5.
Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32970-8.
Duffy, Chris; Cann, Kevin (2014). Duffy/Bowie Five Sessions (1st UK ed.). ACC Editions. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-85149-765-2.
Egan, Sean (2015). Bowie on Bowie. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-977-5.
Greco, Nicholas P. (2015). David Bowie in Darkness: A Study of 1. Outside and the Late Career. McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-9410-1.
Hendrikse, Wim (2004). Never Get Old. Man of Ch-Ch-Changes Part 1 and Part 2. Gopher Publishers.
Hendrikse, Wim (2013). David Bowie: The Man Who Changed the World. Authors Online.
Jacke, Andreas (2011). David Bowie – Station To Station. Psychosozial- Verlag.
Sheffield, Rob (2016). On Bowie. Dey Street Books. ISBN 9780062562708.
Tremlett, George (1997). David Bowie: Living on the Brink. Carroll and Graf. ISBN 9780786704651.
Waldrep, Shelton, "Phenomenology of Performance", The Aesthetics of Self-Invention: Oscar Wilde to David Bowie, University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
Welch, Chris (1999). David Bowie: We Could Be Heroes: The Stories Behind Every David Bowie Song. Da Capo Press.
Wilcken, Hugo (2005). 33⅓: David Bowie's Low. Continuum.
St. Clair, Jeffrey (6 May 2016). David Bowie’s 100 Favorite Books, the CounterPunch Connection, CounterPunch[deprecated source?]


External links
David Bowieat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
Library resources about
David Bowie

Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries

Official website
David Bowie – Sound and Vision BBC Documentary (YouTube), 2003, 1:26 h,
David Bowie at IMDb
David Bowie at the TCM Movie Database
David Bowie at the Internet Broadway Database
David Bowie at Curlie
"David Bowie". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Works by or about David Bowie in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
David Bowie National Portrait Gallery

hide

v
t
e
David Bowie


Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Filmography
Studio albums

David Bowie (1967)
David Bowie (1969)
The Man Who Sold the World
Hunky Dory
The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars
Aladdin Sane
Pin Ups
Diamond Dogs
Young Americans
Station to Station
Low
"Heroes"
Lodger
Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)
Let's Dance
Tonight
Never Let Me Down
Black Tie White Noise
Outside
Earthling
Hours
Toy
Heathen
Reality
The Next Day
Blackstar
With Tin Machine

Tin Machine
Tin Machine II
Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby
Live at La Cigale, Paris, 25th June, 1989
Live albums

David Live
Stage
Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture
Santa Monica '72
LiveAndWell.com
Glass Spider
Live Santa Monica '72
VH1 Storytellers
Bowie at the Beeb
A Reality Tour
Live Nassau Coliseum '76
Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74)
Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78)
Serious Moonlight (Live '83)
Glastonbury 2000
Ouvrez le Chien (Live Dallas 95)
Something in the Air (Live Paris 99)
I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74)
No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95)
Look at the Moon! (Live Phoenix Festival 97)
David Bowie At The Kit Kat Klub (Live New York 99)
Soundtracks

Christiane F.
Love You till Tuesday
Labyrinth
The Buddha of Suburbia
Lazarus
EPs

Baal
BBC Sessions 1969–1972
Earthling in the City
Live EP (Live at Fashion Rocks)
Space Oddity
The Next Day Extra
No Plan
Is It Any Wonder?
Compilations

The World of David Bowie
Images 1966–1967
Changesonebowie
The Best of Bowie
Changestwobowie
Rare
Golden Years
Fame and Fashion
Changesbowie
Early On (1964–1966)
The Singles Collection
Rarestonebowie
The Deram Anthology 1966–1968
The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974
The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979
Bowie at the Beeb
All Saints
Best of Bowie
Club Bowie
The Collection
The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987
iSelect
Nothing Has Changed
Legacy
Box sets

Sound + Vision
The Platinum Collection
David Bowie
Five Years (1969–1973)
Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976)
A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982)
Loving the Alien (1983–1988)
Spying Through a Keyhole
Clareville Grove Demos
The 'Mercury' Demos
Conversation Piece
Brilliant Live Adventures
Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001)
Concert videos

The 1980 Floor Show
Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars
Serious Moonlight
Glass Spider
Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby
VH1 Storytellers
Reality: Tour Ed.
A Reality Tour
Glastonbury 2000
Video albums

Love You till Tuesday
Video EP
Jazzin' for Blue Jean
Day-In Day-Out
Tin Machine
Bowie – The Video Collection
Black Tie White Noise
Jump: Interactive CD-ROM
Best of Bowie
Reality
The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987
The Next Day Extra
Documentaries

Cracked Actor
Ricochet
Black Tie White Noise
Sound and Vision
Tours

Ziggy Stardust Tour
Diamond Dogs Tour
Isolar
Isolar II
Serious Moonlight Tour
Glass Spider Tour
Tin Machine Tour
Sound+Vision Tour
It's My Life Tour
Outside Tour
Outside Summer Festivals Tour
Earthling Tour
Hours Tour
Mini Tour
Heathen Tour
A Reality Tour
Related

Iman (wife)
Angie Bowie (first wife)
Duncan Jones (son)
The Hype
Berlin Trilogy
Major Tom
Ziggy Stardust
The Spiders from Mars
Ava Cherry
The Thin White Duke
Jareth
The Nomad Soul
Symphony No. 1 "Low"
Symphony No. 4 "Heroes"
Symphony No. 12 "Lodger"
"Bowie"
David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf
We Were So Turned On: A Tribute to David Bowie
The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions
Heteropoda davidbowie
Lazarus
Stardust
Death
Art collection
David Bowie Is
Statue of David Bowie
Tao Jones Index

Category
Posted by at
Labels: , , , , ,