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John Woolman's Journal Kindle Edition
by John Woolman (Author)


4.6 out of 5 stars 16 customer reviews 




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File Size: 459 KB
Print Length: 218 pages
Publisher: HardPress (June 23, 2016)
Publication Date: October 28, 2015
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Language: English
ASIN: B018PLANOI
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16 customer reviews
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Top Reviews

FCD117Top Contributor: Poetry Books

5.0 out of 5 starsA Quality Work, An Unbeatable ValueJune 4, 2017
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
This book was free on Kindle. It contains an introduction, an overview, bibliography and biography. Then the journal is written in first person. I enjoyed this tremendously, mostly as a tool of education and inspiration. It is not necessarily high literature. It is more instructional and illuminating. As an individual who believes in Christian values, but struggles with certain matters of faith, I am continually drawn to the Quaker Religion. I have no Quaker friends or access to a local Quaker community. I depend on products such as this for education and inspiration. I am very grateful. Thank You...

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5.0 out of 5 starsShould be required reading for Christian Formation Classes!November 26, 2013
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Excellent classic book on missionary work and Quakers in the 18th Century. John Woolman was an early opponent of slavery and took every opportunity he could find to let his views be known. He was also an advocate for Native Americans and talks extensively about Native American culture in the mid 1700s. Very, very interesting. Instead of being scared off by "Quaker-speak', I found it refreshing, honest and clearly expressive of Woolman's love for the Holy Spirit. I recommend this book to anyone studying for the ministry and anyone seeking a closer relationship and understanding of how the Holy Spirit works in our lives...then, now and always.

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GeneBales

5.0 out of 5 starsA fascinating and inspiring bookJune 7, 2014
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I had never heard of John Woolman when I discovered through research that he was my first cousin, seven generations removed. He was a Quaker with a passionate commitment to equality, which led him to preach abolition of slaves to his fellow Quakers. The result was that the Quakers in turn became the leading force for abolitionism in the 19th century. Woolman's journal is long on a form of Christian piety not often seen at any time--a faith that understood the importance of living out the spirit of Christ in a world of exploitation and violence. He died only a few years before the American Revolution. I recommend his writing as something still very timely and inspiring.

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jeff

5.0 out of 5 starsGreat ReadJanuary 10, 2019
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This book was amazing. The journal Woolman kept is interesting and useful not only for those of us interested in spirituality and the life of an itinerant preacher, but also for those interested in history, as it describes firsthand life in the 18th century. The print is a bit tedious in this book, but other than that, I fully recommend it.


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Gregory W. Allen

4.0 out of 5 starsThis is an excellent example of how a Quaker brings his values and ...October 23, 2017
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
This is an excellent example of how a Quaker brings his values and applies them to his own life to live with integrity. It is also a good reflection of the state of Quaker thought belief and practice at the time.

I find Woolman easier to read than Fox, not just be cause the language is a little more modern, but also because he seems more humble.

It is an Amazon freebie so I can't complain, but I miss the navigation tools that most new Kindle books have.


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3.0 out of 5 starsTough readMarch 22, 2016
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
It was difficult reading because of the old English language style. I slugged through it anyway. Was interesting to read the ridiculous arguments that people of that era had for rationalizing slavery. Woolmark was a good man who opposed slavery.


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Jeff

5.0 out of 5 starsRelevant TodayAugust 26, 2017
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
The spiritual insights and messages are timeless. However, the language is dated and cumbersome to navigate at times (though at other times it is quite lucid). Particularly relevant seems Woolman's message that a lavish lifestyle or desire of worldly "things" in and of themselves lead to systems of oppression, a necessity for their sustenance.


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Amazon Customer

5.0 out of 5 starsFive StarsDecember 5, 2016
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Great book. Works as advertised. I would recommend this vendor to anyone. :-)


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The Journal of John Woolman

by
John Woolman
3.41 · Rating details · 357 ratings · 52 reviews
This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work. (less)

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Published March 3rd 2006 by Kessinger Publishing (first published 1773)
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1432607790 (ISBN13: 9781432607791)
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Dec 21, 2010Eric rated it did not like it
I won't deny the importance of this book both from a historical perspective and from the perspective of its place in American pedagogy. As a matter of reading, however, it’s abysmal with horrible run-on-sentences overstuffed with paeans to the divine. Thus, “Mama told me to get a loaf of bread, a container of milk, and a stick of butter” would, in Woolman’s hands, become “Mama, her heart full of love for the Lord, asked me, through the grace of divine aid and in observance of the fifth commandment, to secure for her a loaf of bread such as that which Jesus fed to the multitudes, a container of milk praise be to God, and a stick of butter such that we would increase in fullness just as our hearts are forever increasing in fullness with the grace of the glorious savior.” Try making that a catchy cartoon. If one were to remove all of the attestations of faith, all that would left would be less a book than an anti-slavery pamphlet more worthy of your time.

The point is, this isn’t a “good read” in any sense of the act of ingesting words. The book has other merits, but this isn’t one of them. Lest you think that this affected writing is just an artifact of its time, compare and contrast to Franklin's autobiography.
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Oct 11, 2017Sharon Barrow Wilfong rated it it was amazing
The Journal of John Woolman gives us a look into the mind of a Quaker in the years just prior to the American Revolution.

The language is old fashioned and could easily be parodied today but if we focus on the substance and meaning of Woolman's writing rather than its quaint form, we can see the heart felt life ambition who sincerely and intensely devoted his life to furthering the kingdom of God.

Woolman did not intend his journal to be read by the public so there is a lot of minutia involving schedules of different meetings and visits with his fellow Quakers.

A lot of the journal is a record of what Woolman said and how he admonished his fellow Quakers, such as rejecting materialness and vanity and staying un-conformed by the world around him.

One interesting passage included his preaching against watching Magician Shows for entertainment. Apparently, he believed that such shows were evil and should be avoided. Who knows? Maybe back then they were. I'm sure his heart was in the right place.

His loudest message was his cry of compassion for Native Americans and African slaves is the most dynamic part of his journal. He believed they needed to be seen as equals and treated fairly.

Today we associate Quakers with the Abolitionist movement and rightly so, but it was Woolman rallied his fellow Friends and preached against slavery and pointed out its inconsistency with fellowship with Christ and Christian principles.

That seems obvious to us today but we were not born in that environment and I doubt any of us could guarantee what our attitude would be. After all, is there slavery and oppression today throughout the world? What are we doing about it?

This book was a part of my Harvard Classics collection and I think these writers of the past are important to read so we don't forget true history and are able to be informed enough to reject the fashionable revisionist history that is popular today. (less)
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Dec 12, 2011Joshua added it
Shelves: hippie, economics, sabbatical11-12
(refers to the Project Gutenberg edition:http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37311 )

Woolman strikes me as a man ahead of his time. While we associate him mostly with antislavery, a few sections of his journal also resonate with other current topics of interest:


On the simple life: "My mind, through the Power of Truth, was in a good degree weaned from the Desire of outward Greatness, and I was learning to be content with real Conveniences, that were not costly; so that a Way of Life, free from much E ...more
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Jan 18, 2016Asher rated it did not like it
Shelves: 2016-book
As a descendant of enslaved Africans, I fully appreciate the life's work of John Woolman, he is a man that merits distinction and should be held in high regard. His contributions to the abolitionist movements are immeasurable and noteworthy. However, as a reader of his journal, I'm less impressed by John Woolman the writer. I will borrow Woolman's words to explain my annoyance:

" In the uneasiness of body which I have many times felt by too much labor, not as a forced but a voluntary oppression, I have often been excited to think on the original cause of that oppression which is imposed on many in the world. The latter part of the time wherein I labored on our plantation, my heart through the fresh visitations of heavenly love, being frequently spent in reading the life and doctrines of our blessed Redeemer, the account of the sufferings of martyrs, and the history of the first rise of our Society, a belief was gradually settled in my mind, that if such as had great estates generally lived in the humility and plainness which belong to Christian life, and laid much easier rents and interests on their land and moneys, and thus led the way to a right use of things, so great a number of people might be employed in things useful, that labor both for men and other creatures would need to be no more than an agreeable employ, and divers branches of business, which serve chiefly to please the natural inclinations of our minds, and which at present seem necessary to circulate that wealth which some gather, might, in this way of pure wisdom, be discontinued. "

He led a 4 star life. His unedited journal is 1 star at best. After weeks of frustration in reading incessant run-on sentences; I terminated the project.
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Mar 14, 2016Mark Valentine rated it really liked it
Why I kept reading this autobiography even though at times it seemed redundant was to discover that the turning point for an individual is also the turning point of a movement. Let me explain: Not only did he have a religious conversion, something he writes about in the early pages of the narrative, but he also converts away from slavery toward abolitionism. When you consider that he lived from 1720-1772, and that at time even Quakers held slaves, to go away from this one hundred years BEFORE it was a movement and eventually a Cause for fighting a War is fascinating.

Woolman made a conscious, rational decision and then went to work trying to persuade others to have the same position. I am glad to have read it and admire the man immensely as a pioneer in the Civil Rights movement almost two hundred years before it was a banner issue. In a quiet way, it has a greater pedigree than Paine's, "Common Sense," or Woostonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights of Women," because in his quiet way he writes about how he went about persuading one Quaker at a time to abandon slavery as an institution.

Read it to find how to live courageously too. (less)
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Mar 16, 2011Kirt rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Shelves: religion
John Woolman’s journal proves him to have been wonderfully meek and devoted. To him, no discomfort or misfortune was without a silver lining or a pleasing mercy bestowed by God. He strove (usually, with success, I think) to perceive the will of the Lord in every undertaking. He had a highly educated conscience that moved him to constant humility in beseeching forgiveness of his errors. He was tireless in pure, selfless service for the relief of the lowliest creature and for the purposes of the Highest. I am very glad to have peered into the heart of this man through his own eloquent hand. I hope I have learned from him. (less)
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Oct 23, 2013Shawn rated it liked it
This is one of many books in the public domain that are totally free. God only knows how I chose to embark upon the reading of this particular book amongst so many, but reading this journal has been very delightful.

John Woolman was a Quaker preacher that lived in the middle of the 18th century. Much of the journal relates his travels to protest against slavery and war. This journal is not something that should really be reviewed. Instead, I feel inclined to simply list important elements of wisdom that I gleaned from the reading, along with some direct quotations of Woolman’s, with of course citing appropriate credit to John Woolman for all that follows:

On Speaking Out:

Do not say more than is required. Instead, recognize those times when the pure spirit is inwardly moving upon your heart and wait in silence until then. When you feel the rise of the spirit then, and only then, stand and “bellow like a trumpet”. There is harmony in the voice which divine love gives utterance. Keep always to the channel of truth. Do not seek for words but utter that to people which truth opens for you. Be not afraid to offend Men who take offence at the truth. The fear of man brings a snare. Encourage a holy emulation.


How to be:

Love God in all his manifestations in the visible world. Do not become snared in a quest for popularity. Be an unflinching witness against wickedness. Clear your life from any dependence on evil. Do not act to the Standard of others, but make the Standard of Truth manifest to others.

Strive for that state where the mind is devoted to serve God and all wants are bounded by his wisdom. Pray that God will preserve you from all corruption. Be weaned from the desire for outward greatness. Be seasoned with God’s salt and let grace abound within you. Be drawn away from the vanities of the world into an inward acquaintance with Christ.

Be firm in that which you certainly know is right for you. You cannot please all men if you are honest in declaring that which truth has opened in you. Stand separate from every wrong way. Attend to that Holy Spirit that sets bounds to the desires. Feel the clothing of divine fortitude.

If selfish views have any room in our minds we are unfit for the Lord’s work. Let no motion be attended to but that of the pure Spirit of Truth. Feel the power of the cross to crucify all that is selfish within you. Receive the gifts of Providence thankfully and deploy such gifts as God intends. Do not let Gods gifts be perverted. Do not let your life become a blaspheming to the Holy name of God.

“O that our eyes may be single to the Lord!” –John Woolman

Have compassion:

Be filled with a yearning compassion for the sorrows of humanity. Be as a sensitive, nerve, over which creeps the oppressions of the earth. Feel the misery of fellow-beings who are separated from divine harmony. Feel the sufferings of those you love, just as you would feel your own children’s sufferings. Be full of anguish over the sorrows of humanity. Have a desire for the everlasting welfare of your fellow creatures. Exhibit the affectionate care of a good man for his brother in affliction.

On unnecessary toil & simplicity:

Be careful to guard against extravagance. Do not become bent down beneath unnecessary toil to support your outer greatness. Don’t let the calmness of life be changed into hurry by eagerly pursuing outward treasure. Embrace the simple life.

Too much labor makes the understanding dull and intrudes upon the harmony of the body. The production of luxuries does not relieve economic distress. Redeem yourself from worldly pleasures. Fix yourself upon those joys that do not fade away. Do not be anxious after perishable things. A humble man with the blessing of the Lord may live on very little. Commonly, an increase in worldly wealth only breeds a desire for more and more wealth. Enter deeply into the happiness of humility. Let no earthly possessions bias your judgment.

On the exploitation of others:

Do not exploit those who labor for you. Work for a society within which no man profits by degradation of his fellowmen. Labor in accordance with the gifts bestowed upon you by God. The principal ground of oppression is the desire to gratify inclinations to luxury and superfluities. Experience the work that is carried on by the Holy Spirit instead of the work that is carried on by earthly might and power.

On seeking the exaltation of the peaceable Kingdom of Christ:

Desire that the Kingdom come. Work to hasten it in. Christianity must be extended until human society is transformed by the supernatural power by which it was consciously born. Promote the Lord’s work in the Earth. Seek to have universal love for all of your fellow-creatures. Let nothing hinder you from the steady attention to God.

The spiritual kingdom will subdue and break in pieces all Kingdoms that oppose it. The peaceable Kingdom will gradually be extended to the ends of the earth in completion of those prophecies already begun that “Nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, nor learn war anymore”. Turn the hearts of the mighty and make way for the spreading of truth on the Earth. You are improving a wilderness. Seek that the pure peaceable Government of Christ may spread and prevail amongst mankind. A few of John Woolman’s many insights on this matter are included below:

“God is graciously moving on the Hearts of People, to draw them off from the desire of wealth, and bring them into such a humble, lowly, way of living, that they may see their way clearly to repair to the Standard of true Righteousness; and not only break the yoke of oppression but know him to be their strength and support.” –John Woolman

“In purity of heart the mind is divinely opened to behold the nature of universal Righteousness, or the Righteousness of the Kingdom of God.” –John Woolman

“Great treasures managed in any other spirit than the Spirit of Truth disorders the affairs of society, for hereby the good gifts of God in this outward creation are turned into the channels of worldly honor.” –John Woolman

“Many are the vanities and luxuries of the present age, and in laboring to support a way of living conformable to the present world, the departure from that wisdom that is pure and peaceable has been great.” –John Woolman.

“The opening of that spring of living waters, which the true believers in Christ experience, by which they are redeemed from pride and covetousness, and brought into a state of meekness, where their hearts are enlarged in true love toward their fellow creatures universally.” –John Woolman

The prophet Isaiah declared that a time was coming when “swords should be beaten into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks and that nation shall not lift up sword against nation, nor learn war anymore”. In true sanctification, the understanding is opened up to behold the peaceable harmonious nature of the Kingdom. Behold people within whom this light has already broken forth.

On Righteousness:

We are drawn to seek Righteousness, which flows out of God like a pure river of life-giving water. As the mind is moved to love God as an invisible incomprehensible Being, by the same it is moved to love all God’s manifestations in the visible World, of which Christ is one. Acting out of love and truth produces spiritual treasure that far exceeds the worth of any temporal treasure. Mortify that which remains in us that is of this world. Consider the force of your examples.

On War:

Cease from national contests that are productive of misery and bloodshed. Instead, submit the cause to God. The proceedings in wars are inconsistent with the purity of the Christian Religion. Mutual hatred arises in the minds of the children of those nations engaged in war with each other.

“Our heavenly Father doth not require us to do evil, that Good may come of it.” –John Woolman

On Adversity:

If, for the further promotion of his gracious purpose in the Earth, he should give us a taste of that bitter cup which his faithful ones have often partaken of, let us be right prepared to receive it. Rejoice in the midst of adversity.

On Worship:

Let us prepare our hearts to truly adore him and inwardly turn away from that spirit and all its workings which is not of him. Be purged of dross and open to discipline. No enjoyment is equal to that which we partake of in fully resigning ourselves to the divine Will.


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Mar 12, 2014Weathervane rated it liked it
Shelves: non-fiction
Interesting to contrast Woolman's approach to life with that of Ben Franklin's -- as Woolman was a firm believer in God's plan for mankind, and His touch of providence in all human affairs, he was wont to submit to ill circumstances that befell him, choosing to view them as divine reproofs. He wasn't inclined to worry about future contingencies, such as how well he would eat or the shelter he would find; he seemed to place great faith in the proverb of the sparrow. This is a fruit -- or nut, depending on your perspective -- of the Quaker doctrine, of which the best example of its fatalism is its adherence to pacifist thought. Woolman and his Quaker family didn't believe in taking up arms even for the purpose of self-defense; in one of the Quakers' letters they essentially submit their survival as a group to God's will, as follows:

"... let us constantly endeavor to have our minds sufficiently disentangled from the surfeiting cares of this life, and redeemed from the love of the world, that no earthly possessions nor enjoyments may bias our judgments, or turn us from that resignation and entire trust in God to which his blessing is most surely annexed; then may we say, 'Our Redeemer is mighty, he will plead our cause for us.' (Jer. 1. 34.) And if, for the further promoting of his most gracious purposes in the earth, he should give us to taste of that bitter cup of which his faithful ones have often partaken, O that we might be rightly prepared to receive it!"

The Quakers welcomed death, were it part of God's plan, and John Woolman, though ostensibly possessing a strong American individualist streak exemplied by his outspoken opposition to slavery, came by such a trait via his devotion to his own conscience, to which he believed God dictated His will. Quite different, then, was the true nature of his character than one might believe had one only the opportunity to observe his physical actions; by reading his thoughts we understand that his abolitionism was borne not from a rebellious spirit but from an unshakeable devotion to God. This complete submission in all aspects of life couldn't be more different from Franklin's committment to individual industry. Woolman, his motivation deriving from an internal spring, nevertheless thought the waters were there by God's intent; Franklin's motivation was nigh-entirely sourced from his own personal will.

We further see their philosophies diverge as Woolman pontificates on the marketplace, consumerism, and the hazards to the soul therein. He looked upon expensive luxuries and anything unnecessary to one's survival as complete superfluities, unbefitting a man of God in which to partake. Franklin, while recognizing the dangers of wallowing in excess pleasures, saw no moral imperative to forsake every triviality; it's well-known his love of food and clothes, though he warns extensively against the overindulgence of the former.

Of particular irritance to me in reading Woolman's journal was his effusively righteous narration -- not, of course, that he preached down to the reader, as no one could deny he was a humble man; but the way in which every feeling, every action, every major event, could be brought back to God and His will, and the loving obedience we ought to show towards Him, began to remind me of one of those Christian radio shows often found on the AM dial: There is no problem that cannot be solved by prayer's proper application, and the practical issues of everyday life may, with nary a loss of matter, be easily transmuted into abstract wonderings of God's grace towards humankind. Woolman's religiousity, frankly, was outright obsession -- at first a refreshing turn, when one considers how many people profess but do not follow with any real assiduity their Holy Book of choice -- but quickly prodding my patience, as he began to sound like one of those tremendously charismatic persons who cannot shut up about their favourite hobby, even when no one around them has any interest whatsoever. "Zeal" has distinct potential to be interpreted as a sort of unhealthy autistic fixation, and it's hard to exempt Woolman from the diagnosis.

In a comical vein, I appreciated his concerns about the sailing trade, and all the vices part and parcel. Perhaps it's easy to say from my modern vantage point, but what, really, did he expect upon boarding with sailors? Surely the shipping industry had by that time gained a considerable reputation for immorality; I find it hard to believe he could be so ignorant of sailors' scandalous behaviour. Then, he was fairly cloistered in the Quaker community at a young age, so perhaps he never got wind of such; surely his elders would've been hard at work to protect him from the sins of the world. Incidentally, Ben Franklin ought to've been glad at not having become a sailor, as he orginally planned -- I can't imagine he would've turned out half as well.

I'd be remiss not to point out how little substance the book as a whole contains, probably an inevitability, when one considers that it is, after all, merely a journal; but I still believe about half the book could be cut, as it consists mainly of dull exposition about to which far-flung meeting Woolman headed next. The spiritualism, the unabashed moralizing, both I found pleasure in, given that the works of the modern age are usually soaked in America's built-up hedonism, and I particularly appreciated Woolman's points on living a simple life -- I can't disagree that one should strip out those trivialities which fail to add meaning or actual, bonafide joy to one's existence; and though for him that meaning ought to be exclusively derived from God, I'm sure, if he were alive, he'd be munificent enough not to belabour my disagreement.

Worth reading, especially for the historical information; it might, however, be better packaged as a judicious selection of quotes. (less)
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Feb 13, 2011Earl Grey Tea rated it it was ok
Shelves: history, non-fiction, auto-biography
John Woolman cries way too much.

Every other page it seems he is crying for joy or sadness or asking the big fella upstairs to give him some strength.

While he does have some excellent commentary on life in the 18th century American colonies and some great arguments against slavery through the philosophy of Quakerism, much of the book is just him telling which Daily, Weekly, Monthly, or Yearly meeting that he has attended. I am no better off knowing that he attended the Sasquanna Weekly.

I think th ...more
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May 10, 2011Carsten Thomsen rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Woolman began to write this journal in 1756 and it continued to within a few days of his death in 1772.

I liked this book for several reasons. We get a glimpse into the Christian fellowship of the Quakers - we follow a man who fervently yet in a quiet and polite manner are speaking against the slave-trade and those who are keeping slaves. And raising his voice against numerous injustices he encounters on his many journeys.

And finally we read about Woolman's inner spiritual journey - his constant desire to live close to God, listening to His voice. (less)
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Oct 16, 2016Connor rated it really liked it
This is the journal of a great man, travelling around trying to convince people not to own slaves in 1763. It also cover his thoughts, trials, and tribulations while travelling the continent before it was tamed.

It has some great thoughts on disease and its 'holiness' as well as his dealings with Native Americans at the time. I would definitely recommend this for someone wondering how exactly people dealt with owning slaves and religion.
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Nov 27, 2018Donald Luther rated it it was ok
Reading this volume so soon after completing 'The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin,' written almost concurrently, amply shows the range of intellectual life in the 18th-century colonies. Franklin, secular, a printer, and making his way into the upper circles of Philadelphia society, shows that part of the American character that pursued success and reputation. Woolman, a devout member of the Friends, a tradesman only when he needed to be, and moving among the Quaker families that established the middle colonies (he travelled from his home in New Jersey as far north as Boston and south to Carolina), gives us a journal that is bursting with his sense of the overwhelming presence of God in his life, and shows the reverse side of the coin of American character--the American's belief in his exceptionalism.

As a historian, I found Woolman's journal interesting in the sense that he rarely wrote about family. The birth of his children is never discussed and any mention of their existence comes as a shock. His wedding is described very briefly and his wife thereafter simply occupies a shadowy background, mentioned only when he returns from his travels, to mention that she is 'well.'

His very early anti-slavery crusade is covered well and he seemed justly proud of his efforts to convince Friends to remove themselves from the institution and the trade. 'Proud' would not be a word Woolman would embrace, since nothing he did, said, or even thought about was his own, but rather a sign of the influence of God in him. In that sense, he was clearly different from Franklin. Franklin was clearly a man of his own time, the Enlightenment, looking forward to a much more reasonable rational world. Woolman, it seemed to me, would have been much more comfortable in the 17th century.

As a final, personal note, Woolman struck me as a tedious busybody. This was a man who entered a public house one evening and, after securing the owner's permission, would accost all who entered because they were about to have an evening's entertainment by a juggler, seeing this as an unsuitable pastime. He reminds me of the street-corner proselytizer, declaring all who are moving about their daily lives are somehow sinners and bound for damnation. (less)
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Jan 21, 2018Eline rated it liked it
Shelves: harvard-classics

In this case I had fresh confirmation that acting contrary to present outward interest,
from a motive of Divine love and in regard to truth and righteousness, and thereby incurring the resentments of people, opens the way to a treasure better than silver, and to a friendship exceeding the friendship of men.

By all appearances John Woolman was a humble, compassionate, idealistic American quaker who felt the suffering of the world keenly and who gave up his own comfort and safety to travel widely and speak up against oppression. In a time when very little people cared, Woolman was struck by the inhumane treatment of African slaves and was constantly on the move to convince his fellow Friends to abolish this evil practice and give African Americans their freedom. War was still violently erupting between native Americans and the English and yet he took great pains to visit the Indians and bond with them. Compare this to Benjamin Franklin who called native Americans savages who God felt pleased to wipe out in favour of the “cultivated” man and who considered speaking bad about someone as “blackening” them and you realise that Woolman was way ahead of his time.

The journal itself has nuggets of wisdom, but it can however be somewhat tedious. I'm not sure Woolman meant his journal to be published, and we are treated to a detailed account of to which meeting he traveled with whom, while the content of his meetings remain mostly vague. This can become very repetitive. I still gave this book 3 stars because I was really impressed by John Woolman's selfless way of living and how his mind was constantly occupied with the suffering of others. I also think that his analysis of the origin of oppression made me see things in a new light and is still very much relevant today.

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May 11, 2017JR Snow rated it liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: classics
Second work in the first volume of the Harvard Classics. I'm reading from the first edition, published in 1909. John Woolman was quite the character. A Quaker in the 18th century who was influential in ending the slave trade among Quakers in the colonies. What is most powerful about his character is firstly that he is a very humble person, and it is a joy to feel it come through as you read his journals. Secondly, he always acted out his principles, even if it would accomplish little in the real world. For instance, he wore very plain clothes like most Quakers, but unlike most Quakers he refused to wear dyed clothes, which stood out and earned him disgust among even other Quakers. He believed that wearing dyed clothes wasted material, hid dirt, and was showy! He also refused at times to have people send him mail because he saw firsthand the hardship put upon young boys in hurrying to carry mail by post, and he didn't want to contribute to that. I may not agree with him, but I admire him. Worthwhile reading. (less)
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Feb 19, 2018Phil rated it it was ok
Shelves: non-fiction
I read this book as it was included in the Harvard Classics list.

An ardent abolitionist who fought to free the slaves almost a century before the Emancipation Proclamation, Woolman comes across as both a credit to the Quaker religious sect and a humble, deeply principled man.

While it seems apparent that he did great work in dedication to his cause—convincing other to free their slaves at a time when even many fellow Quakers owned made use of slave labor— his journal is a dry read that mainly recounts his numerous visits to Quaker gatherings. While useful in an academic sense and of possible utility to Quakers themselves, much of the content herein is too tied to religion to be of general interest. Readers hoping for meditations on the institution of slavery in the tradition of Frederick Douglass are likely to be disappointed. (less)
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Oct 05, 2017Brian rated it did not like it · review of another edition
Shelves: ebook
The Quakers have weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly meetings and in the majority of these John Woolman condemns the slave trade and everything associated with it. His reasoning is that fine luxuries are only possible because of this sinful and immoral practice. All the action takes place in the 1750’s in England and the English colonies of America, in which every other word is capitalized. If you enjoy reading sermons that are directed towards believers in Christianity and are long, boring and repetitive you will enjoy this book. (less)
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Jan 08, 2019Nick Sokol rated it liked it
A beautiful little book from a compassionate and gentle mind. Yes, on paper it is a boring collection of hyper religious notes documenting hundreds of various Quaker meetings. But where he pauses to pontificate on some social issue of interest, he shows that he was running an ethical operating system generations ahead of his time. While Woolman's austere religiosity may not be for everyone, he is a sparkling example of a simple, introspective, and thoroughly examined life.
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Mar 25, 2017Juli Anna rated it it was ok
Shelves: slow-home-research, spirit
My word, that took a while. This was my bedtime reading, which didn't help my pace, but it was also just incredible boring and repetitive. I was expecting much more inspiring spirituality here, but I found it rather dull. Mostly, Woolman just relates the mundanities of his travels. There is quite a bit of interesting writing against slavery, and a few bright tidbits of wisdom, but it was far less inspiring than I had hoped. Perhaps a biography of Woolman would be better suited to my taste.
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Aug 06, 2018Jack LaRouche rated it really liked it
The magnitude of John Woolman's faith pulsed throughout this book; the picture he painted of colonial America, and the jarring honesty of mankind's inner struggles with wealth and profit, really made this a damn good read.
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Feb 16, 2018Danielle rated it liked it
His various comings and goings are a bit tedious, but Woolman himself is an interesting character.
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Oct 09, 2013David rated it it was amazing
Shelves: christian-classics, spiritual-memoir
John Woolman was a Quaker who lived just prior to the American Revolution. But he is not known for anything to do with that, for he was fighting a much bigger fight, speaking our against slavery while the vast majority of people in the colonies still accepted it. Woolman did not just speak out about it, he put his words into action. If he was employed to write a will for someone, he refused to write the portion of the will that spoke of ownership and passing on of slaves. He encouraged the people to free their slaves. During his travels he would often stay with other Quakers who were slaveholders. In such situations, he insisted on paying for the hospitality he received.

You can read Woolman’s story in his journal. I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again – one of the best qualities of e-books is the cheap availability of classic works. Maybe I would never have read Woolman’s journal, which would have been to my own detriment, if I had to buy a hard copy. But at 99 cents? I will go so far as to say any Christian with an e-reader ought to purchase this book.

Woolman’s journal does not just reveal his anti-slavery work. It also sheds a light on a man who lived a simple, Christ-centered life. His words on overcoming the desire to get more stuff and instead being content with just enough to meet your needs are beautiful and challenging:

My mind, through the power of truth, was in a good degree weaned from the desire of outward greatness, and I was learning to be content with real conveniences, that were not costly, so that a way of life free from much entanglement appeared best for me, though the income might be small. - The Journal of John Woolman, Quaker (and Other Selected Writings) (A Christian Classic!) (Kindle Locations 314-316).

Along with his thoughts on simplicity, I was struck by how he learned to be silent until led to speak by God. It seemed that, like many of us, when he was younger he would often enter into an argument, believing he had the truth and had to share it (and in being against slavery, he was correct in this). But over time he seemed to have learned, as we all need to, that there is a time to be silent and a time to speak:

It was my concern from day to day to say neither more nor less than what the spirit of truth opened in me, being jealous over myself lest I should say anything to make my testimony look agreeable to that mind in people which is not in pure obedience to the cross of Christ - The Journal of John Woolman, Quaker (and Other Selected Writings) (A Christian Classic!) (Kindle Locations 1224-1226).

I think his words in regards to business would also be good for Christian (or all) business leaders:

As he is the perfection of power, of wisdom, and of goodness, so I believe he hath provided that so much labor shall be necessary for men’s support in this world as would, being rightly divided, be a suitable employment of their time; and that we cannot go into superfluities, or grasp after wealth in a way contrary to his wisdom, without having connection with some degree of oppression, and with that spirit which leads to self-exaltation and strife, and which frequently brings calamities on countries by parties contending about their claims - The Journal of John Woolman, Quaker (and Other Selected Writings) (A Christian Classic!) (Kindle Locations 1439-1442).

I was renewedly confirmed in a belief, that if all our inhabitants lived according to sound wisdom, laboring to promote universal love and righteousness, and ceased from every inordinate desire after wealth, and from all customs which are tinctured with luxury, the way would be easy for our inhabitants, though they might be much more numerous than at present, to live comfortably on honest employments, without the temptation they are so often under of being drawn into schemes to make settlements on lands which have not been purchased of the Indians, or of applying to that wicked practice of selling rum to them - The Journal of John Woolman, Quaker (and Other Selected Writings) (A Christian Classic!) (Kindle Locations 1532-1536).

If this was a real review, I could be a bit critical. The journal is a bit slow at times, with a lot of “we traveled here and slept here and met this person and so on and so forth.” Some questions are left unanswered as the journal only provides a glimpse into his life that a biography would fill. One example is his wife. What happened to her? He does not mention her much, that is for sure. But such things aside, this is a Christian classic. I could list many other quotes from the book I find challenging and inspiring (which if you care to read them, I do list on my blog: http://davehershey.wordpress.com/2013...)(less)
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Mar 06, 2017Lrgallagher rated it really liked it
very helpful - a classic
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Feb 26, 2017Collin rated it it was ok
From a more agnostic point of view, this book was difficult to push through. Woolman filled his auto with large amounts of repetitiveness and a hundred ways of saying or describing God in his life--his divine love filled my heart as I spread butter on toast. If I was on a ship, in 1770, and I hit a hurricane, no amount of belief in God could steady the inner me. On a lighter note the man stuck to his morals, for that I give him kudos, and it gave an interesting perspective on the times.
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Aug 09, 2015Matt rated it really liked it
That this book was included in the Harvard Classics was a gift. I'd never heard of it, but it is well worth the read. John Woolman was an early American contemporary of Ben Franklin's but whereas Franklin (simplistically) credited industry/hard work with a person's success in the world, Woolman credits God-given balance in life for a person's success:

"As he is the perfection of power, of wisdom, and of goodness, so I believe he hath provided that so much labor shall be necessary for men’s support in this world as would, being rightly divided, be a suitable employment of their time; and that we cannot go into superfluities, or grasp after wealth in a way contrary to his wisdom, without having connection with some degree of oppression, and with that spirit which leads to self-exaltation and strife, and which frequently brings calamities on countries by parties contending about their claims."

His story is special because of his effect on Quaker thought insofar as slave-holding was concerned. To him, slavery was a natural extension of grasping after wealth and thus not worthy of a Christian.

"I further reminded them how the prophets repeatedly declare “that the son shall not suffer for the iniquity of the father, but every one be answerable for his own sins.” I was troubled to perceive the darkness of their imaginations, and in some pressure of spirit said, “The love of ease and gain are the motives in general of keeping slaves, and men are wont to take hold of weak arguments to support a cause which is unreasonable. I have no interest on either side, save only the interest which I desire to have in the truth. I believe liberty is their right, and as I see they are not only deprived of it, but treated in other respects with inhumanity in many places, I believe He who is a refuge for the oppressed will, in his own time, plead their cause, and happy will it be for such as walk in uprightness before him.”"

Quite a contrast from Franklin. (less)
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Sep 09, 2015Todd Luallen rated it really liked it · review of another edition
An enjoyable look into the life of a 18th Century Quaker in and around the Colonies. His passion for those that were over-looked and over-worked was immense. He traveled broadly in an effort to convince the Friends (Quaker communities) to free their slaves and to refrain from participating in any business that was built upon the backs of the over-worked or oppressed. His heart broke for the native Indians that were forced from their lands via shady business deals and were then forced into a life of subsistence that all true Christians should abhor. He believed strongly that many settlers in the Colonies that owned slaves were doing themselves a disservice, both to their current holiness and to their posterity, by providing so much leisure time as to invite a more fertile soil for sinfulness. In addition, the typical life of the slave he believed, was so oppressive as to make hope and joy in following after the religion of their owners a near impossibility. Woolman was very vocal about his convictions, but most gracious in the way in which he presented his case to those that still held slaves or were not convinced.

Much of his journal is redundant in that it presents his telling of his passion in different areas of the Colonies. The final quarter of the book is much more specific and to the point without the travel journal diary that tends to be a bit dry in the rest of the book.

There is plenty for the reader to glean from this book, but I would propose two things will stand out the most. First, that John Woolman thought slavery brutal, sinful, and a total blight on ALL who participated in it. Second, that John Woolman believed wholeheartedly that the life a Godly Christian should be one of simple living, devoted to the command to "do unto others what you would have them do unto you." (less)
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Sep 15, 2016J. rated it it was ok · review of another edition
I read this because it is on the Harvard Classics list, not (as it turns out) because it is a real page turner. This was not a great literary piece and is a bit of a snooze, but if you're interested in the nascent abolitionist movement in the Colonies in the mid 1700's, this is a good resource. I admire Woolman's tenacity as he was a strong advocate of abolition (once refusing to write a will containing slaves as property and suggesting a boycott of products from the West Indies), helping Native Americans from vices gripping their nations, living a simple life, and giving up everything to preach his convictions. He was an advocate for the poor and for the humane treatment of animals, and he hated the corruption of youth when employed as sailors. He freely expressed these ideas at a time when a lot of his convictions were not mainstream or accepted. It's amazing the thousands of miles he traveled throughout the Colonies and to England to spread his ideals. His story ends tragically, *SPOILER* Woolman dies of small pox in England thousands of miles away from family and friends, but he was at least resigned to what he believed were divine afflictions.

My favorite quote: “The Most High doth not often speak with an outward voice to our outward ears, but if we humbly mediate on his perfections, consider that he is perfect wisdom and goodness, and that to afflict his creatures to no purpose would be utterly averse to his nature, we shall hear and understand his language both in his gentle and more heavy chastisements, and shall take heed that we do not, in the wisdom of this world, endeavor to escape his hand by means too powerful for us.” (less)
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Sep 16, 2015Brian Miller rated it did not like it
This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here.
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Jul 17, 2010Paul rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
I knew that Woolman did a lot to get Quakers to oppose slavery (about 100 years before it became popular in the Northern US), and expected a case study of how someone tries to follow conscience / God. It is that, but the part I didn't know to expect was how many of Woolman's concerns were about issues that are still relevant today. (Slavery still exists, but few would argue that it's good or necessary. These other concerns are still sometimes a matter of debate in the US.)

In addition to taking on slavery, Woolman addresses fair trade, economic justice, ethically-made clothes, locally-grown food, and the treatment of animals.

As one of the great activists of the 16th century, it is particularly interesting that early in his life, he went against social pressure to choose a career that would pay less, but give him more time. An important strategy, I think, as I consider my excuses for not doing more to improve the world... (less)
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Oct 28, 2008Shelley rated it liked it
John Woolman is an example of being completely committed to what he felt was right. He seemed to be a spiritual giant, intent on his personal relationship with God and his inward worship. He had tremendous faith that if he acted for the right's sake, he would be blessed. He made great advances for the cause of freeing slaves although that wouldn't happen for another century or so. But his reasoning was perhaps erring on the side of principle rather than true reasoning. As in the case of war, his religious beliefs were completely against it, so under no circumstance would he support it, not monetarily, not by paying taxes, not by sailing on a ship that would eventually pay to support the war effort. Sometimes I had to laugh at him, but I admire him in that once he was converted to his truth, he defended it to the end. (less)
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Aug 28, 2015Nola Redd rated it really liked it
Shelves: classics, nonfiction-biography, nonfiction-philosophy
John Woolman lived in colonial America before it was America. At a time when the colonies were young, an encounter led him to ponder the nature and moral appropriateness of slavery. He subsequently traveled to numerous Quaker meetings to preach the immorality of professed Christians holding other men as property. In pondering the relationship of money and slavery, he quickly concludes that a love of riches and unnecessary comforts not only encourages slavery but also other unrighteous behavior.

Woolman is not eloquent with a phrase, but the words he pens are from the heart. At times, his journal became somewhat monotonous, given his occasional brief descriptions of his trips. Still, it was interesting to read and point his perspective, not only on slavery but also on the very cost of prosperity. (less)
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The Quaker Peace Testimony, Economics, and the Common Good - Keith Helmuth



The Quaker Peace Testimony, Economics, and the Common Good - Keith Helmuth



The Quaker Peace Testimony, Economics, and the Common Good
by Keith Helmuth on December 1, 2008

Quakerism and Economics of the Common Good

English Quaker John Bellers (1654‐ 1725) was the first social thinker to advance universal healthcare as a public policy. He based his case on the enhanced level of well‐being and economic efficiency that would result from an improved level of health across the entire society. Bellers was also the first social thinker to advance a comprehensive plan of vocational training and sustainable employment as a national solution to chronic poverty. This policy and investment proposal was also based on calculations of progressive improvement in the economic well‐being of those in poverty, and on the society‐wide benefits of ameliorating social degradation and its accompanying violence.

These are but two of many social and economic reforms that unfolded from the Quaker faith and moral vision of John Bellers. His social and economic analyses and his visionary moral response come to us from the beginning of Quakerism. His lucid and prescient approach to social and economic conditions was focused through the new light that early Quakerism was bringing to the sense of “right relationship.” Bellers was just a half generation younger than George Fox.

Bellers repeatedly petitioned the English Parliament to enact legislation that would implement the social policies and economic projects he proposed. He was not successful in convincing the national government of the time, or the holders of capital to whom he also appealed, that implementing his proposals would advance the common good and be beneficial across the entire economy. However, it was only a matter of time until the soundness of his proposals would be recognized and acted on in many progressive jurisdictions. One hundred and fifty years later, Robert Owen, England’s greatest social reformer and the originator of the cooperative movement, said he had gotten all his best ideas from John Bellers.

As far as I know, there is no direct evidence that John Woolman was familiar with the work of John Bellers, but there is no doubt that the same holistic vision informed both men’s social and economic analyses and moral witnesses for the common good. All of John Woolman’s discussions on spiritual life, and in particular on spiritual disorders, crossed over into their social and economic consequences. And all his discussions on social and economic behavior led back to their spiritual foundations. In his continual probing of these relationships, he repeatedly returned to the recognition that minds possessed by the spirit of domination lead to social and economic disorder. Woolman’s holistic understanding also went a step further and helped set the stage for ecological thinking. He clearly understood economic geography and ecological adaptation. He understood that unwise use of resources leads to ecosystem breakdown in the same way that unwise use of labor leads to societal breakdown.

Why is it that from the beginning of Quakerism, the life of the spirit and economic affairs converge into a single focus? Why is it that both William Penn and John Woolman amplified this convergence into the larger context of the human‐Earth relationship? Why is it that Quaker economist Kenneth Boulding (1910–1993) was one of the first social scientists to recognize Earth’s ecological context as the primary reference for all progressive thinking, policy, and action with regard to the human future? The answer, I suggest, is as obvious as the full moon in a cloudless night sky.
The Spiritual Basis of Economics and Ecology

In a deeply profound sense, economics and ecology are domains of relationship. Economics is about access to the means of life. Ecology is about the mutual interdependence of life communities. There is a deep sense of right relationship within a fully rounded understanding of these domains.

For example, in the right relationship of human solidarity, we see economic activity flowing from social relations that enhance the common good. In the right relationship of ecological integrity, we see the human economy as a wholly owned subsidiary of Earth’s ecology.

When we bring these two perspectives together, the lens of human solidarity and the lens of ecological science pivot into a single focus. Through this focus we can see right relationship in a more fully rounded and deeply instructive way. Right relationship then becomes the central motif in both the social design of human well‐being and in ecologically sound economic adaptation.

Our spiritual traditions teach us that in right relationship, we touch the fullness of human meaning and the presence of the Divine. The Friends Peace Testimony is about elevating all areas of human policy and practice into this zone of right relationship. Because economic behavior is so often excluded by policy from the zone of right relationship, it is a primary area of injustice, conflict, violence, and war. A Peace Testimony that does not address economics in a major and sustained way is not a fully developed or spiritually accountable witness.
A Fully Developed Peace Testimony

Near the end of his short life, Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968) saw how certain kinds of economic arrangements were directly connected to oppression, conflict, violence, and war. He began to focus his analysis through a vision of right relationship that challenged inequity and structural violence in U.S. economic behavior and its worldwide extensions. Within this enlarged context he asked the question, “What is the moral assignment?” This question of right relationship in economic policy and behavior is now central to the renewal of the Peace Testimony.

In this context we need to make a distinction between the economics of resource competition and the economics of the common good. The former is leading to resource wars, social disintegration, and ecological degradation. The latter has the potential of creating cultures of peace, social cooperation, and ecological resilience. A fully developed Peace Testimony will offer critical intervention in the former and creative advancement of the latter.

If Friends can now move the Peace Testimony into this arena, we will help advance an already substantial faith witness that has boldly challenged economic violence and injustice. For example, when the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops recently issued a document of social teachings strongly critical of the capital‐driven economy and its morally unacceptable inequities, some economists, politicians, and corporate leaders told them to butt out. They argued that the bishops had no business making pronouncements on economics and economic policy, and that they should just stick to religion. This naïve reaction failed, of course, to understand that Catholic social teaching has a long history in these matters.
Heritage as a Resource for Renewal

Quakerism, likewise, has a long genealogy of concern, thought, and action with regard to economics. The Peace Testimony applied to economics is not breaking new ground. We need only to update our heritage. In addition to the witnesses of Bellers and Woolman, the following more recent examples are worth noting.

In 1934, the Industrial Relations Committee of Friends General Conference prepared and published A Statement of Economic Objectives, which addressed the disaster of the Great Depression. This document offered a comprehensive strategy for equity‐based economic reform. (A significant number of Quakers were deeply involved in creating the New Deal.)

In 1969, Friends Committee on National Legislation issued a well‐crafted policy statement on Goals for a Just Society: Jobs and Assured Income. This document makes the case for the elimination of poverty through a combination of measures addressing health, education, vocational training, employment, and basic income.

In 2004, American Friends Service Committee published the report of its Working Party on Global Economics: Putting Dignity and Rights at the Heart of the Global Economy. With an acute awareness that poverty is a peace issue, this document calls for a Global New Deal, and for the moral leadership of Friends in fostering such a transformation. The authors write, “Just as the charges of ‘idealism’ have never made the AFSC abandon the commitment to the Peace Testimony and the power of love, charges that ‘the market doesn’t work that way’ should not distract us from our goal of a world of economic justice for all.”

The most recent work on this theme comes from the Friends Testimonies and Economics Project, which is now posting its three‐volume resource guide Seeds of Violence, Seeds of Hope on the website of Friends General Conference. (Copies are available from Ed Dreby at drebymans@igc.org.)

Our quest to renew the Peace Testimony will be lifted into a more fully rounded and relevant context if we bring this heritage into a position of central focus and if we see the economics of the common good unfolding as the central peace issue.
Strengthening the Peace Testimony in Its Moral Vision

The Peace Testimony is strengthened in its address to economics when we remember that economics is primarily a social science. It is further strengthened when we realize that economics, in its origin, was a moral discipline. It still is. And being a moral discipline, economics is precisely the arena where religion enters most fully into the service of the world. It is the arena of analysis and action where Friends can discover a more fully rounded expression of the Peace Testimony as it develops within the economics of the common good. Ongoing study and research will be needed to support and advance this witness. A certain fearlessness may be required. Those who benefit from human exploitation, resource domination, and the economics of war do not want the present financial architecture and economic arrangements altered.

In the time of spiritual crisis when Quakerism began, Friends decided they could not leave religion to the established Church. In our time of mounting social and ecological crisis, Friends should likewise not leave economic relationships to the current political‐financial establishment. Economics and finance have become, in effect, the modern world’s established religion, and they now need, for sake of the common good, the same wind of reform that Quakers brought to religion in the 17th century.
The Ethics of Human Solidarity

If the ethics of human solidarity and the economics of the common good are our moral assignment, can we pose a straightforward and helpful guide to action? To answer this question we can paraphrase Aldo Leopold (1887–1948), a founding figure in conservation biology and a thinker who formulated a “land ethic”: “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.” With this simple admonition, Leopold coined an ethical formula that has entered into the foundation of the ecological worldview and environmental ethics. It is an expression of solidarity at the level of the human‐Earth relationship.

In a similar way, and with respect to human solidarity, we can say: “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the human community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.” In a time when human solidarity is a preeminent requirement for decent human survival, this is a moral template against which all economic policy and behavior can be gauged and evaluated.

Renewing the Peace Testimony is, in large part, a matter of how Friends respond to the economic, social, and ecological mandate now placed before us by the converging crises of our time. This is the moral assignment. As a matter of religious responsibility, we can enter fully into reshaping economic policy and economic behavior on behalf of the common good and the integrity of Creation. Thus will the visions of John Bellers, John Woolman, and many Friends since their time be given new opportunities for realization. Thus will the Peace Testimony be renewed, and thus will Quakers be able to more effectively advance a moral vision of the common good.
————————
This article was inspired by the called meeting on the renewal of the Quaker Peace Testimony held by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, November 18, 2006, at Arch Street Meetinghouse, Philadelphia, Pa.

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Keith Helmuth, a member of New Brunswick Monthly Meeting in Canada, recently completed a ten-year sojourn at Central Philadelphia (Pa.) Meeting. He is a founding member of Quaker Institute for the Future and secretary of the Board.Posted in: Features


Economics, Environment, Friends Testimonies, health, History, Peace, Social Action, Social Concerns

Quaker John Woolman From Wikipedia


John Woolman
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John Woolman

Church Religious Society of Friends
Personal details
Born October 19, 1720
Province of New Jersey
Died October 7, 1772 (aged 51)
York, Kingdom of Great Britain
Buried York, Kingdom of Great Britain
Denomination Quaker
Parents Samuel Woolman (father) Elizabeth Burr (mother)
Spouse Sarah Ellis (née Abbott)
Children Mary
Occupation Trade


John Woolman (October 19, 1720 (O.S.)/October 30, 1720 (N.S.)[1]– October 7, 1772) was a North American merchant, tailor, journalist, and itinerant Quakerpreacher, and an early abolitionist in the colonial era

Based in Mount Holly, New Jersey, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he traveled through frontier areas of British North America to preach Quaker beliefs, and advocate against slavery and the slave trade, cruelty to animals, economic injustices and oppression, and conscription. Beginning in 1755 with the outbreak of the French and Indian War, he urged tax resistance to deny support to the military. In 1772, Woolman traveled to England, where he urged Quakers to support abolition of slavery.

Woolman published numerous essays, especially against slavery. He kept a journal throughout his life; it was published posthumously, entitled The Journal of John Woolman (1774). Included in Volume I of the Harvard Classics since 1909, it is considered a prominent American spiritual work. It has also been admired for the power and clarity of its prose by non-Quakers such as the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the poet William Ellery Channing, and the essayist Charles Lamb, who urged a friend to "get the writings of John Woolman by heart."[2] The Journal has been continuously in print since 1774, published in numerous editions; the most recent scholarly edition was published in 1989.


Contents
1Biography
1.1Early life
1.2Career
1.3Testimony of Simplicity
1.4Anti-slavery activities
1.5Testimony of Peace
1.6Final days
2Published works
3Legacy and honors
4Further reading
5Footnotes
6See also
7External links


Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]

John Woolman was born in 1720 into a family who were members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). His father Samuel Woolman was a farmer. Their estate lay between Burlington and Mount Holly Township in the New Jersey colony, near the Delaware River. Woolman's maternal and paternal grandparents were early Quaker settlers in Burlington County, New Jersey.[3]

During his youth, he happened upon a robin's nest that held hatchlings. Woolman began throwing rocks at the mother robin to see if he could hit her. After killing the mother bird, he was filled with remorse, thinking of the baby birds who had no chance of survival without her. He got the nest down from the tree and quickly killed the hatchlings, believing it to be the most merciful thing to do. This experience weighed on his heart. He was inspired to love and protect all living things from then on.[4]

Woolman married Sarah Ellis, a fellow Quaker, in a ceremony at the Chesterfield Friends Meeting. Sarah bore him a daughter whom they named Mary.[5] His choice to lead a "life of simplicity" meant sacrifices for his family, as did his frequent travels as an itinerant minister.

Career[edit]

As a young man, Woolman began work as a clerk for a merchant. When he was 23, his employer asked him to write a bill of sale for a slave. Though he told his employer that he thought that slaveholding was inconsistent with Christianity, he wrote the bill of sale.

By the age of 26, he had become an independent and successful tradesman. He refused to write the part of another customer's will which would have bequeathed or transferred the ownership of a slave, and instead convinced the owner to set the slave free by manumission. Many Friends (fellow Quakers) believed that slavery was bad—even a sin. Other Friends kept slaves but considered trading in slaves to be sinful.

Woolman eventually retired from business (i.e., "merchandising") because he viewed profit-making as distracting from his religion. He wrote that he took up the trade of tailor in order to have more free time to travel and witness to fellow Quakers about his concerns.[6]

Testimony of Simplicity[edit]

Woolman was committed to the Friends' Testimony of Simplicity. While in his 20s, he decided that the retail trade demanded too much of his time. He believed he had a calling to preach "truth and light" among Friends and others. In his Journal, he said that he quit the shop as it was "attended with much outward care and cumber," that his "mind was weaned from the desire of outward greatness," and that "where the heart is set on greatness, success in business did not satisfy the craving."[7] Woolman gave up his career as a tradesman and supported himself as a tailor; he also maintained a productive orchard.

He addressed issues of economic injustice and oppression in his Journal and other writings, and knew international trade had local effects. Despite supporting himself as a tailor, Woolman refused to use or wear dyed fabrics, because he had learned that many workers in the dye industry were poisoned by some of the noxious substances used. Concerned about treatment of animals, in later life, Woolman avoided riding in stagecoaches, for he believed operators were too often cruel and injurious to the teams of horses.

Woolman decided to minister to Friends and others in remote areas on the frontier. In 1746, he went on his first ministry trip with Isaac Andrews. They traveled about 1,500 miles round-trip in three months, going as far south as North Carolina. He preached on many topics, including slavery, during this and other such trips.

Anti-slavery activities[edit]


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In 1754 Woolman published Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes. He continued to refuse to draw up wills that bequeathed ownership of slaves to heirs. Over time, and working on a personal level, he individually convinced many Quaker slaveholders to free their slaves. As Woolman traveled, when he accepted hospitality from a slaveholder, he insisted on paying the slaves for their work in attending him. He refused to be served with silver cups, plates, and utensils, as he believed that slaves in other regions were forced to dig such precious minerals and gems for the rich. He observed that some owners used the labor of their slaves to enjoy lives of ease, which he found to be the worst situation not only for the slaves, but for the moral and spiritual condition of the owners. He could condone those owners who treated their slaves gently, or worked alongside them.

Woolman worked within the Friends' tradition of seeking the guidance of the Spirit of Christ and patiently waiting to achieve unity in the Spirit. As he went from one Friends' meeting to another, he expressed his concern about slaveholding. Gradually various Quaker Meetings began to see the evils of slavery; their minutes increasingly reflecting their condemnation of the practice. Quaker records bear witness to his and a few others' success – by the time the 1776–1783 revolution was over, almost all North American Quakers had freed their slaves, and those few Quakers who had been engaged in the trading or shipment of slaves had ceased such activities as well.

Testimony of Peace[edit]

He lived out the Friends' Peace Testimony by protesting the French and Indian War(1754–1763), the North American front of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. In 1755, he decided to oppose paying those colonial taxes that supported the war and urged tax resistance among fellow Quakers in the Philadelphia Meeting, even at a time when settlers on the frontier were being attacked by French and allied Native Americans. Some Quakers joined him in his protest, and the Meeting sent a letter on this issue to other groups. In one of his prophetic dreams, recorded in his Journal, Woolman negotiated between two heads of state in an effort to prevent a war.[8]

Final days[edit]

Woolman's final journey was to England in 1772. During the voyage he stayed in steerageand spent time with the crew, rather than in the better accommodations enjoyed by some passengers. He attended the British London Yearly Meeting. The Friends resolved to include an anti-slavery statement in their Epistle (a type of letter sent to Quakers in other places). Woolman traveled to York, but he had contracted smallpox and died there. He was buried in York on October 9, 1772.[9] There is strong doubt whether the portrait shown here (and very often elsewhere) can be of John Woolman. (Janet Whitney in John Woolman, Quaker, 1943 re. AM Gummere's Journal and Essays of John Woolman, 1922.) There is no known depiction of John Woolman but the authentic silhouette of his brother Uriah shows a very different face to this elderly, wizened subject.

Published works[edit]

Essays
"Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes", 1753
"Some Considerations on Keeping Negroes, Part Second", 1762
"Considerations on Pure Wisdom and Human Policy, on Labor, on Schools, and on the Right Use of the Lord's Outward Gifts", 1768
"Considerations on the True Harmony of Mankind, and How it is to be Maintained", 1770

Books
  • The Journal of John Woolman, published posthumously in 1774 by Joseph Crukshank, a Philadelphia Quaker printer. Several subsequent editions are available, including the respected Whittier edition of 1871. The modern standard scholarly edition is The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman, ed., Phillips P. Moulton, Friends United Press, 1989.
  • Serious Considerations on Various Subjects of Importance by John Woolman, of Mount-Holly, New-Jersey, with some of his dying expressions, published posthumously in 1805 by Collins, Perkins and Co., New York.
  • Gummere, Amelia Mott (1922). The Journal and Essays of John Woolman. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Proud, James, ed. (2010). John Woolman and the Affairs of Truth: the Journalist's Essays, Epistles, and Ephemera. San Francisco, CA: Inner Light Books

Legacy and honors[edit]

In his lifetime, Woolman did not succeed in eradicating slavery even within the Society of Friends in colonial America. However, his personal efforts helped change Quaker viewpoints during the period of the Great Awakening. In 1790, after the American Revolutionary War, the Pennsylvania Society of Friends petitioned the United States Congress for the abolition of slavery. While unsuccessful at the national level, Quakers contributed to Pennsylvania's abolition of slavery. In addition, in the first two decades after the war, they were active together with Methodist and Baptist preachers in the Upper South in persuading many slaveholders to manumit their slaves. The percentage of free people of color rose markedly during those decades, for instance, from less than one to nearly ten percent in Virginia.[10]
The "fair treatment of people of all races" is today an integral part of the Friends' Testimony of Equality.

The John Woolman Memorial, 99 Branch St., Mount Holly, New Jersey(39.999000°N 74.776875°W)
The Journal of John Woolman has been included since the first year of publication in 1909 in Volume I of The Harvard Classics,together with Benjamin Franklin's His Autobiography and William Penn's Fruits of Solitude. This was published by P.F. Collier and Sons of New York. Woolman's Journal is considered a prominent American spiritual work and is the longest-published book in the history of North America other than the Bible, having been continuously in print since 1774.
The John Woolman Memorial Association was formed in Mount Holly to promote his teachings. It sponsors an annual lecture and has published a volume of Woolman genealogy, with additional volumes planned.[5]
The John Woolman Memorial in Mount Holly, New Jersey is located near one of his former orchards. A brick house built between 1771–1783, reportedly for one of Woolman's daughters and her husband, it is operated as a house museum and memorial.[5] The Memorial's parent organization also compiles an ongoing genealogical study of Woolman's descendants; notable among them are the late actor Christopher Reeve (of 'Superman' fame) and Collett Everman Woolman, a pioneer and innovator of air mail and aerial crop-dusting, and founder of Delta Airlines.[11]

1963, the John Woolman School was founded in his honor in Nevada City, Californiaas a college-preparatory boarding school, serving students in grades 10–12.[12]
The Woolman Institute was established at Wilmington College during the 1980s.
2003, a group of scholars of peace and justice studies founded the John Woolman College of Active Peace, which seeks to 'mainstream' many Quaker (and other) concepts of peace and peacemaking into higher education.[13]

Further reading[edit]


Footnotes[edit]

^ "Quaker Meeting Records". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 12 September 2017. The date in the original record is the 19th day of Eighth Month 1720. Modern readers often take this to mean August, but before the British empire's adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in 1752, "Eighth Month" was Quaker parlance for October. See https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library/quaker-calendar for more information.
^ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Woolman,_John_(DNB00)
^ The Descendants of John & Elizabeth (Borton) Woolman, married 1684, of Burlington County, New Jersey, Burlington, New Jersey: The John Boorman Memorial Society, 1997
^ The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman, ed., Phillips P. Moulton, Friends United Press, 1989
^ Jump up to:a b c John Woolman Memorial, John Woolman Memorial Association website
^ Loukes, Harold (1961). Friends Face Reality. London: Bannisdale Press. p. 151.
^ Whittier 1872 edition, chapter 2
^ Gross, David M. (2008). American Quaker War Tax Resistance, Create Space, pp. 65–68, 77–79, 88–89, 94–95
^ Slaughter, Thomas P. (2008). The Beautiful Soul of John Woolman, Apostle of Abolition,New York: Hill and Wang, p. 378
^ Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1877, Hill and Wang, 1993
^ http://woolmancentral.com/tidbit6.html
^ "John Woolman School", official website
^ John Woolman College Archived 2012-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, website


External links[edit]
John Woolmanat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote

Texts from Wikisource
John Woolman, The Journal of John Woolman, in Vol. I, The Harvard Classics, New York: P.F. Collier and Sons, 1909 edition, online e-text (1994) at University of Virginia Library
"John Woolman, Quintessential Quaker", review, Quaker Info website
"John Woolman", bio
Woolman Central, John Woolman Memorial Association official website
John Woolman College of Active Peace, educational consortium dedicated to teaching Woolman's Theory of Active Peace
"Excerpts from 'The Journal of John Woolman'", 1872 edition, The Picket Line: tax resistance website, primary documents and excerpts
Claus Bernet (2002). "John Woolman". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 20. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1560–1574. ISBN 3-88309-091-3.
Works by John Woolman at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about John Woolman at Internet Archive
Works by John Woolman at LibriVox (public domain audio books)

A Clear Leading, a one-man play written and performed by Rich Swingle

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정토회 | 스님의 하루 - “성질이 더러운 사람을 사랑으로 대할 수 있을까요?”



정토회 | 스님의 하루 - “성질이 더러운 사람을 사랑으로 대할 수 있을까요?”




“성질이 더러운 사람을 사랑으로 대할 수 있을까요?”

2019.4.17. 즉문즉설(9) 세종시


안녕하세요. 오늘 스님은 정부 세종청사 대강당에서 즉문즉설 강연을 했습니다.





스님은 동국대학교에서 도법스님을 비롯한 불교계 인사와 오찬을 하고 세종시로 출발했습니다. 강연 전에 정석배 교수님을 만나 연해주 독립운동 유적지인 신한촌 재건 사업 대해 의논하였습니다.





강연이 열린 정부 세종청사 대강당에는 퇴근을 하고 막 달려온 직장인부터 나이 지긋한 어르신까지 다양한 사람들로 북적였습니다. 6백여 석이 꽉 차고 좌석에 앉지 못한 삼백 여명은 맨 뒤편, 계단 한쪽, 무대 앞쪽에 깔개를 깔고 앉았습니다. 바닥에도 앉지 못한 분들은 강연장 밖에서 영상으로 보았습니다.





스님은 밝은 미소와 함께 강연을 시작했습니다.






“저녁 식사는 하셨어요? 우리는 육신을 위해 매일 하루 세끼 음식을 챙겨 먹입니다. 그런데 행복의 근본인 마음을 위해서는 제대로 안 챙겨 먹이는 거 같아요. 오늘 저녁은 마음이 배부를 수 있도록 함께 즐거운 대화를 했으면 좋겠습니다.

요즘 참 좋은 봄날입니다. 계절의 봄은 왔는데 아직 마음의 봄이 아직 안 오신 분들도 있죠? 오늘 저녁에는 우리들의 마음에도 따뜻한 봄이 찾아왔으면 합니다. 질문을 써낸 분들은 마음이 다 겨울인 분들이에요. 대화를 하면서 마음에 맺힌 얼음이 녹고 따뜻한 봄이 되었으면 합니다.”

스님의 인사에 따뜻한 봄바람이 스치는 듯했습니다. 질문을 써낸 분이 17명이었습니다. 스님은 바로 질문을 받았습니다. 첫 질문자는 어릴 적부터 ‘왜 사는가’가 고민이었다고 합니다. 평생 무겁고 힘들게 살아왔는데 가볍게 사는 방법에 대해 질문했습니다.
스님은 질문자와 대화를 끝내고 즉문즉설의 원리에 대해서도 설명해주었습니다.






“두려움이 생기면 도망을 갈 게 아니라 ‘왜 두렵지?’, ‘두려움의 원인이 뭐지?’ 이렇게 접근해야 해요. ‘왜 괴롭지?’, ‘왜 슬프지?’ 이렇게 접근해서 그 원인을 규명하면 두려움과 괴로움이 사라져 버립니다. 이걸 깨달음이라고 해요. 깨닫는다는 것은 ‘꿈에서 깨어난다,’ ‘무지로부터 깨어난다’ 이런 뜻이에요. 신비스러운 것이 아닙니다.

오늘 여러분과의 대화도 그래요. 그저 이런저런 사는 얘기를 웃으면서 하는 것 같지만, 저와 얘기를 나누다 보면 ‘별 거 아니네’라고 말하는 경지에 이르게 됩니다. (모두 웃음)

‘그게 굉장한 문제인 줄 알았는데 별 거 아니네!’

진실을 발견하면 이렇게 말하게 돼요. 사실을 있는 그대로 알게 되면서 두려움이 사라져 버리기 때문입니다.

그래서 저는 여러분이 무슨 괴로움을 갖고 있느냐고 묻는 거예요. 여러분이 온갖 걸 물어도 법륜 스님은 척척 얘기한다고 하지만 사실 저는 얘기할 게 없어요. (모두 웃음)






10명이 잠을 자면 10명이 다 다른 꿈을 꿉니다. 한 사람은 뱀한테 쫓기고, 한 사람은 사자한테 쫓기고, 한 사람은 강도한테 쫓겨요. 꿈속에서 이 문제를 해결하려면, 뱀한테 쫓길 때는 어떻게 해야 하고, 사자한테 쫓길 때는 어떻게 해야 하고, 강도한테 쫓길 때는 어떻게 해야 하는지가 다 다르기 때문에 무척 복잡합니다. 그런데 그 악몽에서 벗어나는 길은 흔들어 깨우는 겁니다. 그 사람이 무슨 꿈을 꾸든 흔들어주면 됩니다. 그 사람이 뱀 꿈을 꿨든 강도 꿈을 꿨든 아무 관계가 없어요. 눈만 뜨면 해결됩니다.

즉문즉설에서 여러분이 무슨 고민을 하는지는 그렇게 중요한 문제가 아니에요. 무슨 얘기든 그냥 사실대로 얘기하면 돼요. 그래서 뭐든지 물어도 좋다고 하는 겁니다. 다만 무슨 얘기든 솔직하게 얘기하는 게 좋아요. 그래서 여러분이 괴로워하는 문제의 원인을 규명해보는 겁니다. 어제 어떤 분은 ‘공이 뭡니까?’라고 물어서 ‘그거 알아서 뭐할래요?’라고 했어요. 저와의 대화는 이런 방식입니다.

‘기도는 어떻게 합니까?’
‘기도는 왜 하는데요?’
‘기도하면 좋다고 하니까요.’
‘누가 그래요?’

여러분은 늘 어떻게 해야 한다는 전제가 되어 있어요. 저는 그 전제가 과연 맞는 것인지 묻는 겁니다. 그래서 질문자가 힘들어 죽겠다는 얘기를 해도 웃으면서 대화를 나눌 수가 있어요. 힘들어 죽겠다는 꿈을 깨면 되니까요.”
두 번째 질문자는 울먹이며 질문을 시작했습니다. 남편이 백수에다 예민한 성격이라 이혼하려고 하는데 5살 아이가 걱정이 된다고 했습니다. 세 번째 질문자는 반대로 이혼한 가정에서 자라 자살시도를 여러 번 했다며 자신의 이야기를 꺼내놓았습니다. 대비되는 두 질문자와 스님의 대화를 들으며 눈물을 흘리는 분들이 많았습니다.





네 번째 질문자는 대학병원 의사인 딸이 열등감으로 불안해해서 엄마인 자신도 불안하다고 질문했고, 다섯 번째 질문자는 트럼프나 김정은 같은 사람들을 어떻게 사랑으로 대할 수 있을지 물었습니다. 여섯 번째 질문자는 통일을 하면 어떤 이익이 있는지 물었습니다.

오늘은 그중 ‘트럼프와 김정은을 어떻게 대해야 사랑으로 대할 수 있는가’에 대한 질문을 소개해드리겠습니다.
트럼프, 김정은을 어떻게 사랑으로 대할 수 있을까요?

“저는 마틴 루터 킹의 ‘미움은 미움을 몰아낼 수 없다. 사랑만이 그럴 수 있다’라는 말을 좋아합니다. 그런데 삶을 살면서도 그렇지만 특히 국가 간의 외교 문제에서는 상대방을 선택할 수가 없잖아요. 트럼프나 김정은처럼 개인적으로 존경할 수 없는 사람들과 외교 문제를 풀어야 한다면 어떤 태도를 가져야 할까요? 그 사람들을 어떻게 사랑으로 대할 수 있을까요?”

“질문자는 마틴 루터 킹 수준이 돼요?” (모두 웃음)

“안 됩니다.”






“수준도 안 되면서 무슨 마틴 루터 킹처럼 하려고 해요? 질문자 수준에서는 미움은 미움으로 갚아야죠.”

“그러고 싶지 않으니까요.”


“미움을 미움으로 갚는 게 뭐가 나쁜데요?”

“그러면 미움이 끝나지 않으니까요.”

“끝이 안 나면 어때요? 왜 꼭 끝이 나야 해요?” (모두 웃음)

“....” (질문자 침묵)


“이렇게 질문하니까 어쩔 줄 모르겠죠? 여러분은 자꾸 ‘이래야 한다’, ‘저래야 한다’ 하기 때문에 고뇌가 많은 거예요. 내가 돈을 빌려야 하는 상황에서 ‘돈을 빌리면 된다, 안 된다’ 이렇게 고민하기 때문에 힘든 거예요. 궁해서 돈을 빌렸으면 그 돈을 갚는 게 중요하지, 돈을 빌린 걸 두고 ‘잘했다’, ‘잘못했다’ 이렇게 접근하면 안 됩니다. 빌리면 갚아야 해요. 갚기 싫으면 다음에는 안 빌리면 됩니다. ‘빌리지 마라’, ‘빌려라’ 이런 건 인생에 없어요.

결혼을 하려면 서로 맞춰야 해요. 맞추기 싫으면 스님처럼 결혼 안 하면 돼요. 그걸 두고 ‘결혼해야 하느냐, 안 해야 하느냐’ 이렇게 접근할 필요가 없어요.






트럼프 같은 사람이라도 만나서 문제를 푸는 게 나한테 이익이면 만나야 하고, 상대가 아무리 좋은 사람이라도 그 사람을 만나는 게 나한테 손해가 되면 안 만나야죠. 여기서 트럼프와 김정은의 인격이 뭐가 그리 중요해요? ‘미움을 사랑으로 갚아라’ 그건 그냥 하는 소리예요. 질문자는 그 수준도 안 되면서 왜 자꾸 그런 걸 갖고 고민을 해요? (모두 웃음)

내가 트럼프를 미워하면, 트럼프가 괴로울까요, 내가 괴로울까요?”

“내가 괴로워요.”


“내가 괴로운 건 내가 나를 괴롭히는 걸까요, 트럼프가 나를 괴롭히는 걸까요?”

“내가 나를 괴롭히는 겁니다.”


“내가 나를 괴롭히는 건 바보예요, 지혜로운 사람이에요?”

“바보입니다.”


“그러니 바보 같은 짓을 하지 말라는 거예요. 이건 트럼프와는 아무 관계없는 일이에요. ‘트럼프를 미워하면 안 된다’ 이런 얘기는 윤리도덕적인 얘기이지 진실하고는 아무 관계없는 얘기예요. 예를 들어, 제 대화는 이런 식입니다.

‘트럼프를 미워하는 건 네 자유다. 그런데 미워하면 네가 손해다. 손해 볼 짓인 줄 알고 하느냐?’
‘나는 손해 봐도 그렇게 하겠다.’
‘그럼 해라.’

아니면 이럴 수도 있죠.

‘아이고, 나는 손해 볼 짓은 그만 하겠다.’
‘그러면 미워하지 마라.’

그런데 여러분들은 ‘미운데 어떻게 안 미워해요?’라고 묻습니다. 그러면 저는 ‘그럼 미워하세요’라고 합니다. (모두 웃음)






‘손해 나는데 어떡해요?’라고 하면 ‘그럼 미워하지 마세요’라고 합니다. 거기에 무슨 다른 길이 있어요? 다 자기 선택입니다.

‘돈을 빌릴까요, 말까요?’
‘알아서 하세요.’
‘궁한데요!’
‘그러면 빌리세요.’
‘갚기 힘든데요!’
‘그러면 빌리지 마세요.’

지금 남북문제를 풀려면 이렇게 접근해야 해요. 미국과 북한이 싸우든 말든 우리와 관계없는 게 아니잖아요. 싸워서 전쟁이 나면 우리가 엄청난 피해를 본단 말이에요. 그러니 전쟁이 안 나도록 해야겠죠. 전쟁 안 나도록 하려면 미국은 북한에 협박을 안 해야 하고, 북한은 죽고 살기로 안 덤벼야 해요.

여기서 트럼프가 악인인지 성인인지는 중요하지 않아요. 전쟁이 나면 우리한테 손해이기 때문에 트럼프를 만나서 얘기를 해야 하는 겁니다. 김정은이 훌륭한지 안 훌륭한지 중요하지 않아요. 전쟁이 나면 우리한테 손해이기 때문에 김정은을 만나서 얘기를 해야 하는 겁니다. 어떻게 생각하세요?”

“지금 스님 말씀은 외교 문제로 그 사람들과 대화를 할 때 그 사람들에 대한 내 태도를 결정할 필요가 없다는 말씀이신가요?”






“트럼프가 좋은 사람인지 나쁜 사람인지는 나하고 아무 관계없는 일이라는 거예요. 트럼프를 만나서 나에게 이익이 될 일이라면 트럼프가 나쁜 사람이라고 하더라도 찾아가서 얘기를 해야 하고, 트럼프를 만나봐야 아무 도움이 안 된다면 그 사람이 아무리 좋은 사람이라도 내가 찾아갈 필요는 별로 없다는 겁니다.

어디 놀러 가려고 했는데 비가 온다고 합시다. 비가 오면 불편하죠. 그렇다고 비를 욕해야 할까요? 비를 간절히 바라는 모내기철에 비가 오면 비를 맞으면서 일해요. 비 맞고 일하는 것보다는 그래도 비 맞고 노는 게 쉽잖아요. 그러니 비 맞고 노는 것이 무슨 문제가 돼요? 비 맞고 일하는 사람도 있는데요. (모두 웃음)

물론 ‘비 맞고 놀 바에야 굳이 밖에 나가서 놀 게 뭐 있나?’ 이렇게 생각할 수도 있어요. 그러면 오늘 계획을 잡아놓았다 하더라도 안 가면 돼요. 그런데 왜 오는 비에 대해 시비를 해요? 비 맞고 놀든지, ‘굳이 비까지 맞아가면서 놀 게 뭐 있나’ 하는 생각이면 계획을 취소하고 안 가면 되죠. 그런데 여러분은 ‘버스를 대절해 놨는데 어떡해요!’ 이래요. 버스 대절해놓은 게 아까우면 버스 타고 빗속을 왔다 갔다 하든지요. (모두 웃음)






예를 하나 더 들어볼게요. 내가 병이 났는데, 이 병이 나으려면 한 달 치에 백만 원인 약을 지어먹어야 한다고 합시다. 그래서 약을 백만 원어치를 지었는데, 열흘 먹고 병원에 갔더니 병이 다 나았대요. 그러면 좋은 일이잖아요. 그런데 여러분은 ‘남은 약 이거 어떡해요? 70만 원어치나 남았는데’ 하고 스님한테 물어요. 어떡하긴요. 버려야죠. 병이 나았는데도 그 약을 꼭 먹어야 하겠어요?

그런 바보 같은 생각을 하지 마세요. 트럼프가 어떤 사람이든, 김정은이 어떤 사람이든, 시진핑이 어떤 사람이든, 아베가 어떤 사람이든 그게 뭐 그리 중요해요? 그 사람은 그렇게 생겼는데요. 한일 관계를 푸는 게 우리한테 이익이라면 아베하고도 대화를 해야 하고, ‘까짓 거 저런 놈하고 얘기할 게 뭐 있나. 너 없어도 우린 잘 살 수 있다’라고 생각한다면 상대야 욕을 하든 말든 내버려두면 돼요.

이런 관점을 분명히 가져야 외교를 잘할 수 있는 거예요. 외교는 도덕적으로나 감정적으로 접근하면 안 돼요. 외교는 장사예요. 장사는 이해관계를 갖고 하듯이 외교도 ‘국익’이라고 하는 이해를 갖고 해야 합니다. 질문자 같은 사람은 외교부에 있으면 안 돼요. (모두 웃음)

상사가 좀 성질이 더럽다고 해봅시다. 상사가 성질이 더러운 게 나하고 무슨 상관이 있어요? 그 사람이 성질이 더러운 걸 내가 어떡하겠어요? 이 회사에 다니는 게 좋으면 그냥 성질 더러운 상사하고 지내면서 다니는 거고, ‘내가 다른 데 가서도 돈 벌 수 있는데, 굳이 여기에서 성질 더러운 인간하고 지낼 게 뭐 있나’ 이렇게 생각하면 사표 내고 다른 회사로 가면 되는 거예요.

그런데 성질 더러운 것과 그 사람이 법을 어기는 건 별개의 문제예요. 그 사람이 법을 어기면 기분 나쁘다고 나갈 게 아니라 내 권리를 주장해야 해요. 이건 사회 정의 차원에서 권리를 주장해야 합니다. 그런데 제 얘기를 잘못 듣고 ‘스님은 그저 마음이 편하면 된다고만 한다’라고 하는데, 그런 뜻은 전혀 아니에요. 사회 정의를 위해서는 내가 마음이 좀 불편하고 손해를 보더라도 행동을 취해야 합니다.

트럼프가 좋은 사람이냐 나쁜 사람이냐는 외교하고 아무 관계가 없어요. 다만 이 점은 생각해볼 필요가 있어요. 미국 안에서는 오바마와 힐러리가 트럼프보다 나을지 모르지만, 북한 문제를 푸는 데는 트럼프가 나을까요? 오바마나 힐러리가 나을까요?”

“....” (모두 침묵)






“트럼프가 나아요. 북한은 깡패 성질이 있기 때문에 같은 깡패가 나서야 문제가 풀리는 거예요. (모두 웃음) 깡패의 성질은 두 가지예요. ‘야, 칼 가져와. 너 죽고 나 죽자!’ 이렇게 한 판 붙든 지, 술 한 잔 마시고 악수하고 끝내든지, 두 가지 중 하나입니다. 북한 문제도 이렇게 둘 중 하나로 풀어야 해요. 이걸 합리적으로 접근하면 안 돼요. 그래서 북한 문제는 전쟁이 날 가능성도 있고, 지금까지 안 풀리던 게 풀릴 가능성도 있고, 두 가지 가능성이 다 있어요. 2년 전에는 전쟁할 가능성이 있었고, 지금은 풀릴 가능성이 있죠.

그런 이치를 모르니까 여러분은 트럼프가 되면 굉장히 큰일 날 것처럼 호들갑이지만 그렇지 않아요. 트럼프가 되면 더 잘할 수 있는 부분도 있습니다. 지금 북한 문제를 푸는 걸 미국에서 다 반대하는데 트럼프가 혼자 하고 있어요. (모두 웃음)

미국에 가보면 아주 좌파인 소수를 제외하면 미국 전체가 북한과의 관계 개선에 반대합니다. 민주당이 다 반대해요. 힐러리나 오바마와 같은 사고방식으로는 북한 문제를 못 풉니다. 미국의 엘리트들은 합리적으로 문제를 풀려고 해요. 아래에서부터 협의해서 올라가려고 하는데, 이런 방식으로는 이 문제를 풀 수 없습니다.

미국의 엘리트들은 북한을 인정 안 합니다. 백악관, 의회, 국무성, 재무성, 국방성이 미국의 최고 엘리트 계층인데, 그런 사람들이 북한을 긍정적으로 봐주려고 할까요? 턱도 없는 소리예요. 그런데 트럼프는 미국 안에서는 아웃사이더 취급을 받아요. 트럼프는 북한 문제를 풀 수도 있고, 전쟁을 할 수도 있어요. 그래서 우리가 전쟁을 거세게 반대하기만 하면, 문제가 풀리는 쪽으로 갈 수 있어요.

그래서 지금 기회가 괜찮아요. 트럼프 때문에 안 풀리는 게 아니라, 트럼프 덕분에 이만큼 온 거예요. 여러분은 문재인 대통령이나 김정은 덕분에 여기까지 온 것 같아요? 실제로는 트럼프 덕분에 여기까지 발전해 온 거예요. 트럼프가 무슨 노력을 해서 여기까지 왔다는 게 아니에요. 트럼프 같은 사람이기 때문에 문 대통령의 노력이나 김정은의 제안이 먹혀들었지, 트럼프가 아니면 미국에서는 그런 제안을 절대 안 받아줍니다. 지금 우리나라 대통령이 가서 호소했지만 미국에서는 끄떡도 안 하잖아요. 트럼프만 ‘그래도 한번 해보자!’라고 했죠. (모두 웃음)







그렇다고 스님이 트럼프를 지지하는 건 아니에요. 미국 안에서는 트럼프 지지가 약합니다. 그런데 트럼프의 정반대인 샌더스 같은 사람을 보면 참 재미있어요. 샌더스는 트럼프가 하는 건 다 반대하는데 대북 정책만큼은 찬성해요. 그래서 지금 미국 안에 있는 우리 교포나 진보 학자, 운동가들이 굉장히 딜레마에 처해 있습니다. 미국 안에서 보면 트럼프는 도저히 함께 대화하기도 어려운 사람인데, 한국 문제를 푸는 데는 지금 트럼프밖에 없거든요. 그래서 제가 그랬어요.

‘그게 뭐 딜레마예요? 다른 건 다 반대하고, 대북 정책은 잘한다고 지지해주면 되죠.’

그런데 우리는 도덕성의 관점에서 보기 때문에 그 인간이 나쁘면 다 나쁘고, 좋으면 다 좋아요. 자꾸 이렇게 접근하니까 문제가 안 풀립니다. 트럼프가 있을 때 북한 문제를 풀어야 해요.






그런데 이 점도 생각해보세요. 트럼프가 있을 때 남북 관계를 풀어서 북한 문제에 합의를 봤다고 합시다. 다음에 민주당 정부가 들어오면 이 합의를 지키지 않고 뒤집을 가능성도 있어요. 제가 그걸 걱정해서 민주당 사람한테 물어보니까 ‘스님, 걱정은 이해가 되지만, 미국의 전통을 보면 공화당이 문제를 풀어서 합의를 봐놓은 것은 민주당도 지키는 편입니다’라고 해요. 그런데 민주당이 합의를 봐놓은 것은 공화당이 반드시 뒤집는대요. 쿠바나 이란도 그랬잖아요. 그래서 트럼프가 있을 때, 또는 공화당이 있을 때 합의를 해놓는 게 오히려 뒤집힐 확률이 낮다는 겁니다.

그래도 뒤집힐 가능성이 없지는 않겠죠. 트럼프가 재선 안 될 가능성이 있고, 민주당이 대북 정책에 반대하고 있으니까요. 그래서 북한도 지금 망설이는 거예요. 합의해놔 봐야 정권 바뀌면 또 뒤집어지니까요. 그래서 남한과의 약속도 별로 신뢰하지 않는 거예요. 정권 바뀌면 뒤집어지니까요. 그래서 우리가 북한하고 신뢰를 가지려면 여야가 합의한 만큼 가야 합니다. 여야 합의 없이 너무 많이 가는 것보다는 합의한 수준까지 가주는 게 더 좋아요. 그래서 정권이 바뀌어도 안 뒤집힌다는 보장을 해줘야 북한도 신뢰를 합니다. 그런데 국내 여론을 보면 이게 잘 안 돼요. 야당까지 합의하려면 아예 북한과의 대화 진척도 어려우니까요.

‘원수를 사랑하라’ 이런 생각 하지 마세요. (모두 웃음) 미움으로 미움이 해결 안 된다는 말은 일부 맞고 일부 안 맞기도 합니다. ‘미움으로 미움을 해결하지 마라’, ‘미운 자를 사랑하라’ 이렇게 자꾸 말하면 여러분이 너무 힘들어요. 그것보다는 이렇게 얘기하는 게 낫지 않을까요?

‘미워해봤자 내 손해다. 손해 안 보려면 미워하지 마라.’”

“네. 더 낫습니다.”(모두 박수)





좋은 말이 인생을 더 괴롭게 할 때가 있습니다. 청중은 고개를 끄덕이며 박수를 보냈습니다. 오늘은 한 분, 한 분 오랜 시간 대화를 하다 보니 총 6명이 질문할 수 있었습니다. 스님은 양해를 구하고, 행복하게 살 것을 강조하며 강연을 마쳤습니다.


“질문을 다 소화 못해서, 질문하지 못한 분들에게 죄송하다는 말씀을 먼저 드립니다. 중요한 건 이거예요. ‘나는 이래서 불행해, 저래서 불행해’ 이렇게 하나하나 다 따지면 이 세상 어떤 사람도 행복할 수 없습니다. 사람마다 그 나름의 고민이 다 있잖아요. 돈 만 원이 없는 사람은 ‘만 원만 있으면’ 하지만 그 사람에게 만원이 생기면 10만 원이 있어야 하고, 10만 원이 생기면 100만 원이 있어야 해요.

돈 문제뿐만이 아닙니다. 아이가 학교를 안 가면 ‘아이고, 학교만 가면 좋겠다’ 하지만, 학교에 가면 ‘중간 등수만 하면 좋겠다’라고 하고, 중간을 하면 ‘아이고, 이왕 하는 김에 조금만 더 해서 10등 안에 들면 안 되나’라고 하고, 10등 하면 ‘이왕이면 1, 2등 하면 좋은 대학에 갈 텐데’ 이렇게 끝이 안 납니다.

나는 그렇게 살아가겠다고 하면 그렇게 살아도 괜찮아요. 우리더러 ‘이렇게 살아라’, ‘저렇게 살아라’ 하는 사람은 아무도 없습니다. 어떻게 살아갈 건지는 자기 선택이에요. 그러니 오늘부터 행복하게 사시기 바랍니다.”





강연장을 나서며 스님은 자살시도를 여러 번 했다던 청년과 악수하며 ‘죽을래요, 살래요?’하고 인사를 나누었습니다. 선선한 봄바람을 맞으며, 사람들은 각자의 자리로 돌아갔습니다.





스님은 책 사인회를 마치고 봉사자들과 기념촬영을 한 후 밤새 두북 수련원으로 이동하였습니다. 내일 오전에는 농사일을 하고 오후에는 운문사에서 학인 스님들을 위한 법회를 한 후 저녁에는 마산에서 즉문즉설 강연을 할 예정입니다.







<스님의 하루>에 실린 모든 내용, 디자인, 이미지, 편집구성의 저작권은 정토회에 있습니다. 허락없이 내용의 인용, 복제는 할 수 없습니다.
스님의 하루
“남자 친구가 결혼하자는 말을 안 해요.”
2019.4.16 즉문즉설(7) 성남시, 즉문즉설(8) 서울 양천구

“신라의 삼국 통일에서 배우는 지혜”
2019.4.15. 신라문화원 초청 강연

“어떻게 하면 수행을 잘할 수 있을까요?”
2019.4.14. 활동가 나들이(저녁반), 선유동 정토연수원 개원식

“아버지에게 받은 상처 때문에 괴로워요.”
2019.4.13 청년대학생 경주역사기행

“함께 일하는 사람이 못마땅해요”
2019.4.12. 활동가 나들이 (주간반)

“결혼생활 43년동안 불행했어요”
2019.4.11 즉문즉설 (6) 부산 남구

"부부 관계를 피하는 남편, 이혼해도 될까요?"
2019.4.10 장수군 초청 강연, 즉문즉설 (5) 남원시









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2019/04/25

똘이장군 - 나무위키



똘이장군 - 나무위키

최근 수정 시각: 2019-03-31 23:18:13


분류
한국 애니메이션
애니메이션 영화





똘이장군 제3땅굴편
간첩 잡는 똘이장군






똘이장군 제3땅굴편






간첩 잡는 똘이장군



1. 개요2. 주제가
2.1. 똘이장군 제3땅굴편2.2. 내 이름은 늑대2.3. 간첩 잡는 똘이장군3. 트리비아

1. 개요[편집]
김청기가 감독한 극장용 애니메이션 시리즈.

산 속에서 동물들과 어울려 숲속의 장군으로 살던 타잔 소년 똘이가 북한의 핍박으로 고생하던 소녀 숙이를 만나 도움을 주다가, 사람들에게 강제 노역을 시키고 짐승의 모습을 한 북한의 악당들을 쳐부수고 탐욕스런 붉은 수령까지 격파한 후 자유대한으로 넘어간다는 내용의 제3땅굴편과, 남한으로 넘어온 똘이가 요괴 같은 남파 간첩과 다시 맞서게 된다는 내용의 '간첩 잡는 똘이장군'의 총 2편으로 만들어진 반공 애니메이션.

'똘이장군 제3땅굴편'은 1978년, '간첩 잡는 똘이장군'은 1979년 제작되었다.

한국 애니메이션 사상 최초의 반공 애니메이션으로, 학교에서 반공물은 단체관람을 독려해 가며 관람시키던 분위기에 힘입어 개봉 당시 상당한 성공을 거두었다. 그렇다고 그냥 반공이 내용이라서 성공한 건 아닌 게, 일단 당시 기준으로 스토리도 상당히 흥미진진하게 만들어진 데다 당시 보던 어린이들에게 충격과 공포를 던진 반전 등 호러나 스릴러스런 요소들도 상당히 잘 첨가되어 있었기 때문. 그 시절 반공 영상물(...)답게 북한에 대한 묘사를 그냥 '마왕이 지배하는 나라' 정도로 바꿔도 그다지 어색할 게 없다. 반공 만화 중에서는 가장 인지도가 높은데다 메시지나 표현 수위도 노골적이라, '북한 정권을 악마로 표현했다'면서 지금도 불편한 속내를 드러내는 언론 또한 적지 않다.

김청기 감독은 이후에도 똘이 캐릭터를 사용하여 1980년에는 똘이가 암행어사가 되어 왜구와 탐관오리를 물리치는 내용의 사극 액션물 '꼬마어사 똘이', 1981년에는 초자연적인 현상으로 인해 원시시대로 떨어져 자란 똘이가 폭군 공룡 티라노와 대결하는 원시 액션물 '공룡 100만년 똘이', 1985년에는 지저세계로 내려간 똘이가 제타로보트를 타고 악당들을 물리친다는 SF 액션물 '똘이와 제타로보트'를 만들었다.[1] 88년에는 자신이 발행하던 애니메이션 잡지 '월간 우뢰매'에 만화까지 연재하며 '똘이와 태권V'라는 작품을 만들 것처럼 떡밥을 던졌으나, 이후에도 습관처럼 그랬듯이 계획만 세우고 제대로 실행은 하지 않았다.

다섯 작품 모두 70, 80년대 애니메이션 음악의 대부 정민섭이 음악을 맡았고 그의 딸 정여진도 아빠가 만든 노래를 불렀다.[2][3]
2. 주제가[편집]

2.1. 똘이장군 제3땅굴편[편집]

작사·작곡: 정민섭, 노래: 최은정, 최원정, 전수진

똘이장군 나가신다 길을 비켜라
똘이장군 앞서 간다 겁낼 것 없다
덤벼라 덤벼라 붉은 무리 악한 자들아
무쇠 같은 주먹이 용서 못한다
용서 못한다

그 이름 무적의 똘이장군
그 이름 정의의 똘이장군
나간다 달린다 똘이장군
똘이장군 만만세

똘이장군 나가신다 길을 비켜라
똘이장군 앞서 간다 겁낼 것 없다
왔노라 왔노라 싸웠노라 이겼노라
똘이장군 가는 길 승리뿐이다
승리뿐이다

그 이름 무적의 똘이장군
그 이름 정의의 똘이장군
나간다 달린다 똘이장군
똘이장군 만만세

2.2. 내 이름은 늑대[편집]

(똘이장군 제3땅굴편 삽입곡)

우리는 천성이 너무 고약해
우리는 성격이 본래 야비해
사이 좋은 걸 보면 신경질이 나지요
조용하기만 하면 괜히 불안해
그래서 내 이름은 늑~대~
무섭지이~~?

우리는 날마다 이빨 갈지요
우리는 싸움을 아주 좋아해
약한 자를 보면 가만 두지 않아요
사이좋게 노는 것 우린 싫어해
그래서 내 이름은 늑~대~
무섭지이~~? 히히히히~

2.3. 간첩 잡는 똘이장군[편집]

작사·작곡: 정민섭, 노래: 정여진

용감한 소년 대한의 소년
붉은 늑대 몰아내는 똘이장군
씩씩한 용사 대한의 용사
붉은 간첩 잡아내는 똘이장군

나가자 승리의 깃발을 들고
나가자 앞으로 전진뿐이다
대한의 자유를 지키기 위해
모두 나서라

용감한 소년 대한의 소년
붉은 늑대 몰아내는 똘이장군
씩씩한 용사 대한의 용사
붉은 간첩 잡아내는 똘이장군

나가자 태극기 높이 날리며
나가자 힘차게 전진뿐이다
대한의 평화를 지키기 위해
모두 뭉쳐라

우리의 자랑 우리의 친구
붉은 수령 물리치는 똘이장군
우리의 희망 우리의 영웅
붉은 무리 소탕하는 똘이장군

3. 트리비아[편집]


그 유명한 "안녕" 짤방이 이 작품에서 나왔다.

똘이장군 자체는 표절이 아니지만, 작중 똘이의 모습이 정글북의 야생 소년 모글리에서 따왔고 나오는 동물들은 디즈니의 장편 애니메이션 정글북의 동물들에서 따왔다며 이 작품 역시 표절작으로 보는 사람들도 존재한다. 태권브이와 비슷한 경우.

김형배가 그림을 그렸고 클로버 문고로 출판된 만화 버전이 존재한다.. 각본 감수는 애니메이션판의 시나리오 작가인 조항리, 만화판에서 똘이는 금강산 스님의 도움으로 문수보살의 힘을 얻어 초인이 된다. 그런데 금강산 스님은 이다.

두사부일체에선 "계백 장군이 계씨면, 똘이장군은 똘씨냐?!"란 개그가 나온다.[4]

게임 쾌걸 얀챠마루는 한국 오락실에서 똘이장군으로 불렸다.

검열삭제가 한창이던 시절이라 김청기 감독은 당시 악마에게 잡혀먹히는 인간을 애니메이션 내부에서 표현하고 싶었으나 검열만 하면 잔인하여 잘려나갔다고 한다. 그런데 똘이장군 내부에서 북한의 꾐에 빠져 월북하는 가족들이 시뻘건 악마의 입으로 들어가는 장면을 만들었더니 단박에 통과되었다는 인터뷰를 한 적이 있다. 북한 까는 내용이면 심의는 언제나 "나는 관대하다"인 시절이었으니, 말 다했다.

2013년, TV판으로 속편 제작이 결정됐다. 똘이의 아들이 주인공으로 나와 로봇을 타고 싸운다는 설정. 중국 제작사와의 합작으로 중국 수출 기회를 얻었다고 한다...[5]반공물 원조를 공산국가로 수출하는 상황이 오다니...모순 돋네[6] 하지만 김청기 감독 자체가 워낙 이것저것 계획만 많이 세우고 실제로 만드는게 없기 때문에 계약을 체결했다고 해도 중간에 흐지부지 될 가능성이 있어 지켜봐야 될 듯.


[1] '마패소년 박문수', '똘이와 백공룡 티라노', '불타는 쥬라기' 따위의 제목도 떠돌지만 이것은 나중에 비디오로 재출시 될 때 멋대로 바꿔 붙인 것들이다.[2] 정여진은 첫 작품 제3땅굴편에서는 삽입곡만 불렀지만, 이후의 네 작품은 모두 주제곡을 불렀다. 차례차례 듣다 보면 유치원생부터 중학생에 이르는 동안 변성기가 온 것까지 느낄 수 있다.[3] 지금의 30~40대에겐 최불암과 같이 녹음했던 "아빠의 말씀" 앨범으로 상당히 유명하다. (아빠 언제 어른이 되나요~)[4] 여담으로 계백 장군의 성씨는 대동지지, 신증동국여지승람 등에 부여 씨라고 기록 되어있다. 고로 계백은 또다른 이름일 가능성이 많다. 다만 이러한 기록은 삼국사기 등의 정사에는 언급 되지 않으므로 신빙성이 떨어진다.[5] 중국에서는 외국 애니메이션에 대한 규제로 인해 외국의 애니메이션, 완구 제작사가 중국에 진출하려면, 중국쪽 업체와 합작을 하거나 중국지사를 차려야 한다. 그래도 중국지사를 차리지 않는 애니는 대부분 유쿠토두망 등에서 운영진들이 공식적으로 올려놓아서 중국 지사를 차리지 못한 기업의 애니는 해당 사이트들을 통해서 볼 수 있다. 중국어 위키백과에서도 아예 수입사를 저 동영상 사이트라고 해놨을 정도. 하지만 해당 애니를 제작한 나라 입장에서는 불법복제지만 다른 나라라서 어찌할 수도 없고 그렇다고 지사를 차리자니 심의를 받아야할 판이라 어쩔 수 없는 듯하다.[6] 사실 오늘날 중국에서 중국 공산당과 연관지어 디스하지만 않는다면 공산주의에 대한 비판은 어느 정도 허용되고 있다. 북한과는 다르게 수 많은 비(非)공산주의 국가들과 왕래가 자유롭다보니 가능한 것. 것보다 중국은 사실상 공산주의가 아닌 "시장이 도입된 자본주의 개발 일당제"로 정의된다. 소련고르바초프 집권기부터 반공물이 수입되어 온적 있다.