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Friends Divided by Gordon S. Wood - Penguin Books Australia

Friends Divided: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Kindle Edition

by Gordon S. Wood (Author) Format: Kindle Edition

Published: 18 October 2018
ISBN: 9780735224735
Imprint: Penguin
Format: Trade Paperback
Pages: 512
RRP: $29.99
Categories:History

Gordon S. Wood

From the great historian of the American Revolution, New York Times-bestselling and Pulitzer-winning Gordon Wood, comes a majestic dual biography of two of America's most enduringly fascinating figures, whose partnership helped birth a nation, and whose subsequent falling out did much to fix its course.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams could scarcely have come from more different worlds, or been more different in temperament. Jefferson, the optimist with enough faith in the innate goodness of his fellow man to be democracy's champion, was an aristocratic Southern slaveowner, while Adams, the overachiever from New England's rising middling classes, painfully aware he was no aristocrat, was a skeptic about popular rule and a defender of a more elitist view of government. They worked closely in the crucible of revolution, crafting the Declaration of Independence and leading, with Franklin, the diplomatic effort that brought France into the fight. But ultimately, their profound differences would lead to a fundamental crisis, in their friendship and in the nation writ large, as they became the figureheads of two entirely new forces, the first American political parties. It was a bitter breach, lasting through the presidential administrations of both men, and beyond.

But late in life, something remarkable happened: these two men were nudged into reconciliation. What started as a grudging trickle of correspondence became a great flood, and a friendship was rekindled, over the course of hundreds of letters. In their final years they were the last surviving founding fathers and cherished their role in this mighty young republic as it approached the half century mark in 1826. At last, on the afternoon of July 4th, 50 years to the day after the signing of the Declaration, Adams let out a sigh and said, "At least Jefferson still lives." He died soon thereafter. In fact, a few hours earlier on that same day, far to the south in his home in Monticello, Jefferson died as well.

Arguably no relationship in this country's history carries as much freight as that of John Adams of Massachusetts and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. Gordon Wood has more than done justice to these entwined lives and their meaning; he has written a magnificent new addition to America's collective story.Read less

Praise for Friends Divided

This is an engrossing story, which Wood tells with a mastery of detail and a modern plainness of expression that makes a refreshing contrast with the 18th century locutions of his subjectsTHE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW

Lucid and learned . . . Wood has become the leading historian of the ‘Founding Fathers’ . . . Never has John Adams been more relevant than todayTHE WALL STREET JOURNAL

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From the great historian of the American Revolution, New York Times-bestselling and Pulitzer-winning Gordon Wood, comes a majestic dual biography of two of America's most enduringly fascinating figures, whose partnership helped birth a nation, and whose subsequent falling out did much to fix its course.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams could scarcely have come from more different worlds, or been more different in temperament. Jefferson, the optimist with enough faith in the innate goodness of his fellow man to be democracy's champion, was an aristocratic Southern slaveowner, while Adams, the overachiever from New England's rising middling classes, painfully aware he was no aristocrat, was a skeptic about popular rule and a defender of a more elitist view of government. They worked closely in the crucible of revolution, crafting the Declaration of Independence and leading, with Franklin, the diplomatic effort that brought France into the fight. But ultimately, their profound differences would lead to a fundamental crisis, in their friendship and in the nation writ large, as they became the figureheads of two entirely new forces, the first American political parties. It was a bitter breach, lasting through the presidential administrations of both men, and beyond.

But late in life, something remarkable happened: these two men were nudged into reconciliation. What started as a grudging trickle of correspondence became a great flood, and a friendship was rekindled, over the course of hundreds of letters. In their final years they were the last surviving founding fathers and cherished their role in this mighty young republic as it approached the half century mark in 1826. At last, on the afternoon of July 4th, 50 years to the day after the signing of the Declaration, Adams let out a sigh and said, "At least Jefferson still lives." He died soon thereafter. In fact, a few hours earlier on that same day, far to the south in his home in Monticello, Jefferson died as well.

Arguably no relationship in this country's history carries as much freight as that of John Adams of Massachusetts and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. Gordon Wood has more than done justice to these entwined lives and their meaning; he has written a magnificent new addition to America's collective story.

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Editorial Reviews

Review

“This is an engrossing story, which Wood tells with a mastery of detail and a modern plainness of expression that makes a refreshing contrast with the 18th century locutions of his subjects.” —The New York Times Book Review

“Lucid and learned… Wood has become the leading historian of the ‘Founding Fathers’… Never has John Adams been more relevant than today.” —The Wall Street Journal

"Whenever I read Gordon Wood, the dean of eighteenth century American historians, I feel as if I am absorbing wisdom at the feet of the master. Friends Divided is teeming with exceptionally acute and unvarnished insights into Thomas Jefferson and John Adams as they do battle for the nation's soul. Jefferson's sunny, almost Panglossian, optimism, juxtaposed with the dark, dyspeptic musings of Adams, presents readers with nothing less than a vivid composite portrait of the American mind." —Ron Chernow, author of Grant and Alexander Hamilton

“This magisterial double biography recounts not only the lives of these two greatest founders but also the creation of the republic. It describes the world’s first successful democratic revolution and the founding of the first non-monarchical republic. . . it is a book about ideas as represented by two philosophical statesmen, and it makes political history and philosophy exciting. . . In Wood’s hands, Adams and Jefferson become Shakespearean in stature.” —Edith B. Gelles, The Washington Post

“Excellent . . . Friends Divided is an engaging book that's sure to appeal to anyone with an abiding interest in Revolution-era America and the leaders who shaped the country. Beautifully written and with real insight into Jefferson and Adams, it's a worthy addition to the canon, and yet another compelling book from Wood.” —NPR

“For decades now Gordon S. Wood, the Alva O. Way university professor of history at Brown and winner of the Pulitzer Prize, has been the go-to authority on everything related to the American Revolution. That Wood has written “Friends Divided’’ — a finely-crafted dual biography of Adams and Jefferson — is therefore a hearty cause for celebration. Every page sparkles with literary eloquence, flawless analysis, and dramatically plotted history that contains a lesson for a riven time.” — Douglas Brinkley, Boston Globe

“Gordon Wood is one of America’s premier historians and a national treasure. Winner of the Pulitzer as well as the Bancroft Prize, he is a rare scholar who writes with a combination of insight, academic depth, and accessible prose. In his latest book, penned at the summit of his career, Wood now sets his sights on the relationship of two of America’s most remarkable and fascinating statesmen, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. The story is enthralling…In this magnificent book, Gordon Wood has continued his invaluable work.” — Jay Winik, National Review

“In Friends Divided, Gordon S. Wood, a professor at Brown University and our finest historian of 18th-century America, provides a splendid account of the improbable friendship, estrangement and reconciliation between Adams, an irascible, ironic, hypersensitive middle-class New England lawyer, and Jefferson, a self-contained, diplomatic, slaveholding Virginia aristocrat.” —Minneapolis Star Tribune

“The acclaimed historian engages in a compelling examination of the complex relationship of the Founding Fathers…Among the other well-known personages in the narrative are Abigail Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Rush, all portrayed vividly by the author, whose approachable writing style is equal to his impressive archival research…An illuminating history of early Americans that is especially timely in the ugly, partisan-filled age of Trump.” —Kirkus Reviews, starred review

"As the dean of American historians, Gordon Wood had long shaped the nation's thinking about the true nature of the Founding. Now he turns his intellectual honesty and clear-eyed prose to the lives of Jefferson and of Adams, giving us a brilliant portrait of their complicated relationship. This is an indispensable account of two men, of the country they built, and of why their legacies matter even now. Bravo!" —Jon Meacham, author of American Lion and of Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power

“America's dialogue with its competing impulses had its origins in the fractured friendship of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Gordon Wood brings his unmatched knowledge of the scholarly literature to the task of recovering both sides of what is still America's longstanding argument with itself.” —Joseph J. Ellis, author of the forthcoming Then and Now: The Founders and US

About the Author

Gordon S. Wood is the Alva O. Way University Professor and professor of history at Brown University. His books have received the Pulitzer, Bancroft and John H. Dunning prizes, as well as a National Book Award nomination and the New York Historical Society Prize in American History. They include Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, Revolutionary Characters, The Purpose of the Past, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin, and The Idea of America.

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Penguin Press; 1st edition (October 24, 2017)

Language ‏ : ‎ English

Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 512 pages

ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0735224714

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0735224711

Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.8 pounds

Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.41 x 1.63 x 9.56 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #250,913 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

#332 in American Revolution Biographies (Books)

#661 in U.S. Revolution & Founding History

#779 in US Presidents

Customer Reviews: 4.7 out of 5 stars 422 ratings

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Gordon S. Wood

Gordon S. Wood is Alva O. Way Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University. His books include the Pulitzer Prize-winning The Radicalism of the American Revolution, the Bancroft Prize-winning The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin, and The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History. He writes frequently for The New York Review of Books and The New Republic.

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gordon wood john adams thomas jefferson friends divided united states founding fathers adams and jefferson well written adams and thomas declaration of independence jefferson and adams human nature french revolution divided john political parties great book benjamin rush david mccullough strengths and weaknesses states of america

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Mary Kandaras

5.0 out of 5 stars We honor Jefferson not Adams

Reviewed in the United States on July 18, 2022

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This book set forth the different philosophies of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Basically, Jefferson was optimistic and a bit naive. Adams was skeptical and realistic. This book explores the lives, friendship and political philosophies of two of the founding fathers. I found it very interesting!

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Donnie L Edwards

5.0 out of 5 stars Great look at the personal lives of Adams and Jefferson

Reviewed in the United States on July 10, 2022

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Wood is a great historian. He books are well laid out and easy to read.

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Clem

4.0 out of 5 stars Really good in some places....

Reviewed in the United States on July 25, 2020

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Although it probably wasn’t the intention of the author, this is really a great book to read during the current period of the United States simply because it illustrates that in the world of politics, nothing has really changed. It’s so tempting to see the ubiquitous bickering of the two political parties inflamed by tools such as social media and think that things have really gotten out of hand. Author Gordon S. Wood shows us that this behavior has been happening since the beginning of our country’s history. Adams and Jefferson were the first two presidential candidates who faced off against each other (George Washington was a unanimous selection as the first president). These two started out quite amiable towards each other, yet over time the differences between the two began to outweigh the similarities. This caused a plethora of insulting name-calling, bruised egos, faltered friendships and a divided country. Yes, even in its infancy, the United States was anything but united.

This book really isn’t a “co” biography. We learn a lot about both of these founding fathers, but the main highlight of this volume is the differences between the two. Sometimes this style of writing works, other times it felt a bit awkward. At least for my tastes. Maybe I was wanting more “biographical” information about the subjects? I’ve read excellent biographies of both of these individuals and felt like I already knew much about what author was telling his readers. That’s not a slam of the book, only an observation. For me, though, the parts of this book that I enjoyed the most were when these differences were told around specific event in history. My favorite part was during John Adams’ tenuous presidency with Jefferson serving as his vice-president (running mates weren’t selected as they are now; they were elected). You could definitely see the differences between the two expounded on and see how their already fragile feelings start to become more fractured. Other times, though, I felt as if I was sitting in a boring philosophy class with a very tepid instructor. We read an awful lot, for example, of the deep feelings and beliefs around topics such as a “constitution” and what it should include and involve. It can be quite drab reading.

Still, though, the pros of this book far outweigh the cons. What is particularly fascinating is that we are reading about a brand-new country. No one knew whether or not this “experiment” would work, and Adams and Jefferson had radically different ideas of success. In their minds, if things weren’t done their way, the whole country would collapse faster than it was assembled. Ironically, we see benefits and pitfalls of both of their philosophies and most clear-thinking people might argue the same is true with the political climate today.

Adams was the hard-core Federalist, who essentially wanted the new nation to mirror the government of Mother England. Yes, order was important, but he wanted to go as far as having hereditary succession. His belief was that all men were definitely NOT created equal and that only a certain level of a mind should be trusted to lead a nation. Jefferson, on the other hand, was of the rebellious Republican breed who thought government should be almost invisible. He DID believe all men were created equal, but by ‘equal’, well….among other things….that didn’t include Black people. So nothing was perfect back then either.

It should also be pointed out that both of these men died on the same day. Ironically, it was July 4, 1826 – the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. So in some strange way, these two individuals are probably more ‘connected’ than maybe they should be. In their latter years after serving in office, they seem to mellow their attitudes significantly towards each other. To be honest though, both of these individuals came across as being rather grumpy and uncompromising; especially towards each other. Still, though, it’s a great part of the history of the United States that needs to be learned. A good read despite the fact that it does get bogged down in places. You may want to start with a straight-up biography of the two men before tackling this one.

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David H. MacCallum

5.0 out of 5 stars the lengthy friendship of two of the most important early Americans

Reviewed in the United States on December 30, 2017

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Just when it seemed probable that Gordon Wood, the much decorated historian of the early days of the American Republic, would have run out of material after writing eight marvelous histories of this period, here comes yet another. Friends Divided is an absolute home run. It is readable, informative, even exciting at times. It breaks no new ground but it persuasively presents the strengths and weaknesses of two of the most important figures of the founding of our country: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.

Adams of course is relentlessly serious and determined. He is vastly well read, a marvelous political thinker, ambitious, argumentative, and even at times venomous. He takes offense easily, his feelings are never hidden. He argues his side of an issue as if it were the most important argument of his life. But in the end he is careful and effective as a senator and then as the second President of the country. As the political parties began to take early shape after the Revolution, Adams emerges as one of the leaders of the Federalist party.

Jefferson is quite the opposite in so many ways. He is an epicurean, at times more interested in his collection of expensive French wines than matters of state, wonderfully articulate, charming, and always trusting in the essential worth and promise of the American experiment in self government. In a very close election, with only eight electoral college votes separating them, Jefferson became the third president of the United States. He is the leader of an opposite political party, what was then called the Republicans.

These two men, different in so many ways, believed in the promise of America. In their later lives, long lives by any standard, they corresponded regularly. This correspondence convinced each of them that the other had remarkable gifts, unseen earlier in their careers. This close relationship, almost entirely contained in a full library of letters between the two of them, ended only on their deaths. Amazingly, both died on the same day, July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson’s magnificent explanation of the reasons for the American revolt against British rule.

Woods chooses to name Jefferson as the more important of these two men in terms of their impact on the shape of the American experiment. He argues his case well but, in this reader’s opinion, fails to place one final weight on the scale: in the end, he chooses to ignore Jefferson’s ownership of slaves and even his lengthy sexual exploitation of a black woman. Jefferson’s other gifts are, without question, remarkable but his treatment of black Americans must be seen for what it was: reprehensible.

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Amazon Customer

4.0 out of 5 stars Captivating and insightful

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 11, 2020

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Fantastic read. Gives an insight into both men’s virtues and human vices that go beyond American legend. I’m particularly thankful that history records they reconciled, despite their political differences and opposite temperaments. It gives hope to today’s modern world that passionate debate need not always lead to conflict and division.

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5.0 out of 5 stars Bought as a Gift

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 30, 2020

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This was for my husband who has a big interest in American Politics, past and present. He said it was very readable and enjoyed it greatly.

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Patricia Collyns

5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on January 5, 2018

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enjoyed

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Rafael Alves Ladeira

5.0 out of 5 stars Ótimo livro

Reviewed in Brazil on March 14, 2022

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Ótimo conteúdo, vale muito a pena a leitura.

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5.0 out of 5 stars How Adams and Jefferson repaired their friendship

Reviewed in Canada on August 29, 2021

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Very good!

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Friends Divided: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

Gordon S. Wood

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512 pages, Hardcover

First published November 7, 2017

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Gordon S. Wood

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Gordon S. Wood is the Alva O. Way University Professor and Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University. He is the author of many books, including The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, which won the Bancroft Prize and the John H. Dunning Prize of the American Historical Association; The Radicalism of the American Revolution, which won the Pulitzer Prize for History and the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize; The American Revolution: A History; The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin; Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different, which was a New York Times bestseller; Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (OUP, 2009), which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and winner of the American History Book Prize from the New-York Historical Society; and Friends Divided: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. He is a regular reviewer for the New York Review of Books.

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David Eppenstein

657 reviews

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May 11, 2020

I have a reverential devotion to the history of our founding and to the people involved in that undertaking. The more I read and learn about that era and about those engaged in that endeavor the more I am struck by their humanness and thus am further impressed with how difficult and dangerous our founding really was. While it is easy to revere Washington I have found the characters of Adams, Jefferson, and Hamilton to be more interesting and identifiable as real people with real virtues and real flaws. When I found this book by Gordon Wood there was no question of my purchase. Now that I have finished reading it however I admit that the task was not an easy one.

Much can be said both positive and negative about both Adams and Jefferson but one thing you cannot say is that these men were boring. So why was it that I was more than tempted a few times to quit this book because of how tedious it was? Once again we have an eminent scholar of American history writing for the benefit of his colleagues and not for those that truly need his wisdom, the reading public. Inspite of my growing disappointment I persisted in reading the book to the end because quitting a book ranks as near sacrilege to me. I can happily report that my persistence was rewarded as the author redeemed himself but I can't say this redemption is enough for me to be able to recommend this book to anybody that isn't a true devotee of the American Revolution.

The first quarter of the book starts a bit slow but then the author's approach becomes apparent and understandable. Wood is going to compare these two American icons and examine their agreements and disagreements. To do this the author gives us a study of those factors that affected the development of the personalities of Adams and Jefferson. The author details their family history, the nature of the communities and society in which they were raised, their friends and education, their employment, their romances and subsequent marriages, and their ambitions. I found this to be quite interesting and more informative than any prior history I have read about these two men. Then things started to really bog down because now the author decided to detail the origins of the political beliefs of these two men. When the author started to discuss the political ideology, philosophy, and theories of government of Adams and Jefferson it wasn't enough to simply tell the reader what each believed. No, the author had to give the origins of their thoughts by discussing the books they read on these subjects and then discuss the authors of those books and the origins of their thought. It is writing like this that gives studying history a bad reputation. I had to fight to stay awake on several occasions. The author obviously is very learned in this area but he didn't have to display the entire extent of his knowledge and more than a little restraint was definitely needed. This discussion spans the second quarter or third of the book and then it mercifully ends.

The book's redemption arrives in the last half when more recognizable territory appears starting with Adams' assumption of the presidency. This portion of the book contained a great deal of information that I have not previously encountered. The author relies heavily and quotes liberally from the correspondence of both men during this period of their lives. After their friendship was restored in the early 19th century they engaged in an extensive correspondence that the author uses to clearly highlight how these two giants of our history felt about a great number of issues of then current importance and about past events. This correspondence was as Adams stated their attempt to understand each other before they died. In all the reading I have done in which Adams and Jefferson are featured none has illustrated as clearly as this book how these two men thought and why. While this is true I only give the book a satisfactory rating of three stars because of the quagmire of the middle quarter of the book. With a bit of editing this could have been a much more readable, informative, and enjoyable book.

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Erin

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September 9, 2021

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson are two of America's founding fathers. Adams was our second President and Jefferson was third. Adams kinda got the short end of the stick because he had to follow George Washington. Adams personality was just not really conducive with life in politics. Jefferson on the other hand was made for politics. He was large than life even in his own time.

Friends Divided follows Adams and Jefferson from their early days plotting to overthrow the British government in America, through their lives in politics and into their post politics lives. The book claims that Adams and Jefferson were friends who turned on each other because of politics. But I don't think Thomas Jefferson was ever Adams friend. Jefferson was a phony friend.

Friends Divided was an eye opening look at just how much American politics hasn't changed in 200 years. I need to read more about John Adams in the future but next up in my project to read about every U. S. President, I'll be taking a deeper look at Thomas Jefferson's little secret...Sally Hemings.

I highly recommend this book and until next time always remember the politicians have always been trash.

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Jean

1,685 reviews

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December 23, 2017

This is a double biography that recounts the lives of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. It also recounts the creation of the republic. This is primarily a book about ideas as represented by two of the founding fathers. I enjoyed this book immensely. The author has a variety of topics and goes back and forth between the viewpoints of Adams and Jefferson. I learned a lot about both men as well as a good review of the founding of this country.

These two men, more so than other presidents, could be called philosophical statesman. There is a theme about the New Englander who never owned a slave and the Virginian who own many slaves. I found it interesting that both men read widely and collected libraries of classical and modern thinkers. These two men were quite different but found common ground in books and inquiring minds. Woods states that over the past two centuries Jefferson has become more popular and Adams has almost disappeared. I have to declare a bias on my part of being fascinated by John and Abigail Adams.

The book is well-written and meticulously researched. Wood finds relevance in one of their most arcane interest in political theory. Gordon S. Wood is a history professor at Brown University. He does a great job demonstrating the improbable friendship, estrangement and reconciliation between Adams and Jefferson. Woods states that Jefferson told Americans what they wanted to hear. Adams told them the truth and what they needed to know, which the Americans did not want to hear.

I read this as an audiobook downloaded from Audible. The book is fairly long at about eighteen hours. James Lurie does a great job narrating the book. Lurie is an actor and voice-over artist as well as an audiobook narrator.

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Deacon Tom F

1,480 reviews

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December 28, 2020

A Marvelous Look Into History.

This was a great book. Yes, it was very large but it was worth the time spent on it. The time allowed me to re flect on the well developed points.

There are multiple lessons for today. It shows it is possible for political rivals to come together occasionally. I would strongly suggest Ms Pelosi and her Republican counter part consume the lessons of this book. Our country would be greater if they did.

The amazing irony was they died on the same day. Exactly 50 years after the singing of the Declaration of Independence.

The book is marvelously researched and reads much like a mm obel in parts. As an wannabe historian,. I loved this book.

I highly recommend for history buffs.

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Brian Willis

544 reviews

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August 16, 2018

Many students of American history will no doubt know by now the miraculous (though Adams and Jefferson would have hated that term) occurrence of their concurrent deaths within a matter of hours on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1826. Many scholars and biographers will also have keyed in on the amazing correspondence between the two in their waning, retired years. But it may be a little surprising to realize that nobody has attempted a major concurrent biography of both our 2nd and 3rd Presidents.

Gordon Wood, as he always does, takes this a whole step further and writes the definitive book on the political philosophy of these two titans. This book is essential to anybody wanting to truly understand the Revolutionary era without the filter of political bias of blustering talk show analysts who appropriate the words of Adams and Jefferson for their own ends without any knowledge of their complexity. Wood does cover biographical facts, but this is really a book of their thoughts and their evolving political theories and influences. He draws heavily on the primary sources of the newly completed volumes of their collected papers. Though all of the above may sound like it could be horribly dry, it is absolutely fascinating in Wood's hands, an accomplished writer. While I don't want to spoil too many of the discoveries in the 433 pages here, any understanding of what America truly is is revealed by the dialogue - often literally - between these two who found themselves on the opposing ends of the political spectrum. Adams believed that humans are essentially flawed and needed checks and balances by their government in certain cases. Jefferson was a fatally flawed idealist who believed in truly unlimited, unhindered democracy; the people will make the right, wise choices (2016 alone proved him wrong). The book only gets better as it goes along, ending with the post mortem of Adams and Jefferson from 1812-1826 in their personal correspondence. Some of those conclusions might shock. But they are a pleasure of this book I won't spoil.

There are great books on Adams (McCullough's biography springs immediately to mind). Plenty of great books on Jefferson (Ellis and Meachem are just a few). But by placing them side by side, the view is much more broad and illuminating. An essential work.

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Profile Image for Dustin Lovell.

Dustin Lovell

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June 28, 2022

An excellent account of the nation's first generation told through the struggling friendship of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Examines the two presidents through their respective reputations, including both how they got them then and why aspects have stayed until now. Abigail Adams is the unnamed third character in the book, and John is given an implicit focus as the older and yet less well known Founder.

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Jill Meyer

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September 13, 2017

On July 4, 1826, 50 years after the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia, two men died. One, Thomas Jefferson, died at Monticello in Virginia, while the other, John Adams, died far away in Boston. Both men had been presidents of the United States, and since the country was not in the instant communication we have today, neither man knew of the other's impending death. In his superb new history, "Friends Divided: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson", Gordon Wood takes a detailed look at the lives and how each man's strengths and weaknesses influenced our new country.

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were, in many ways, polar opposites in both personality and upbringing. One was a slave-owning Southerner and the other was a Northerner, who deplored the idea of one man owning another. One had a charming, if somewhat melancholy demeanor where the other was a no-nonsense kind of man. But both were brilliant and were devoted to the cause of American independence from Great Britain. And after independence, the two were involved in setting up our governing system. Gordon Wood takes a penetrating look at both men and the times they lived in, He's a smooth writer and the book is excellent.

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Kelly [Book] Reality Of The Spiritual World 1942

PENDLE HILL PAMPHLET 21

Reality Of The Spiritual World

Thomas R. Kelly

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Throughout his years at Haverford College Thomas R. Kelly entered generously into the life of Pendle Hill. To Haverford-Pendle Hill students he gave both instruction and inspiration. He was lecturer in the summer term of 1936, and he visited us at many other times as a member of the American Friends Service Committee and of various other groups conferring here. He was always a warm friend of Pendle Hill and its purposes.

The second Sunday in January, 1941, he spent at Pendle Hill, leading a conference of the Meeting workers on cultivation of the spiritual life. On many who heard him that day, at the height of his power and effectiveness, he made an unforgettable impression which was intensified by the news of his sudden death five days later.

For these and for reasons of personal friendship, it seems fitting that some word of his be included in the Pendle Hill pamphlet series. It is with gratitude that the Publication Committee has received from Lael Kelly the present series of four addresses, given during the winter of 1940-41, which is here published as Pamphlet Twenty-One.

Thomas R. Kelly’s manuscript has been altered only in such verbal details as make it more suitable for print than for the spoken word.

Some of the material is similar to that in other of his writings; some is different, while some offers a fresh interpretation of the same truths.

Taken as a whole, these essays are a refreshing demonstration of the careful scholarship, the warm humanity, and the valid mystical experience which made so many of those who loved Thomas Kelly as a friend hearken to him as a prophet.

Published 1942, by Pendle Hill

http:/ / www.pendlehill.org/ pendle_hill_pamphlets.htm

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The four lectures are presented as sections in Reality of the Spiritual World:

"God,"
"The Spiritual World,"
"Prayer," and
"Fellowship."

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[Review] Reality Of The Spiritual World: Kelly, Thomas R.

https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/933322945938724907/2360535359932967828

https://sejinlifeforce.blogspot.com/2022/07/reality-of-spiritual-world-kelly-thomas.html

====

1] God

How can we be sure that God is real, and not just a creation of our wishes? We have disquieting desires for a God, for a real God. There come to us times of loneliness when we seem to have a premonition of a deep vastness in ourselves, when the universe about us, gigantic as it is in all its starry depths, seems cramped and narrow for our souls, and something makes u s long for an abiding Home. We have times of fatigue, of confusion, of exhaustion, of utter discouragement, when we long for a serene and everlasting Bosom on which to lay our heads and be at peace. But how can we be sure that what we call God is not a product of our wishful thinking, a self-delusion we create, a giant shadow of our longings flung up against the sky and asserted to be real?

We have moments when we long, not for freedom and yet more freedom, but for self-surrender, self-dedication, self-abandonment in utter loyalty to an Overself. If I could find an Object worthy of my utmost allegiance, if I could find a Mark worthy to be the aim of the bow of my life, I should gladly pull the arrow back to its head and let all fly upon a single shot. I should be integrated, freed from internal conflicts, those confusions and tangles within which make me ineffective, indecisive, wavering, half-hearted, unhappy. I should gladly be a slave of such a Being, and know that I am truly free when I am His utter slave. But I see men and women, my brothers and sisters in Germany and Italy and Russia, who joyfully commit their all to the State, to an earthly state, to a state which to them seems noble, glorious, and ideal. They seem to get integration and joy in enslavement similar to that which my religious friends get from commitment to an invisible, spiritual world. Maybe the values all lie on the subjective side, on the integration of self and the dedication of will to any object which is conceived as worthy. Maybe the object doesn’t have to be real but just to be thought to be real with a vigorous, fanatical intensity. I know that false ideas and misplaced enthusiasms have had as real effects upon men and u pon history as have well-grounded beliefs and ideals. Maybe the whole conviction of a Spiritual Reality shadowing over us all is such a hoax, a useful hoax as long as we believe it intensely, a hoax that stabilizes men and society and one that ought to be preserved and nourished and fostered for its useful social effect. Such is the almost universal argument in the mind of educated man.

But there is an inner integrity in us all which rejects all programs of As If. We cannot merely act as if there were a God, while we secretly keep our fingers crossed. This inner integrity demands the real; we cannot long tolerate complex ways of kidding ourselves, nor forever whistle to keep our courage up. It is an old maxim, with a double meaning: “Let the truth be known, though the heavens fall.” We are such creatures as demand to build upon the Truth. And if the Truth is that there are no heavens, but only earth, no real God, but only human cravings for a God, then we want to know that, and adjust our lonely lives to that awful fact.

First Argument: Analogy

Caught in this difficulty, that we long for a Real God, no, demand a Real God, yet can be sure of only our subjective longings, not of God’s objective existence, we ask a devou t friend, “Are you sure that God is real?” And he replies, “Yes, I am absolutely sure.” We then continue, “But why are you so sure there is a Reality, an actually existent reality corresponding to you r religiou scravings?” He replies, “I find myself in a world which furnishes real objects to answer all my central cravings. In me, subjectively, there is a craving for food. And I find, out there, in the world, that the Universe furnishes me real food. In me I find a profound craving for companionship. And out in the world there are real men and women wh o give their fellowship in answer to my craving. In me is an insistent craving for sex. And I find myself set in a universe that furnishes real beings of the opposite sex. I find in myself a craving for beauty, and out there I find beautiful objects that satisfy my soul. And when I find in myself a profound craving for God, for an absolu te resting place for my soul’s devotion, an Object for my last loyalty, I believe that here, too, there is an answering Object. The same structural situation — subjective craving, satisfying Object — is to be expected.”

“But,” we answer, “you are arguing from analogy. And analogies are notoriously treacherous. You argue that the fact of food-hunger, with its answering object of real food, gives you the right to say, ‘From the fact of God-hunger I am sure there is a real Bread of Life.’ But analogies break down. If analogies were always perfect, they would cease to be analogies and become identities. No, the time comes when similar situations part company, and are different. Perhaps the matter of God’s real existence is just such a case. One can’t be sure. And I want to be sure. At best your argument from analogy only indicates the possibility that there is an objectively real God, corresponding to my hunger for Him. Perhaps it even indicates probability. But I want deeper grounds than that.”

Second Argument: Authority

Disappointed in this first argu ment for the reality of a Spiritu al Being wherein we may cradle our life, we turn in a second direction and ask a devout Protestant: “Do you believe that God is utterly real?” He replies, “Yes,” and you ask, “Why?” to which he answers, “The Bible tells me God is real, that in Him we live and move and have our being.” “But why do you believe the Bible?” To this he replies, “Because the Scriptures are inspired.” You reply, “Yes, I strongly agree with you . But I suspect you and I may mean different things. Why do you say Scripture is inspired? Is it because you find in it the record of men who were drinking from the same fountains of life that well up in you , so that you; too, could write inspired words that would feed other hungry souls?” “Oh, no, no,” he might hastily reply, “I am no such great soul. God chose special men to write the Scriptu res, and I’m not one of them.” To this you may reply, “I disagree, and am bold enough to believe that the fountains of in spiration are not stopped. There is no one age of inspiration, no one special class of inspired. Either divine inspiration is renewed in every age and in all peoples, or it never flowed at all. Now tell me, why do you believe the Bible is inspired so that you can rely upon its testimony to th e reality of God?” He an swers, “The Bible is inspired because it is written, ‘All Scripture is given of God.’ ” “But wait. Do you mean to prove the Bible by the Bible? That is the crudest circle in argument. By the same argument the Book of Mormon is inspired, for it says it is, and therefore you must believe all Mormon teachings.” Then he retreats and says, “But the Bible is an ancient and revered authority, tested by time, canonized by Councils, and believed by multitudes.” You answer, “So are the Buddhist scriptures, such as the Dhammapada and The Lotus of the Wonderful Law . Your argument only amounts to this, ‘Forty million Frenchmen can’t be wrong.’ You only argue, ‘Forty million or forty billion Christians can’t be wrong in trusting the Bible.’ But if you ask forty m illion Asiatics you ’ll get a different answer. You ’ll have to surrender the authority of the Bible if it is based upon the circular argument, ‘The Bible is authoritative because it says authoritatively that it is authoritative.’ After which you can’t retreat in to the argument, ‘The Bible is a good and reliable authority because masses of people believe in it,’ imposing as that fact is, Mass agreement, even upon the existence of God, is not enough to prove that God exists. Maybe the whole of mankind is delu ded on the matter. That’s ju st my problem. And you don’t settle it for me by appealing to the authority of a revered Book , if that authority is guaranteed only by mass acceptance.”

The authoritarian evidence for the reality of God as given by many Protestants, who make the Book the supreme authority, reappears in different form if an average Roman Catholic is approached. His final defense of the authority of the Bible m ight be that Holy Church guaranteed the reliability of the Bible, and of the widespread conviction that there is a really existent God. For did not the Church Fathers and the Councils and the Bible agree in this matter, that there is a God in heaven, brooding over the world in love? But long ago Abelard startled the Roman Church by printing a little book with each page in two columns, in which, without comment, he set side by side contradictory statements of the Fathers of the Church. Evidently authorities disagree. And when authorities disagree, who shall be the au thority to choose between authorities? Roman Catholics would reply, “The Pope is infallible when he officially makes a decision.” Bu t you ask, “Who guarantees the infallibility of the Pope?” Answer: “The Vatican Council in 1870 pronounced the Pope infallible.” But are Church Councils infallible, so that they can infallibly guarantee the infallibility of the Pope? No, only the Pope is infallible. And there you are with au thoritarian guarantees of the reality of God fallen to the ground.

Third Argument: Causation

I shall take time to state only one more effort to prove the objective reality of the spiritual world. For, honestly, all these arguments leave me cold. Even if they were sound — and none of them is watertight — they would only quiet my intellectual questionings. They would never motivate me to absolute dedication to Him for whom I yearn. But religious men are dedicated men, joyously enslaved men, bon dservants of God and of his Christ, given in will to God. Arguments are devised subsequent to our deep conviction, not preceding ou r conviction. They bolster faith; they do not create it.

The third argument is this: Here is a world, amazingly complex, astonishingly interknit. Here are flowers, depending upon bees for pollination, and bees dependent upon flowers for food . Yonder are the starry heavens , adjusted, maintained, wheeling their way through staggering spaces in perfect rhythm and order. Whence comes it all, if not from God? And here am I, a complex being, of amazing detail of body and astounding reaches of mind. Yet my parents didn’t make me; they are as incapable of being my true cause as I am in capable of being the true cause of my children. This whole spectacle is too vast, too well articulated to be caused by any single thing in the world. There must be a cause outside and beneath the whole, which I call God, who creates, maintains, and preserves the whole world order.

Such an argument seems imposing and appealing to us all. But it is not absolutely watertight. For notice, this is not a perfect world, as we all know only too well from observation and experience. There are imperfections and flaws in it, notes that jar as well as notes that blend. The argument rests upon only half the evidence, the good in the world, not the evil and dislocation. There are maladjustments as well as adju stments. We may marvel at the human eye. But the great physicist Helmholtz said that if an optical workm an made for him an apparatus as im perfect and inefficient as a human eye, he would dismiss him. Here is the point: You can’t argue from an imperfect effect, the world, to a perfect cause, God. An imperfect effect can only legitimately imply an imperfect cause, not a perfect one. If a World Cause made this world, He was not omniscient, but had a streak of stupidity in Him, to have allowed flaws to creep in. Or else, if He was omniscient, He was not omnipotent, for, knowing what would be a world without flaws, He couldn’t produce it. Again, if He was omniscient and omnipotent, but still made an imperfect world, then he was not omni-benevolent but malicious, and delighted in torturing his creation by creating men with dream s of perfection, yet tantalizingly setting them in a world that grinds out the dreams of their hearts.

An d David Hum e, knowing all this, added the suggestion, maybe the world is the result of a superhuman but not divine creator who used trial and error and bungled many worlds before he succeeded in making this one. Look at a mod ern ocean liner, amazingly compact and interdependent, seeming to imply a master mind behind it. And then be introduced to the ship-builder, who may be a very mediocre person, just a man like ourselves. He merely inherited the experience of repeated ship-builders over the centuries, each of whom was no master mind but just found out a little detail and added it to the heritage. Maybe the World-Creator is stupid and bungling, but given sufficiently repeated trials and errors He may turn out a fairly decent world.

Other Arguments Indicated

I shall not complete the list nor state the ontological argument, which argues from the notion of a perfect being involving its existence. Nor shall I state the moral argument, which argues that moral experience requires a God for its final validation. Nor shall I state the argument from the agreement of the race, from the universality of religion among all tribes of men, for I have referred to it already in pointing out that mass agreement cannot back up any belief in an authority.

But there is a wholly different way of being sure that God is real. It is not an intellectu al proof, a reason ed sequence of thoughts. It is the fact that men experience the presence of God. In to our lives come times when , all unexpectedly, He shadows over us, steals into the inner recesses of our souls, and lifts us up in a wonderful joy and peace. The curtains of heaven are raised and we find ourselves in heavenly peace in Christ Jesus. Sometimes these mom ents of visitation come to us in strange surroundings — on lonely country roads, in a class room, at the kitchen sink. Sometimes they come in the hour of worship, when we are gathered into one Holy Presence who stands in our midst and welds us together in breathless hush, and wraps us all in sweet comfortableness into His arms of love. In such times of direct experience of Presence, we know that God is utterly real. We need no argument. When we are gazing into the sun we need no argument, no proof that the sun is shining.

This evidence for the reality of God is the one the Quakers primarily appeal to. It is the evidence upon which the mystics of all times rest their testimony. Quakerism is essentially empirical; it relies upon direct and immediate experience. We keep insisting: It isn’t enough to believe in the love of God, as a doctrine; you must experience the love of God. It isn’t enough to believe that Christ was born in Bethlehem, you mu st experience a Bethlehem, a birth of Christ in your hearts . To be a ble to defend a creed intellectually isn’t enough; you must experience as reality first of all what the creed asserts. And unless the experience is there, behind it, the mere belief is not enough.

We mus t therefore examine this evidence from experience of God with some care, to see if it is sound, for it is crucial.

First, let us notice that this experience which seems so clearly to be an experience of God energizes us enormou sly, in a way far different from arguments. Arguments that convince our intellect alone leave us merely with questions answered, but they do not bring us to our knees in humble, joyful submission into His hands of all that we are. They do not bring the unutterable joy that makes Pau l and Silas sing hymns at midnight in prison. Even though moments of the experience of Presence may dawn u pon us, and then fade, we are thereafter new men and women, plowed through to our depths, ready to run and not be weary, and to walk and not faint. We love God with a new and joyous love, wholly and completely. It is no commanded love, it is the joyfu l answer of our whole being to His revealed love. Our will becomes dedicated, our self-offering to God is vitalized by deep emotional reinforcement. Such experiences of God make men and women who are the dynamic, creative, untiring workers of a group, for they are energized at the base of their being by a Divine Energizing. I believe the real vitality of religion rests upon the fact that religious experience is universally taking place. It isn’t creeds that keep churches going, it is the dynamic of God’s life, given in sublime and intimate moments to men and women and boys and girls.

Second, let us notice that the experience seems to come from beyond us. It doesn’t seem to be a little subjective patch in our consciousness. It carries a sense of objectivity in its very heart, as if it arose from beyond us and came in as a revelation of a reality ou t there. If I may use a philosophic term, it is realistic. Just as my experience of that wall out there doesn’t seem to be a subjective state of my mind, but a disclosure of a real wall out there beyond me, so the experience of God has in its inner nature a testimony that an Object is being disclosed to us. We do not make it, we receive it. There is a passivity on our part, and an independence of our own intention to experience God that is universally testified to. God seems to be the active one, we the receptive ones. And in glad discovery we know that God is dynamically at work in the world, and at work in us, pressing in upon us, knocking at the door of our minds and doing things to us which arise in His own initiative.

Third, let us notice that, for the person who experiences these apparent invasions, there is set up a state of certainty about God which is utterly satisfying and convincing to himself. It is not the certainty that follows upon a sound argument. It is different, a kind of self-guaranteeing certainty. It cannot be transferred to anyone else, but it is a certainty which is enough to convince oneself completely. St. Augustine says that after such experiences he was certain of God, but in a new way. Intellectual convincement of the reality of God is utterly different from the felt reality of God.

One may have been in tellectually convinced of God’s existence, but the experience of God brings a new kind of meaning to the reality of God. He is real with a vividness and an indubitableness that is powerfully overwhelming to the individual. That inner certainty cannot be conveyed to another; it may only be caught by a contagion, as others see our lives and gain some intimation of the very springs of our being.

Now that we have given recognition to the testimony of experience, let us become more critical and intellectual. From a critical, in tellectual poin t of view I believe th at th e testimony of mystic experience is not absolutely logically free from flaws. Just as all logical proofs for God’s existence can be questioned, so the experien tial eviden ce is n ot intellectu ally watertight, and we may as well face it, and be aware of it, as intellects. Yet I do not find my faith in the reality of the experience of God shaken by the fact that I can find intellectual holes in the testimony, any more than I find my faith shaken by discovering that all logical proofs for God’s existence are defective. Such defects do not prove that God does not exist. They only drive us back to the old, old truth: we walk by faith and not by sight. Let us then be bold enough to face and acknowledge such criticism of the testimony of religious experience.

First, mere internal pressure of certainty does not prove certainty. Intense innerassurance that something is so does not make it so. The insane hospitals are full of people who have intense internal certainties that they are Jesus Christ, or Napoleon, or an angel from heaven. Shall we reject the internal pressure of certainty of the insane and keep the in tern al certain ties of th e sane? Medieval monks were internally certain that Satan whispered in their ear. If we accept some internal certainties, we should accept all, or else find some way of distinguishing between in tern al certainties. Not all can be true, or the world is a madhouse of contradictory certainties. I am persuaded that my experience of the presence of God is real, utterly real, that it originates in the invading love of God. But I must admit that, intellectually, my feeling of convincement is no more real and intense and, on this basis, no more reliable than the convincement of many people with whom I wholly disagree.

Second, if we retreat from this ground of assurance, we take refuge in a second assu rance that our experience of God is grounded in a real God. This second assurance comes from the fact that lives that have experienced God as vividly real are new lives, transformed lives, stabilized lives, integrated lives, soulsnewly sensitive to moral needs of men, newly dynamic in transforming city slums and eradicating war. By their fruits we know that they have been touched, not by vague fancies, by subjective, diaphanous visions, but by a real, living Power. The consequences of the experience are so real that they must have been released by a real cause, a real God, a real Spiritual Power energizing them.

Th is pragmatic test, this pointing to the fruits of religious experience, is the most frequent defense of its validity. Not only Rufus Jones but all other writers on the subject make use of it. And it is very convincing.

But there is a logical defect in this pragmatic test. Be patient with me while I turn logician for a moment. The argument runs:

If God has really visited us,

He has transformed our lives.

Our lives are transformed.

Therefore He has visited us.

There is a patent logical fallacy in this argument, which is named the Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent. A valid form would be that of Affirming the Antecedent, and would go like this:

If God has really visited us, He has transformed our lives.

He has visited us.

Therefore He has transformed our lives.

But this form is of no use to us, for the minor premise, “He has really visited us,” is just the question, and cannot appear as a premise, but should appear in the conclusion. The only valid form in which “He has really visited us” can appear in the conclusion is in the negative form:

If God has really visited us, He has transformed our lives.

Our lives are not transformed.

Therefore He has not really visited us.

But this valid argument does not prove what we were after, namely that God is really present when lives are transformed. It only proves the very important negative, He is n ot really present where lives are still shabby and unchanged. Professor Hocking among others many years ago pointed out the superiority of the negative pragmatic argu ment.

But, if religious experience cannot be proved to be entirely reliable by the pragmatic argu ment, is religion alone in this respect? Far from it. I wou ld remind you that the whole of experimental science which we revere today rests upon such argument, and faces the same predicament. Every scientific theory that is su pported by experimental evidence rests u pon th e fallacy of affirm in g th e consequ en t. Th e ou tcome is that the whole of scientific theory is probable only, not absolu tely certain. Bu t this fact has not paralyzed science, which proceeds all undisturbed by the logical defect, and, with open mind, lets down its faith u pon its findings.

For science rests upon faith, not upon certainty.

And this is the ground of religion. It rests upon a trust and a faith that for the religious man have become his deepest certainty, the certainty of faith, not the certainty of logic. The certainties of faith call out our whole selves in wholehearted and unreserved dedication. The certainties of logic leave our wills untouched and unenslaved. Be not disturbed by the intellectual criticism of subjectivity and of mystic experience which I have given. I am persuaded that God is greater than logic, although not contrary to logic, and our mere inability to catch Him in the little net of our human reason is no proof of His non-existence, but only of our need that our little reason shall be supplemented by His tender visitations, and that He may lead and guide us to the end of the road in ways superior to any that our intellects can plan. This is the blindness of trust, which walks with Him, unafraid, into the dark.

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2] The Spiritual World

It may seem as if I have been kicking over a great deal of religious furniture, offering criticisms not only of the traditional proofs for God’s existence but also of the validity of the mystical experience of the Presence of God. But I was only doing what the great philosopher, Immanuel Kant, said he must do — destroy reason in order to make room for faith.

James Bissett Pratt, of Williams College, traces religious development through three stages. The first stage, Primitive Credulity, is found in children and in primitive peoples. The second is the stage of Doubt and Criticism, and is found in the years of a dolescence and in sophisticated brain worshippers. The third, the Stage of Faith, is reached by those who have left behind their childish belief in a Big, Kind Man in the Sky, have passed safely through the tangles of expanded intellectual vision which science, history, psychology, and philosophy give us, and have found a serene and childlike faith that stands firm in the midst of changing intellectual views.

This third stage is strikingly akin to the first. It is the childlike simplicity of the truly great souls; of such, not of complicated professors, is the kingdom of heaven. It is a simplicity which is not naive, but enriched by a background of complex knowledge, not burdened or blinded by that complexity, but aware of it and sitting atop it. If it has been given to you to attain this third, mature stage of faith, you can voyage at will into arguments and discussions that are blasting at the second stage, and be untouched by them, for your life is down deep upon a Rock that is not founded upon argument and criticism and dispute. At this stage one can differ radically with another person intellectually, yet love him because he too is basically devoted to feeding upon the Bread of Life, not primarily devoted to chemical analysis of that Bread.

But turning to the whole subject, the Reality of the Spiritual World, we may ask by whom is the spiritual world peopled? Up to this time I have been speaking only of God. And, after all, only God matters. When men, the world over, reach up to that which is Highest above them, it is for God th at they yearn , no matter how He may be conceived, whether He be Allah, or Brahma, or the Tao, or Ahura Mazda, or the Father in Heaven of the Christian. But men have variously peopled the spiritual world with more than God; some have added angels, whole fluttering multitudes of angels; some have added devils or The Devil, Satan; some have added the souls of the departed. Some have made two spiritual worlds, a Heaven an d a Hell, with presiding divinities over each. Some have split the Christian deity into a Trinity of persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. Some, like Meister Eckhart and Jacob Boehme, the greatest mystics of the West, have asserted an Urgrund, a Godhead, a more basic view of Reality underlying all the variety of divine forms that are conceivable.

And, again, how does the spiritual world behave toward us? Some say it is aloof, self-contained, not noticing this world, like the gods of Epicurus and Lucretius, who, being perfect — by definition — could not want anything, and would be wholly unconcerned for us, not caring for our prayers, not desiring adoration, not insu lted or grieved by our sins. Others say that God and all His angels bend over us in loving solicitude, tenderly calling us back toward our true Home, that God knocks on the doors of our hearts and whispers sweet promptings toward Himself, that He assigns guardian angels to each of us, and that He came to earth and died on Calvary on our behalf.

In the midst of this welter of views about the spiritual world, how shall we find ou r way? They cannot all be true insights, for some of them are mutually inconsistent. What criterion can we use for rejecting some and accepting others?

Let u s try one criterion — reason. Can some of these views be discarded because they are contrary to reason, and others retained because reason guarantees them? In the preceding criticism it was pointed out that reason alone, using in tellectual processes, could not establish with certainty the existence of any God at all, no matter how conceived. And if reason fails even to establish the basic con dition , that there is a spiritu al world, it can hardly su cceed in deciding the dependent question, what is in the spiritual world. Reason may establish plausibility, that is rational possibility for the existence of such a world, but reason cannot establish that it exists.

Logical possibility does not establish actuality. When reason, out of her own inner resources, tries to argue for God’s existence, we get such a questionable argument as Duns Scotus produced in the Middle Ages: “God’s actual existence is possible. If God does not exist, His existence cannot be logically possible. Bu t God’s non-existence cannot be both possible and impossible at the same time. Therefore God exists!” I need not analyze this argument to show its falsity.

Several criteria for selecting among such conflicting views may be tried: (a) reason, (b) the judgment of those spiritu ally discerning souls whom we respect most, (c) the position taken by those writers of the Bible whom we appreciate most (essentially the same as the preceding test), (d) our own inner experience with God, whereby some of these views become vivid and precious for us, while others leave us cold.

No one of these tests is completely adequ ate or sure; each needs to be supplemented by the others. But of them all, we are members of a current which puts the greatest emphasis upon the last test, the vividness and vitality which some of these views develop in ourselves by an inner experience. This was George Fox’s final discovery. He tried all outward helps — preachers, reputedly great religious men — until at last, when all outward helps had failed, he turned within and found an inward teacher, the inner, living Spirit of Christ, who led him into Truth. This inward Teacher of Truth is the Inner Light, the Seed of God, through whose germination within we are led into Truth.

Thus, if I experience the love of God, feeling it bathing me, brooding over me, opening up to me deep responses, and sending me out into the world of men with a new and vital love for God and man, then I can say that I know experientially that God is a loving being.

If, on the other hand, I have no experience of the Holy Trinity, if I have no direct opening whereby I know how God the Father begets the Son, and how the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the Son, I let the whole Trinitarian view alone, as something not grounded in my experience.

But this test, because of its very privacy and uniqueness, would allow each individual’s insights to be final, if taken alone. A religious anarchy of private opinion would result, each man being the final measurer of truth. This would be the religious analogue of the Sophists of ancient Greece, and the same sophistry is widely current today, for we find plenty of people who say, “What is true and right for me is true and right for me, and what is true and right for you is true and right for you .” The public, universal character of truth would disappear. All religiou s groups, like the Qu akers, which pu t the final au thority not on an outer standard, like the Bible or the Church decisions, but on an inner authority, the guidance of the Inner Teacher, must face this difficulty.

But, you may reply, if God, or the heavenly order, is the originator of my inner persu asions, if all men are tau ght, within themselves, by the same light and source and teacher, all men ought to agree. Maybe the wide variation in sincere inner convictions indicates that there is no objective content to religion, only subjective wishes, various in various men.

I would answer in this way: All knowing arises in a relation between two things, the object out there, and the knowing subject, the knowing person here. Our knowledge of the object is conditioned, in part, by the actal nature of the object. But it is also conditioned, in part, by the expectations, the convictions, the already settled persuasions of the knower. Experience does not deliver to us a finished, unmodified account of the object. When a criminal is fleeing and in hiding, he hears a creaking board as the footstep of a pursuer. When three people testify as to what they saw in an automobile accident, the mechanic will report one thing, the hou sewife another, and the young man in the throes of his first love yet another. And all three are honest.

When a good Catholic like Joan of Arc has a mystical opening, she reports that St. Catherine is speaking to her. But when a Mahayana Buddhist reports a hea venly visitation, he says that Kwan Yin or Manjusri has visited him. The already accepted and dominant system of ideas in the background of the mind of the experiencer is an active modifier of the report. It is well-nigh impossible to get experience in the raw. Whatever it is in the raw, it is instantly caught up into a scheme of interpretation already pervading the mind of the experiencer. I have never heard of authentic accounts of a Buddhist who had not read a word of Catholic theology being visited by St. Catherine, or of a Catholic who had never read a word abou t Mahayana Bu ddhism being visited by Manjusri. The vast cultural background in which each of us is immersed sets a broad pattern of expectation, and furnishes the material for interpretation, into the texture of which whatever we might call raw experience is instantly and unconsciously woven. And the special circles of ideas in which we move do the same thing. A Quaker immersed in Quaker literature, Quaker silence, Quaker service, will reflect these things in his reports of his inner experience. On a humbler scale, any one who reads medical books describing the symptoms of a variety of diseases is likely to find the symptoms of bubonic plague, gout, manicdepressive insanity, and tuberculosis in himself.

Rufus J ones points out that mystical experience, indeed religiou s experience in general, is peculiarly open to suggestion. In this he is reiterating the same fact. Suggestion that there is something to hear if one listens for echoes and messages and intuitions arising from another world will put us into a state of expectation and of listening which I believe is greatly needed, and which is facilitated by repose, silence, and the quieting of the senses. What one hears, in this in ward listening, will be clothed in the system of ideas already current in the mind.

But, you may ask, does not inner experience bring surprises, as J oan of Arc was surprised that St. Catherine should visit her, a humble peasant girl of Domremy, and lay on her the bu rden of freeing France and crowning the French king? Yes, I reply, there are surprises of this sort, and a certain specific crystallizing of infinite possibilities around one solution that I do not fully understand.

Take the case of Paul on the Damascus road, struck down by the vision. When he cries out, “Who are thou, Lord?” do you think that was a genuine inquiry? By no means. He evidently had been accumulating annoying misgivings about the Christians ever since he held the men’s coats at the stoning of Stephen. These misgivings, these promptings had led him to feel that maybe the living God was in these Christfollowers whom he persecuted with such zealous cruelty. They had been thrust out of the focus of his conscious life, yet remained as a submerged system of possible in terpretation. Finally, in pent-u p pressure, comes this moment of disclosure of the ever-present, loving Deity, and the man knows who is visiting him. The question, “Who are thou, Lord?” is purely rhetorical.

It seems clear to me that some of the su rprise elements in inner experience can be interpreted in terms of repressions which are released and do genu inely seem su rprising to the in dividu al wh o h ad su pposed th at h is daily rou n d of consciou s life and beliefs was the whole of him.

Bu t there is another kind of su rprise. One may have said all one’s life, God is love. But there is an experience of the love of God which, when it comes u pon us, and enfolds us, and bathes us, and warms us, is so utterly new that we can hardly identify it with the old phrase, God is love. Can this be the love of God, th is burn in g, tender, wooing, wounding pain of love that pierces the marrow of my bones and burns out old loves and ambitions? God experienced is a vast surprise. God’s providence experienced is a vast surprise, God’s guidance experienced is a vast, soul-shaking surprise. God’s peace, God’s power, — the old words flame with meaning, or are discarded as trite, and one gropes for new, more gloriou s ways of communicating the reality. Then the subjective moulds of expectation are broken down , discarded, made utterly inadequate, as the Object, God, in vades the subject, man , and opens to him new and undreamed tru ths. For I believe there is an extension of our knowledge of God given in inner experience which goes far beyond the limits that the subjective factors of expectation and suggestibility can account for. The new wine must be put into new wine skins, lest all be lost. We become new creatures, new in intellectual moulds, new in behavior patterns, new in friendships and conversations and tastes, as the experience of God breaks down the old, inadequate, half-hearted life-moulds of religion and of conduct.

Then we find an answering test in the group, which fortifies our inner experience. We find that some other people, perhaps the saints of the meeting whom we had scorned a little, as overpious or overzealous, know the same thing that has come to us. We find that some quiet, unnoticed members know this. They hadn’t attracted our attention before, for we had formerly had a pattern of importance in terms of people’s execu tive ability, or shrewdness in business, or soundness and sanity in worldly judgments. But now we find that we have a new alignment of recognition of important souls, and a powerful drawing toward those who have tasted and handled the Word of Life. This is the Fellowship and Communion of the Saints, the Blessed Community.

We find a group answer in the Scriptures. For now we know, from within, some of the Gospel writers, and the prophets, and the singers of songs, or Psalms. For they are now seen to be singing our song, or we can sing their song, or the same song of the Eternal Love is sung through us all, and out into the world. In mad joy we reread the Scriptures, for they have become new. They are a social check upon our individu al experience, not as a law book, but as a disclosure of kindred souls who have known a like visitation of God.

After this consideration of the checks we need in examining our inner intuitions and experiences, we come back to the question, who people the unseen world?

Let us first accept, without further discussion, God as the prime inhabitant.

I would not add a second god, the Devil, to the world of spiritual reality. I have never experienced the Devil as a spiritual being, but that doesn’t decide it. Others have; Martin Luther even threw an ink-bottle at him. But I still don’t believe in the Devil as a second, black god. I have even seen his hoof-mark on a stone wall in Nuremberg, in Germany, but I still don’t believe in the Devil. I read in the Bible about the Devil, yet I’m unconvinced. George Fox talks freely abou t the Devil, but I am not impressed. I believe the Devil was devised to account for the evil and maladju stment in our world. An early effort to explain our world led men to divide the world’s double aspect of good and evil into two parts, and assign each to a separate ruler. That seemed to save God from responsibility for evil, a problem that is acute if you have only one God. But I cannot think that God and the Devil could work together in such close cooperation as would be required of them if they made the world jointly, God doing the good part, the Devil doing the bad part. On God’s side, God would have had to be defective if He did it in this way. He was not very powerful if He could not stop the Devil from putting his fingers into the creation process. Or He was not very good, or He would not have made so many concessions to the Devil in the process. And, on the Devil’s side, the Devil would lose his real badness, and his hostility to God, if he cooperated so nicely with the Good as would be required. He ceases to be a bad devil, and becomes a benevolent, docile, cooperative spirit, really good at heart, and not too bad to have around the house. Anyway, the history of the devil idea as it appears in the Bible and in the medieval Church is fairly clear. It came from Persia, from the Zoroastrian faith, and seeped across into Asia Minor, and crept into Christian tradition as an alien element from the outside, not an indigenous development.

I would not add to the unseen world an array of angels, a multitude of the heavenly host, praising God and saying, “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men who are of good will.” I know that the Bible reports such a population in heaven, with occasional visits to earth on some celestial commission. But the Bible reports that demons went out of the Gadarene demoniac and entered into a drove of pigs and made them run into the lake and cau se extensive property damage to the owner. Antiquated medical views of Palestine regarding the nature of in sanity need not be binding upon us, any more than Egyptian modes of dream interpretation, reported in Genesis or Daniel, are binding upon us. And I find no greater necessity to accept a multitude of good spirits than of bad demons.

I know, too, that many people report experiencing the angels, in inner intuition and in visions. But I have always felt sure that God Himself could deal directly with my soul, without sending any intermediaries. In fact, one of my joys as a Quaker is in the removal of all the earthly apparatus of mediation between me and God, and I should find small comfort in discovering that, on the other side of this world, the whole array of intermediaries is duplicated. No matter how benevolent such beings might be, I long for God, not for them. To my mind, angels represent the vestigial remains of polytheism, and a multitude of gods, softened by the idea of a monarchy. The time was when all the mu ltitu de of fu nctions of God was accou nted for by setting u p a separate deity for each fu nction. By and by, as the world grew older and more ripe, the u nity of God’s natu re brou ght all these separate strands, formerly thou ght to be separate beings, into the coverage of the one Being, God. The system of angels represents an intermediate stage in this growth from tru e polytheism to complete monotheism. The actual luxuriant growth of angels in the medieval Church has a definite historical route of entry. They, too, came originally from Persia, from Zoroastrian du alism of God and Devil, with a lot of intermediate, competing spirits organized into two armies and competing on earth for the souls of men. A neoPlatonic writer of the Fifth Century A. D. came under this influence, wrote a book called The Celestial Hierarchies, which was translated into Latin about 850 by an Irish monk named John Scotus Erigena, and the whole Pandora’s box of angels got root in an age that was intellectually and religiously credulou s.

I have spoken of angels as vestigial remains of polytheism, when the process of movement toward monotheism was arrested at a monarchical stage. But when ever men come in to a stage of belief th at God is exceedingly lofty, high, transcendent, utterly removed from this low and degraded world, then they insert an array of intermediaries to bridge the gap. This was peculiarly the case in the centuries beginning with the days of Jesus. God’s transcendence was emphasized, His immanence minimized. Th e Gn ostic m en ace to th e Early Ch u rch in volved th e insertion between God and man of some thirty stages or aeons, in descending degrees of glory, from God toward man. They pu t in the God of the Old Testament as one of these intermediaries, and J esu s as another, down near the bottom of the scale. I do not mean that everyone now who believes in angels emphasizes the transcendence of God at the expense of His im manence. But the creative epochs of angelology came in days of belief in excessive transcendence. And the whole layout of subangels and super angels doing the heavenly bidding is present in our literature, furnishing a pattern of su ggestion for sincere mystics. Suggestion and expectation, along with the element of surprise which I have already discussed, seem to me adequate to account for the sincere, but as I see it not reliable, reports of angel visitation.

As to the departed spirits of men, now inhabiting the unseen world, there are two problems, first the problem of their existence, and, second, of their efforts to take part in this earthly life which they have left behind.

The bare existence of life after death is a giant problem, needing a whole series of lectures. I shall only say that on strict, rational grounds, such as we used above, there is no inescapable, waterproof demonstration that there is a life after death, any more than there is a strict, watertight demonstration that God exists. It seems to me plausible to believe there is a life after death. For, as William James puts it, when I reach the time for dying, I am just beginning to learn how to live. And as Robert Browning says in “Abt Vogler”:

All we have willed or hoped or dreamed of good shall exist;
Not its semblance, but itself; no beauty, nor good, nor power
Whose voice has gone forth, but each survives for the melodist
When eternity affirms the conception of an hour.
The high that proved too high, the heroic for earth too hard,
The passion that left the ground to lose itself in the sky,
Are music sent up to God by the lover and the bard;
Enough that he heard it once: we shall hear it by and by.

There wou ld be a moral absu rdity in a u niverse that bu ilt u p with su ch care bein gs wh o, th rou gh toil an d tribu lation and victory, achieved a degree of valu e and of promise, only to strike them on the head at the end of three score years and ten.

The second qu estion, of the activity of su ch departed spirits and of efforts on their part to get throu gh to u s with m essages, I can tou ch on ly by a person al statement of attitude. I suppose the logic of the situation makes people think it plausible. If a dear one, very much concerned with you, dies, and if he retains his personal traits after death, he would still be concerned with you, and would try to continue the life-sharing with you that he knew on earth. This provides a logical ground for expecting the dead to communicate with us. The other con sideration which spiritualism offers is the report that some people actually experience visits and get messages from the dead. My own attitude is that of rejecting, lock, stock, and barrel, the whole array of experiences of séances and mediumship as evidences of the existence and activity of the dead breaking in on the world of the living. I believe that there are amazing psychological phenomena, not yet brought under the order of any known laws, which may some time be more systematically ordered and controlled, as science. But I should expect, at best, only additions to psychology to come from it, not to theology, and certainly not to religion.

But I must confess to a passionate devotion to God, as the spiritual reality par excellence. If He be real, and if He be concerned for me, I ask no more. I believe He cares, and that He continues our lives after death, in a fellowship of which we have a foretaste here. And I believe that the Eternal Christ, who is this same God, viewed as active and creative, is ever in th e world, seeking, knocking, persuading, counseling men to return to their rightful Home.

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3] Prayer

We have been trying to say that the springs and sources of dynamic, creative living lie not in environmental drives and thrusts outside us but deep within us. Within us is a meeting place with God, who strengthens and invigorates our whole personality, and makes us new creatures, with new valu es an d estim ates of th e world abou t u s, seen throu gh the eyes of direct and spontaneou s love. A leveling of earthly eminences and of earthly obscurities takes place. The tempests and inner strains of self-seeking, self-oriented living grow still. We learn to be worked through; serenity takes the place of anxiety; fretful cares are replaced by a deep and certain assurance. Something of the cosmic patience of God Himself becomes ours, and we walk in quiet assurance and boldness; for He is with us, His rod and His staff they comfort us.

How then does one enter upon the internal life of prayer? Dynamic living is not imparted to us by one heavy visitation of God, but comes from continuous inner mental habits pursued through years. Inside of us there ought to go on a steady, daily, hourly process of relating ourselves to the Divine Goodness, of opening our lives to His warmth and love, of steadfast surrender to Him, and of sweet whisperings with Him such as we can tell no one about at all. Some of you who read this may be well advanced in this inner practice and able to go far beyond my simple and imperfect experience. Some of you may have seen it from afar; some of you may have lapsed from it after a short time, accepting the secular habits of mind of our secular age, which sees only time, but not time bathed in Eternity and regenerated by Eternity.

I do not have in mind those more formal times of private devotion when we turn our backs upon the family and shu t the door of our room and read some devotional book and pause in meditation and in quiet prayer. Those times are important, and need to be cultivated. But the internal prayer life is something still more basic. It is carried on after one has left the quiet room, has opened the door and gone back into the noisy hubbub of the family group. It is carried on as one dashes for a trolley, as one lunches in a cafeteria, as one puts the children to bed. There is a way of living in prayer at the same time that one is busy with the outward affairs of daily living.

This practice of continuous prayer in the presence of God involves developing the habit of carrying on the mental life at two levels. At one level we are immersed in this world of time, of daily affairs. At the same time, but at a deeper level of our minds, we are in active relation with the Eternal Life. I do not think this is a psychological impossibility, or an abnormal thing. One sees a mild analogy in the very human experience of being in love. The newly accepted lover has an internal life of joy, of bounding heart, of outgoing aspiration toward his beloved. Yet he goes to work, earns his living, eats his meals, pays his bills. But all the time, deep within, there is a level of awareness of an object very dear to him. This awareness is private; he shows it to no one; yet it spills across and changes his outer life, colors his behavior, and gives new zest and glory to the daily round. Oh yes, we know what a mooning calf he may be at first, what a lovable fool about outward affairs. But when the lover gets things in focus again, and husband and wife settle down to the long pull of the years, the deep love-relation underlies all the raveling frictions of home life, and recreates them in the light of the deeper currents of love. The two levels are there, the surface and the deeper, in fruitful interplay, with the creative values coming from the deeper into the daily affairs of life.

So it is sometimes when one becomes a lover of God. On e’s first experien ce of the Heavenly Splendour plows through one’s whole being, makes one dance and singinwardly, enthralls one in unspeakable love. Then the world, at first, is all out of focus; we scorn it, we are abstracted, we are drunken with Eternity. We have not yet learned how to live in both worlds at once, how to integrate our life in time fruitfully with Eternity. Yet we are beings whose home is both here and Yonder, and we must learn the secret of being at home in both, all the time, A new level of our being has been opened to us, and lo, it is Immanuel, God with us. The experience of the Presence of God is not something plastered on to our nature; it is the fulfillment of ourselves. The last deeps of humanity go down in to the life of God. The stabilizing of our lives, so that we live in God and in time, in fruitful interplay, is the task of maturing religious life.

How do you begin this double mental life, this life at two levels? You begin now , wherever you are. Listen to these words outwardly. But, within, deep within you, continue in steady prayer, offering you rself and all that you are to Him in simple, joyful, serene, unstrained dedication. Practice it steadily. Make it your conscious intention. Keep it up for days and weeks and years. You will be swept away by rapt attention to the exciting things going on around you. Then catch yourself and bring yourself back. You will forget God for whole hours. But do not waste any time in bitter regrets or self-recriminations. Just begin again. The first weeks and months of such practice are pretty patchy, badly botched. But say inwardly to yourself and to God, “This is the kind of bungling person I am when I am not wholly Thine. But take this imperfect devotion of these months and transmute it with Thy love.” Then begin again. And gradually, in months or in three or four years, the habit of heavenly orientation becomes easier, more established. The times of your wandering become shorter, less frequent. The stability of your deeper level becomes greater, God becomes a more steady backgrou nd of all you r reactions in the time-world. Down in this center you have a Holy Place, a Shekinah, where you and God hold sweet converse. Your outer behavior will be revised and you r personal angu larities will be melted down, and you will approach the outer world of men with something more like an out-going divine love, directed toward them. You begin to love men, because you live in love toward God. Or the divine love flows out toward men through you and you become His pliant instrument of loving concern.

This life is not an introverted life. It is just the opposite of the timid, inturned, self-inspecting life. It is an extravert life. You become turned downward or upward toward God, away from yourself, in joyful self-surrender. You become turned outward toward men, in joyful love of them, with new eyes which only love can give; new eyes for suffering, new eyes for hope. Self-consciousness tends to slip away; timidities tend to disappear. You become released from false modesties, for in some degree you have become unimportant, for you have become filled with God. It is amazing how deep humility becomes balanced with boldness, and you become a released, poised, fully normal self. I like the Flemish mystic’s name for it, “the established man.”

But let us examine more closely this life of inner prayer.

First, there is what I can only call the prayer of oblation, the prayer of pouring you rself out before God. You pray inwardly, “Take all of me, take all of me.” Back behind the scenes of daily occupation you offer yourself steadily to God, you pour out all your life and will and love before Him, and try to keep nothing back. Pour out your triumphs before Him. But pour out also the rags and tatters of your mistakes before Him. If you make a slip and get angry, pour out that bit of anger before Him and say, “That too is Thine.” If an evil thou ght flashes through your mind, pour that out before Him and say, “I know that looks pretty shabby, when it is brought into the sanctuary of Thy holiness. But that’s what

I am, except Thou aidest me.”

When you meet a friend, ou twardly you chat with him about trivial things. Bu t inwardly offer him to God. Say within yourself, “Here is my friend. Break in upon him. Melt him down. Help him to shake off the scales from his eyes and see Thee. Take him.”

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Shall I go on and say how far I would carry the prayer of oblation? Some cases may sou nd strange and silly. Do you stumble on a cinder? Offer it to God, as a part of the world that belongs to Him. Do you pass a tree? That too is His; give it to Him as His own. Do you read the newspaper and see the vast panorama of humanity struggling in blindness, in selfish, deficient living? Offer humanity, in all its shabbiness and in all its grandeur, and hold it up into the heart of Love within you .

At first you make these prayers in words, in little sentences, and say them over and over again. “Here is my life, here is my life.” In the morning you say, “This is Thy day, this is Thy Day.” In the evening you say of the day, “Receive it. Accept it. It is Thine.” But in the course of the months you find yourself passing beyond words, and merely living in attitu des of oblation to which the words used to give expression. A gesture of the soul toward God is a prayer; a more or less steady lifting of everything you touch, a lifting of it high before Him, to be transmuted in His love. If you grow careless in such unworded gestures and attitudes, you can always return to the practice of worded prayers of oblation, to fix your inner attention and retrain your habit of prayer. “Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed on Thee.”

Then there is the prayer of inward song. Phrases run through the background of your mind. “Bless the Lord, O my soul, and all that is within me, bless His holy name.” “My soul doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour.” Inner exultation, inner glorification of the wonders of God fill the deeper level of mind. Sometimes this is a background of deep-running joy and peace; sometimes it is a dancing, singing torrent of happiness, which you must take measures to hide from the world lest men think you are like the apostles at Pentecost, filled with new wine. Pentecost ought to be here; it can be here, in this very place, in wartime. Christians who don’t know an inner Pentecostal joy are living contradictions of Christianity. Outward sobriety is dictated by a fine sense of the fittingness of things. But inward fires should burn in the God-kindled soul, fires shining outward in a radiant and released personality. Inwardly, there are hours of joy in God, and the songs of the soul are ever rising. Sometimes the singer and the song seem to be merged together as a single offering to the God of Joy. Sometimes He who puts the new song into our mouths seems merged with the song and the singer, and it is not we alone who sing, but the Eternal Lover who sings through us and out into the world where songs have died on many lips.

In such moods I find the Book of Psalms wonderfully helpful. There we come into contact with souls who have risen above debate and argument and problem-discussion, and have become singers of the Song of Eternal Love. We read the Psalms hu ngrily. They say in words what we try to express, Our private joy in God becomes changed into a fellowship of singing souls. The writers of the Psalms teach us new songs of the heart. They give us great phrases that go rolling through our minds all the day long. They channel our prayer of song. Religious reading ought not to be confined to heady, brainy, argumentative discu ssion, important as that is. Every profoundly religious soul ought to rise to the level of inward psalm-singing; he ought to read devotional literature that is psalm-like in character and spirit. The little book of prayers, A Chain of Prayers across the Ages, is excellent. And Thomas à Kempis’ Imitation of Christ often gives voice to the song of the soul.

Then there is the prayer of inward listening. Perhaps this is not a separate type of prayer, but an element that interlaces the whole of the internal prayer-life. For prayer is a two-way process. It is not just hu man souls whispering to God. It passes over into communion, with God active in us, as well as we active toward God. As pecific state of expectancy, of openness of soul is laid bare and receptive before the Eternal Goodness. In quietness we wait, inwardly, in unformulated expectation. Perhaps this is best done in retirement. Our church services ought to be times when bands of expectant souls gather and wait before Him. But too often, for myself, the external show of the ritual keeps my expectations chained to earth, to this room, to see what the choir will sing, to hear how the minister handles his theme. Much of Protestant worship seems to me to keep expectation at the earthly level of watchfulness for helpful external stimuli, external words, external suggestions. Perhaps because I am a Quaker I find the prayer of expectation and of listening easiest to carry on in the silence of solitary and of group meditation.

Creative, Spirit-filled lives do not arise until God is attended to, till His internal teaching, in warm immediacy, becomes a real experience. He has many things to say to us, but we cannot hear Him now, because we have not been wholly weaned away from outward helps, valuable as these often are. The living Christ teaches the listening soul, and guides him into new truth. Sad is it if our church program is so filled with noise, even beautiful sound, that it distracts us from the listening life, the expectation directed toward God. A living silence is often more creative, more recreative, than verbalized prayers, worded in gracious phrases.

We need also times of silent waiting, alone, when the busy intellect is not leaping from problem to problem, and from puzzle to puzzle. If we learn the secret of carrying a living silence in the center of our being we can listen on the run. The listening silence can become intertwined with all our inward prayers. A few moments of relaxed silence, alone, every day, are desperately important. When distracting noises come, don’t fight against them, do not elbow them out, but accept them and weave them by prayer into the silence. Does the wind rattle the window? Then pray, “So let the wind of the Spirit shake the Christian church into life,” and absorb it into the silent listening. Does a child cry in the street outside? Then pray, “So cries my infant soul, which does not know the breadth of Thy heart,” and absorb it into the silent listening prayer.

The last reaches of religious education are not attained by carefully planned and externally applied lessons, taught to people through the outward ears. The fundamental religious education of the soul is conducted by the Holy Spirit, the living voice of God within us. He is the last and greatest teacher of the soul. All else is but pointings to the inward Teacher, the Spirit of the indwelling Christ. Until life is lived in the presence of this Teacher, we are apt to confuse knowledge of Church history an d Biblical backgrounds with the true education of the sou lthat takes place in the listening life of prayer.

A fourth form of inner prayer is what I call the prayer of carrying. This I shall not try to develop now, but shall discuss later in connection with the experience of group fellowship among those who are deep in the life and love of God. But it consists essentially in a well-nigh continuous support, in prayer, of some particular souls who are near to you in the things of the inner life.

I must, however, speak more at length of a fifth aspect of internal prayer. The Catholic books call it infused prayer. There come times, to some people at least, when one’s prayer is given to one, as it were from beyond oneself. Most of the time we ou rselves seem to pick the theme of our prayer. We seem to be the consciou s initiators. We decide what prayers we shall lift before the Throne. But there come amazing times, in the practice of prayer, when our theme of prayer is laid upon us, as if initiated by God Himself. This is an astonishing experience. It is as if we were being prayed throu gh by a living Spirit. How can it be that the indwelling Christ prompts us to breathe back to God a prayer that originates in Himself? Is there a giant circle of prayer, such that prayer may originate in God and swing down into us and back u p u nto Himself? I can only say that it seems to be that way. And it seems to be an instance of the giant circle in religious dedication, whereby we seek because we have already been found by Him. Our seeking is already His finding. Our return to the Father is but the completion of His going out to us.

In the experience of infused prayer there seems to be some blurring of the distinctions between the one who prays, the prayer that is prayed, and the One to whom the prayer is prayed. Do we pray, or does God pray through us? I know not. All I can say is, prayer is taking place, and we are graciously permitted to be within the orbit. We emerge from such experiences of infused prayer shaken and deepened and humbled before the Majesty on High. And we somehow know that we have been given some glimpse of that Life, that Center of Wonder, before Whom every knee should bow and every tongue that knows the language of its Homeland should confess the adorable mercy of God.

I have tried, in these words, to keep very close to the spirit and practice of my three dearest spiritual friends and patterns, outside of Jesus of Nazareth. They are Brother Lawrence, and St. Francis of Assisi, and John Woolman. Of these, Brother Lawrence, who lived in Lorra in ethree hundred years ago, is the simplest. He spent his life in the practice of the presence of God, and a priceless little book of counsels, by th at name, has come down to us. John Woolman, a New Jersey Quaker of twe Inner Teacher and never lose touch with Him . But gressisi, whose direct and simple and joyous dedication of sou l led him close to men and to God till he reproduced in amazing degree the life of Jesus of Nazareth. It is said of St. Francis not merely that he prayed, but that he became a prayer. Such lives must be reborn today, if the life of the Eternal Love is to break through the heavy encrustations of our conventional church life, and apostolic life and love and power be restored to the church of God. He can break through any time we are really willing.

4] Fellowship

When our souls are utterly swept through and overturned by God’s invading love, we suddenly find ourselves in the midst of a wholly new relationship with some of our fellowmen. We find ourselves enmeshed with some people in amazing bonds of love and nearness and togetherness of soul, such as we never knew before. In glad amazement we ask ourselves: What is this startling new bondedness in love which I feel with those who are down in the same center of life? Can this amazing experience of togetherness in love be what men have called fellowship?

Can this be the love which bound together the Early Church, and made their meals together into a sacrament of love? Is this internal impulse which I feel, to share life with those who are down in the same center of love, the reason that the Early Church members shared their outward goods as a symbol of the experienced internal sharing of the life and the love of Christ? Can this new bondedness in love be the meaning of being in the Kingdom of God?

But not all our acquaintances are caught within these new and special bonds of love. A rearrangement takes place. Some people whom we had only slightly known before suddenly become electrically illuminated. Now we know them, for lo, they have been down in the center a long time, and we never knew their secret before. Now we are bound together with them in a special bond of nearness, far exceeding the nearness we feel toward many we have known for years. For we know where they live, and they know where we live, and we understand one another and are powerfully drawn to one another. We hunger for their fellowship; their lives are knitted with our life in this amazing bondedness of divine love.

Others of our acquaintance recede in importance. We may have known them for years, we may have thought we were close together. Bu t now we know they are not down in the center in Christ, where our dearest loves and hopes of life and death are focused. And we know we can never share life at its depth until they, too, find their way down into this burning center of shared love.

Especially does a new alignment of our church relationship take place. Now we know, from within, the secret of the perseverance and fidelity of some, a secret we could not have guessed when we were outside them. Now we see, suddenly, that some of the active leaders are not so far down into the center of peace and love as we had supposed. We had always respected and admired them for their energy, but now we know they have never been brou ght into the depths, nor do they know the secret of being rooted and grounded with others in love. Now we su ddenly see that some quiet, obscure persons, whose voices count for little in the councils of the church, are princes and saints in Israel. Why had we not noticed them before? The whole graded scale by which we had arranged the people in our church according to importance is shaken and revised. Some of the leaders are greater even than we had gu essed, others are thin and anxious souls, not knowing the peace at the center. Some that stood low are really high in the new range of values.

Into this fellowship of souls at the center we simply emerge. No one is chosen to the fellowship. When we discover God we discover the fellowship. When we find ou rselves in Christ we find we are also amazingly united with those others who are also in Christ. When we were outside of it we never knew that it existed, or only dimly guessed the existence of bonds of love among those who were dedicated slaves of Christ. There are many who are members of our churches who do not know what I am speaking of. But there are others of you who will say, “Surely I know exactly what you are talking about. I’m glad you ’ve found your way in.”

But, sad to say, there are many who know the word

“fellowship” but think it applies only to church sociability. Such people organize church suppers and call them fellowship suppers. What a horrible prostitution of a sacred bond! Our church suppers and church programs which aim at mere sociability are not down at the bottom, You can’t build a church that is Christ’s church on mere sociability, important and normal as that is. Churches that are rooted and grounded in Christ are built upon this inner, amazing fellowship of souls who know a shared devotion to God.

If fellowship, in this rich, warm sense, has vanished from a church, there may be enough endowments to keep the institution going, but the life is gone. Churches can go on for years on endowment incomes and tributes levied upon personal pride. But they are only sounding brass or tinkling cymbals, if love and fellowship and group interknittedness in the joyous bonds of Christ are gone. But where this bondedness of souls in a common enslavement is present, though you meet in a barn, you have a church.

In the fellowship, barriers are surprisingly leveled. Cultural differences do not count in the love of God. Educational differences do not count, in the fellowship. The carpenter and the banker exchange experiences in their practice of communion with God, and each listens respectfully, attentively to the other. For God, in His inner working, does not respect these class lines which we so carefully erect. In real fellowship, theological differences are forgotten, and liberals and conservatives eagerly exchange experiences concerning the wonders of the life of devotion.

Among souls in the fellowship, conversation naturally gravitates to Him who is the uniting bond. Most of u s are reticent abou t speaking our deepest thoughts, or exposing our inner tenderness to public gaze. And much of this reticence is right. But there ought to be some times when, and there ought to be some people with whom, we open up our hearts on the deep things of the spirit. Normal religious development cannot take place in a vacuum occupied solely by you and God. We need friends of the soul. Fellowship is not an accidental addition to religion. It is the matrix within which we bear one another’s aspirations. Do you have people with whom you feel it right to open your heart? If you have not, if you are stilted and stiff and embarrassed, and have no one to whom to confess, not your sins, but your joys, you are in deed an unfortunate soul. George Fox has a counsel which I prize very much: “Know one another in that which is eternal.” Churches ought to be places where men may know one another in that which is eternal. But in many a church the gulf between individuals on the deep things of God is an impassable gulf, and souls are starving and dying of inner loneliness. Would that we could break through our crust of stilted, conventional reserve, and make our churches centers of a living communion of the saints.

The last depths of conversation in the fellowship go beyond spoken words. People who know one another in God do not need to talk much. They know one another already. In the last depths of understanding, words cease and we sit in silence together, yet in perfect touch with one another, more bound into the common life by the silence than we ever were by words.

Some time ago I was in German y, visiting isolated Friends throu ghout that country. One man I met was a factory worker. He spoke ungrammatical German. His teeth were discolored, his shou lders were stooped. He spoke the Swabian dialect. But he was a radiant soul, a quiet, reticent saint of God. He knew the inner secrets of the life that is clothed in God. We were drawn together by invisible currents. We knew each other immediately, more deeply than if we had been neighbors for twenty years. I called at his simple home near Stu ttgart. He motioned me to escape from the rest of the visitors and come into the bedroom. There, leaning on the window sills, we talked together. Immediately we gravitated to the wonders of prayer and of God’s dealing with the soul. I told him of some new insights that had recently come to me. He listened and nodded confirmation, for he already knew those secrets. He understood and could tell me of things of the Spirit of which I had only begun to guess. I feel sure that I knew more history and mathematics and literatu re and philosophy than did he. And the social gulf in Germany between a professor and a factory man is infinitely wide. But that afternoon I was taught by him, and nourished by him, and we looked at each other eye to eye, and knew a common love of Christ. Then as the afternoon shadows fell and dissolved with twilight, our words became less frequent, until they ceased altogether. And we mingled our lives in the silence, for we needed no words to convey our thoughts. I have only had one letter from him in the year, bu t we are as near to each other now, every day, as we were that afternoon.

And now I mu st speak of the internal prayer of carrying, which I mentioned above. Within the fellowship there is an experience of relatedness with one another, a relation of upholding one another by internal bonds of prayer, that I can only call the prayer of carrying. Between those of the fellowship there is not merely a sense of unity when we are together physically; with some this awareness of being bonded through a common life continues almost as vividly when separated as when together. This awareness of our life as in their lives, and their lives as in ou r life, is a strange experience. It is as if the barriers of individuality were let down, and we shared a common life and love. A su bterranean, internal relation of su pporting those who are near to u s in the fellowship takes place. We know that they, too, hold us up by the strength of their bondedness.

Have you had the experience of being carried and upheld and supported? I do not mean the sense that God is upholding you, alone. It is the sense that some people you know are lifting you, and offering you, and upholding you in your inner life. And do you carry some small group of acquaintances toward whom you feel a peculiar nearness, people who rest upon your hearts not as obligations bu t as fellow-travelers? Through the day you quietly hold them high before God in inward prayer, giving them to Him, vicariously offering your life and strength to become their life and strength.

This is very different from conventional prayer lists. These are not a chance group of people. They are your special burden and you r special privilege. No two people have the same group to whom they are bound in this special nearness. Each person is the center of radiating bonds of spiritual togetherness. If everyone who names the name of Jesus were faithful in this inner spiritual obligation of carrying, the intersections would form a network of bondedness whereby the members of the whole living church wou ld be carrying one another in outgoing bonds of love and prayer and support.

At thee time e of the ceremony of the sacrament of Communion, this bondedness is experienced: separate selves are swept together and welded into one life. There is a way of continuing this communion through daily life. No outward bread and wine need be present, but inwardly we feed with our fellows from the Holy Grail, and meet one another in spirit. This mystical unity, this group togetherness of soul, lies at the heart of the living church.

I have tried to emphasize the Inner Teacher. In us all is a Life upspringing. It is the Holy Spirit. He speaks within. He teaches us things we can never learn in books. He makes vivid and dynamic what were formerly dead phrases. He integrates us and leads us into new truths. He lays on us new burdens. He sensitizes us in new areas, toward God and toward men.

Last update: 04/ 14/ 03