The Cambridge World History of Human Disease
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Board of Editors
Arthur C. AufderheideDepartment of PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaDuluth, MinnesotaThomas G. BenedekVeterans Administration MedicalCenterPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
W.
F.
BynumThe Wellcome Institute for theHistory of MedicineLondon, EnglandAnn G. CarmichaelDepartment of HistoryIndiana UniversityBloomington, IndianaJames CassedyHistory of Medicine DivisionNational Library of MedicineBethesda, MarylandDonald
B.
CooperDepartment of HistoryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OhioAlfred
W.
CrosbyDepartment of American StudiesUniversity of TexasAustin, TexasPhilip CurtinDepartment of HistoryThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MarylandWilbur G. DownsThe Yale Medical SchoolNew Haven, ConnecticutJohn DuffyUniversity of MarylandBaltimore, Maryland, andTulane University Medical SchoolNew Orleans, LouisianaStanley EngermanDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of RochesterRochester, New YorkRobert FogelCenter for Population EconomicsUniversity of ChicagoChicago, IllinoisRoger K. FrenchThe Wellcome Institute for theHistory of MedicineLondon, EnglandNancy E. GallagherDepartment of HistoryUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CaliforniaJerome HandlerDepartment of AnthropologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois
D.
A. HendersonSchool of Hygiene and Public HealthThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MarylandArthur KleinmanDepartment of AnthropologyHarvard UniversityCambridge, MassachusettsStephen J. KunitzDepartment of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Rochester MedicalCenterRochester, New YorkJudith LadinskyDepartment of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin MedicalSchoolMadison, WisconsinWilliam McNeillDepartment of HistoryUniversity of ChicagoChicago, IllinoisRonald NumbersDepartment of the History ofMedicineUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WisconsinK. David PattersonDepartment of HistoryUniversity of North CarolinaCharlotte, North CarolinaJames C. RileyDepartment of HistoryIndiana UniversityBloomington, IndianaGuenter
B.
RisseDepartment of the History andPhilosophy of the Health SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan Francisco, CaliforniaCharles RosenbergDepartment of
the
History andPhilosophy of ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaTodd L. SavittHumanities Program
—
School ofMedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, North CarolinaR. Ted SteinbockDepartment of RadiologyBaptist Hospital EastLouisville, KentuckyPaul U. UnschuldInstitut fur Geschichte der MedizinLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitatMunich, Germany
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
The Cambridge World Historyof Human Disease
Editor
KENNETH F. KIPLE
Executive Editor
Rachael Rockwell Graham
Associate Editors
David FreyBrian T. HigginsKerry StewartH. Micheal TarverThomas
W.
WilsonBrent Zerger
Assistant Editors
Alicia BrowneRoger HallPaul HenggelerBruce O. SolheimDalila de Sousa
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
PUBLISHED
BY
THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United KingdomCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http: //www.cup.cam.ac.uk40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http: //www.cup.org10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia© Cambridge University Press 1993This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception andto the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published 1993Reprinted 1994 (thrice), 1995, 1999Printed in the United States of AmericaTypeset in Century Schoolbook
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data is available
ISBN 0-521-33286-9 hardback
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
In Memory ofMichael DolsWilbur DownsLu Gwei-DjenR. H. KampmeierEdward H. KassJohn L. KeminkJerry StannardandMiguel M. Ornelas
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Contents
List of tables, figures, and mapsList of contributorsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction
page
and
Guenter B. Risse
1.2. History of Chinese Medicine20
Paul U. Unschuld
1.3. Islamic and Indian Medicine27
Nancy E. Gallagher
David E. Stannard
II
Changing Concepts of Healthand
Disease
II.
1. Concepts of Disease in the West45
Robert P. Hudson
11.2. Concepts of Disease in East Asia52
Shigehisa Kuriyama
11.3.
Jack D. Pressman
Vern L. Bullough
11.5.
Joel D. Howell
H.6. Concepts of Cancer102
Thomas G. Benedek andKenneth F. Kiple
III
Medical Specialties and DiseasePreventionm l
Genetic Disease113
Eric J. Devor
111.2. Immunology126
Pauline M. H. Mazumdar
111.3.
Nutritional Chemistry140
Kenneth J. Carpenter
Elizabeth Lomax
111.5.
Famine and Disease157
Robert Dirks
111.6. A History of Chiropractic164
Steven C. Martin
David F. Musto
R.
T. Ravenholt
111.9. Occupational Diseases187
Gerald Markowitz andDavid Rosner
III.
10.
Ann G. Carmichael
III.
11.
John Duffy
IV Measuring Health
F. Landis MacKellar
Irvine Loudon
IV.3.
Infant Mortality224
Edward G. Stockwell
James C. Riley
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Vlll
Contents
rv.5.
V.
V.I.
V.2.
V.3.
V.4.
V.5.
V.6.V.7.
V.8.
V.9.V.10.
V.ll.
VI
VI. 1.
Stature and Health
John Komlos
The History of Human
Disease
in the World Outside Asia
Diseases in the Pre-Roman World
Donald J. Ortner andGretchen Theobald
Diseases of Western Antiquity
Jerry Stannard
Diseases of the Middle Ages
Ynez Viole
O Neill
Diseases of the Renaissance andEarly Modern Europe
Ann G. Carmichael
Diseases and the EuropeanMortality Decline, 1700-1900
Stephen J. Kunitz
Diseases of Sub-Saharan Africa to1860
Kenneth F. Kiple
Diseases of Sub-Saharan Africasince 1860
Maryinez Lyons
Diseases of the Pre-ColumbianAmericas
Jane E. Buikstra
Diseases of the Americas,1492-1700
Ann Ramenofsky
Diseases and Mortality in theAmericas since 1700
Stephen J. Kunitz
Diseases of the Islamic World
Michael W. Dols
The History of Human Diseasein Asia
Diseases of Antiauitv in China
Lu Gwei-Djen and JosephNeedham
VI.2.
Angela Ki Che Leung
VI.3.
Thomas L. Hall andVictor W. Sidel
VIA.
Diseases of Antiquity in Japan373
Shoji Tatsukawa
VI.5.
W. Wayne Farris
VI.6.
Ann Bowman Jannetta
VI.7.
Diseases of Antiquity in Korea389
Lois N. Magner
VI.8.
Lois N. Magner
VI.9.
Lois N. Magner
VI.10.
Ranes C.
Chakravorty
Mohammed Said
VI.
12.
David Arnold
VI.
13.
Scott
amber
VI. 14.
Keith W. Taylor
VII The Geography of Human
Disease
VII. 1.
K. David
Patterson
VII.2.
LaVerne Kuhnke
VII.3.
Disease Ecologies of South Asia463
Surinder
M.
Bhardwaj
VII.4.
Disease Ecologies of East Asia476
Ann Bowman Jannetta
VII.5.
Leslie
B. Marshall
VII.6.
Disease Ecologies of the Caribbean497
Kenneth K. Kiple
VII.7.
Disease Ecologies of Europe504
Stephen R. Ell
VII.8.
Frank C. Innes
VII.9.
Mary
C.
Karasch
VIIIMajor Human Diseases Pastand Present
VIII.l. Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (AIDS)
Allan M. Brandt
VIII.2.
African Trypanosomiasis(Sleeping Sickness)
Maryinez
Lyons
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Contents
VIII.3.
Ainhum
Donald B. Cooper
VIII.4. Alzheimer's Disease
Joseph A. Kwentus
VIII.5.
Amebic Dysentery
K. David Patterson
VIII.6. Anemia
Alfred Jay Bollet andAudrey K. Brown
VIII. 7. Anorexia Nervosa
Heather Munro Prescott
VIII.8 Anthrax
Lise Wilkinson
VIII.9.
Apoplexy and Stroke
Jacques Poirier andChristian Derouesne
VIII.
10.
Arboviruses
Wilbur G. Downs
VIII.
11.
Arena viruses
Wilbur G. Downs
VIII.
12.
Arthritis (Rheumatoid)
Howard Duncan andJames C. C. Leisen
VIII.
13.
Ascariasis
K. David Patterson
VIII.
14.
Bacillary Dysentery
K. David Patterson
VIII.
15.
Beriberi
Melinda S. Meade
VIII.16. Black Death
Katharine Park
VIII.17. Black and Brown LungDisease
Daniel M. Fox
VIII.
18.
Bleeding Disorders
Oscar D. Ratnoff
VIII.
19.
Botulism
William H. Barker
VIII.20. Brucellosis
Lise Wilkinson
VIII.21.
Bubonic Plague
Ann G. Carmichael
VIII.22. Carrion's Disease
Oscar Urteaga-Balldn
VIII.23.
Catarrh
Roger K. French
VIII.24. Cestode Infections
K. David Patterson
VIII.25.
Chagas' Disease
Marvin J. Allison
Vffl.26. Chlorosis
Robert P. Hudson
VIII.27. Cholera
Reinhard S. Speck
VIII.28.
Cirrhosis
Thomas S. N. Chen andPeter S. Y. Chen
561561568571577582584587595599603604606612616618623625628631635636636638642649VIII.29. Clonorchiasis
K. David Patterson
VIII.30. Croup
James D. Cherry
VIII.31.
Cystic Fibrosis
Thomas G. Benedek
VIII.32. Cytomegalovirus Infection
R.
H. Kampmeier
VIII.33.
Dengue
James McSherry
VIII.34. Diabetes
Leslie Sue Lieberman
VIII.35.
Diarrheal Diseases(Acute)
Herbert L. DuPont
VIII.36. Diphtheria
Ann G. Carmichael
VIII.37. Down Syndrome
Christine E. Cronk
VIII.38.
Dracunculiasis
Donald R. Hopkins
VIII.39. Dropsy
J. Worth Estes
VIII.40. Dysentery
K. David Patterson
VIII.41.
Dyspepsia
James Whorton
VIII.42. Ebola Virus Disease
Wilbur G. Downs
VIII.43.
Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis)
K. David Patterson
VIII.44. Eclampsia
Sally McMillen
VIII.45.
Emphysema
Ronald J. Knudson
VIII.46. Encephalitis Lethargica
R.
T. Ravenholt
VIII.47. Enterobiasis
K. David Patterson
VIII.48.
Epilepsy
Jerrold E. Levy
VIII.49 Ergotism
John S. Holier Jr.
VIII.50. Erysipelas
Ann G. Carmichael
VIII.51.
Fascioliasis
K. David Patterson
VIII.52. Fasciolopsiasis
K. David Patterson
VIII.53.
Favism
Peter J. Brown
VIII.54. Filariasis
Todd L. Savitt
VIII.55.
Fungus Infections (Mycoses)
Geoffrey C. Ainsworth
VIII.56. Fungus Poisoning
Geoffrey C. Ainsworth
IX
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Contents
Vffl.57.VIII.58.VIII.59.
VIII.60.
VIII.61.
VIII.62.VIII.63.
VIII.64.
VIII.65.
VIII.66.
VIII.67.VIII.68.VIII.69.
VIII.70.
VIII.71.
VIII.72.VIII.73.
VIII.74.
VIII.75.
VIH.76.
VIII.77.VIII.78.
vni.79.
VIII.80.
VHI.81.
vni.82.
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
R.
Ted
Steinbock
Gangrene
Diane Quintal
and
Robert Jackson
Giardiasis
K.
David Patterson
Glomerulonephritis (Bright'sDisease)
Donald M. Larson
Goiter
Clark
T.
Sawin
Gonorrhea
Richard
B.
Rothenberg
Gout
Thomas G. Benedek
Herpes Simplex
R.
H.
Kampmeier
Herpesviruses
R.
H.
Kampmeier
Histoplasmosis
Scott F. Davies
Hookworm Disease
John Ettling
Huntington's Disease(Chorea)
Eric
J.
Devor
Hypertension
Thomas
W.
Wilson
and
Clarence
E.
Grim
Infectious Hepatitis
Francis
L.
Black
Infectious Mononucleosis
R.
H.
Kampmeier
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Joseph
B.
Kirsner
Influenza
Alfred W. Crosby
Japanese
B
Encephalitis
Edward
H.
Kass
Lactose Intolerance
and
Malabsorption
Norman Kretchmer
Lassa Fever
Wilbur
G.
Downs
Lead Poisoning
Arthur
C.
Aufderheide
Legionnaires' Disease
David W. Fraser
Leishmaniasis
Marvin
J.
Allison
Leprosy
Ann G. Carmichael
Leptospirosis
Otto
R.
Gsell
Leukemia
Gordon
J.
Filler
VIII.83.
vni.84.
vni.85.
vm.86.
VIII.87.VIII.88.VIII.89.
VIII.90.
VIII.91.
VIII.92.VIII.93.
VIII.94.
VIII.95.
VIII.96.
VIII.97.VIII.98.VIII.99.
VIII.
100.
VIII.
101.
VIII.
102.
VIII.
103.
VIII.
104.
VIII.
105.
VIII.
106.
VIII.
107.
VIII.
108.
Lupus Erythematosus
Thomas
G.
enedek
Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)
Robert
D.
Leff
Malaria
Frederick
L.
Dunn
Marburg Virus Disease
Wilbur
G.
Downs
Mastoiditis
John
L.
Kemink,
John K. Niparkoand Steven
A.
Telian
Measles
Robert
J.
Kim-Farley
Meningitis
K.
David
Patterson
Milk Sickness (TremetolPoisoning)
Thomas
E.
Cone
Jr.
Multiple Sclerosis
W
I.
McDonald
Mumps
Robert
J.
Kim-Farley
Muscular Dystrophy
Thomas G.
enedek
Myasthenia Gravis
Bernard M. Patten
Nematode Infections
K.
David
Patterson
Onchocerciasis
K.
David
Patterson
Ophthalmia (Conjunctivitis
and
Trachoma)
Mary
C.
Karasch
Osteoarthritis
Charles
W
Denko
Osteoporosis
R.
Ted
Steinbock
Paget's Disease
of
Bone
Roy
D.
Altman
Paragonimiasis
K.
David Patterson
Parkinson's Disease
Bernard M. Patten
Pellagra
Elizabeth
W
Etheridge
Periodontal Disease (Pyorrhea)
Jeffrey Levin
Pica
Brian
T.
Higgins
Pinta
Don
R.
Brothwell
Plague
of
Athens
Ann
G.
Carmichael
Pneumocystis Pneumonia(Interstitial Plasma CellPneumonia, Pneumocystosis)
K.
David
Patterson
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
ContentsVIII.
109.
Pneumonia
Jacalyn Duffin
VIII.
110.
Poliomyelitis
H. V. Wyatt
VIII.111.
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
James L. Newman
VIII.
112.
Protozoan Infections
K. David
Patterson
VIII.
113.
Puerperal Fever
K.
Codell Carter
VIII.
114.
Q FeverS.
R. Palmer
VIII.
115.
Rabies
K. David
Patterson
VIII.
116.
Relapsing Fever
Anne Hardy
VIII.
117.
Rheumatic Fever andRheumatic Heart Disease
Thomas
G.
enedek
VIII.
118.
Rickets and Osteomalacia
R.
Ted
Steinbock
VIII.119. Rickettsial Diseases
Victoria
A. Harden
VIII.
120.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Feverand the Spotted Fever GroupDiseases
Victoria
A. Harden
VIII.
121.
Rubella
Robert J. Kim-Farley
VIII.122. St. Anthony's Fire
Ann G.
Carmichael
VIII.123.
Scarlet Fever
Anne Hardy
VIII.
124.
Schistosomiasis
John Farley
VIII.
125.
Scrofula (Scrophula)
Roger
K. French
VIII.
126.
Scurvy
Roger
K. French
VIII.
127.
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Georges
C.
Benjamin
VIII.
128.
Smallpox
Alfred W. Crosby
VIII.
129.
Streptococcal Diseases
Peter
C.
English
VIII.
130.
Strongyloidiasis
K. David
Patterson
VIII.131.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Todd L. Savitt
VIII.
132.
Sudden Unexplained DeathSyndrome (Asian)
Neal R. Holtan
VIII.
133.
Sweating Sickness
Ann
G.
Carmichael
VIII.134. Syphilis
Jon Arrizabalaga
135.
Syphilis, Nonvenereal
Kenneth
F.
Kiple
VIII.136. Tapeworm
K. David
Patterson
VIII.
137.
Tay-Sachs Disease
Bradford
Towne
VIII.
138.
Tetanus
Robert
J. T. Joy
VIII.
139.
Tetanus, Neonatal
Sally
McMillen
VIII.
140.
Tetany
Kenneth
F.
Kiple
VIII.
141.
Toxoplasmosis
K. David
Patterson
VIII.
142.
Trematode Infections
K. David
Patterson
VIII.
143.
Trench Fever
Victoria
A. Harden
VIII.
144.
The Treponematoses
Kenneth
F.
Kiple
VIII.
145.
Trichinosis
Donald
E.
Gilbertson
VIII.
146.
Trichuriasis
K. David
Patterson
VIII.
147.
Tuberculosis
William
D.
Johnston
VIII.
148.
Tularemia
Patrick
D. Home
VIII.
149.
Typhoid Fever
Charles
W
Le aron
andDavid N. Taylor
VIII.
150.
Typhomalarial Fever
Dale
Smith
VIII.151.
Typhus, Epidemic
Victoria
A. Harden
VIII.
152.
Typhus, Murine
Victoria
A. Harden
VIII.
153.
Typhus, Scrub (Tsutsugamushi)
Victoria
A. Harden
VIII.
154.
Urolithiasis (Renal and UrinaryBladder Stone Disease)
R.
Ted
Steinbock
VIII.
155.
Varicella Zoster
R.
H.
Kampmeier
VIII.
156.
Whooping Cough
Anne Hardy
VIII.
157.
Yaws
Don
R.
rothwell
VIII.
158.
Yellow Fever
Donald
B.
Cooper
and Kenneth F. Kiple
IndexesName IndexSubject Index
XI
103310351036104310461049105110521052105310551058105910681071107710801085108610881092109410961100110911111138
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Tables, Figures, and Maps
Tables
11.6.1.
Ten
most common invasive
neo-
plasms,
and
estimated
new
casesas percentage
of all new
cases
in
the United States,
1990
page
11.6.2. Deaths
due to
cancer
as
percentage
of all
deathsaccording
to sex and age
group,United States,
1986104
11.6.3.
Most common cancers
as
causes
of
death from cancer, according
to
sex
and age
group, United States,1986
11.6.4. Five-year survival rates
by
racein
two
time periods from principalmalignant neoplasms
in the
United States
111.8.1.
U.S.
tobacco production
and
consumption, 1900-88
111.8.2.
Per
capita adult consumption
of
cigarettes,
by
country,
1985
111.8.3.
Percentage
of
U.S.
adults
who
smoked regularly, 1945-85111.8.4. Deaths
and
mortality rates amongsmoking U.S. veterans,
1980
HI.8.5.
Estimated number
of
deathscaused
by
cigarette smoking
in
the United States,
1980
IV.2.1.
Birthrates
and
maternal deaths
i
in England
and
Wales,
1851-
1980
IV.3.1.
Infant mortality rates
for
incomeareas
in
metropolitan Ohio,1979-81IV.3.2. Infant mortality rates
by
broadcause-of-death group
for
incomeareas
in
metropolitan Ohio,1979-81
IV.4.1.V.8.1.V.9.1.
V.9.2.
VI.3.1.
VI.3.2.
VI.3.3.VII.8.1.
Abridged life table
for
Sweden,1751-90Healed fracture frequencies
for
North American prehistoricremainsDiseases suggested
to
have beenintroduced
to the
AmericasViral, bacterial,
and
protozoalagents introduced
to the
AmericasLeading causes
of
death, selectedcities
and
counties
of
Shanghai,1957
and 1984
Leading provincial causes
of
death
in
China,
1985
Communicable diseases
in
China,1985Incidents
of
serious contaminationin U.S. work sites
and
residential
areas
VIII.10.1.
512
recognized arboviruses listedby family
and
subcategories, withtotals
VIII. 10.2. Size, morphology, structure,
and
composition
of
selected virusfamilies
or
genera that containarboviruses
184 VIII.
10.3.
Twenty-nine selected arbo-viruses important
in
causing human and/or animaldiseases, with data
on
vectors,hosts,
and
geographicdistributions
VIII.11.1.
History
and
natural occurrence
of
arenaviruses
VIII.19.1.
Types
of
Clostridium botulinum,
susceptible species,
and
sites
of
outbreaks
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Tables, Figures, and Maps
xm
VIIL19.2. Reports of botulism fromvarious countries in recentyears
VHI.28.1.
Etiology and incidence ofcirrhosis
VIII.30.1.
Classification of crouplikeillnesses
VIII.34.1.
Causes and suspected causesof, and risk factors for,diabetesVIII.34.2. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetesin representative populations,1960-85
VIII.34.3.
Diabetes mortality trends bycountry and geographic area,1970-2 and 1976-83 (rates per100,000 population)
VIII.35.1.
Commonly identified etiologicagents in diarrheal diseaseVIII.35.2. Etiologic agents of diarrhea,characteristically identified inspecial settings
VIII.36.1.
Diphtheria mortality rate per100,000 population
VIII.42.1.
Ebola serosurveys
VIII.46.1.
Time interval from encephalitisto parkinsonism to death in sixpatients
VIII.58.1.
Causes of gangrene
VIII.63.1.
Occurrence of nephrolithiasiswith goutVIII.63.2. Prevalence of hyperuricemia
VIII.63.3.
Prevalence of gout in relationto serum uric acid content inmenVIII.63.4. Serum uric acid in twoAmerican Indian tribes
VIII.63.5.
Serum uric acid in SouthAfrican black and whitepopulations
VIII.69.1.
Prevalence of hypertension in
2
to 59-year-olds, by region, inascending order by prevalence:52 populations, INTERSALTStudy, 1988VIIL69.2. Relationship between bloodpressure and mortality:Northwestern Mutual LifeInsurance Company, 1907-14
VHI.69.3.
Normal and unacceptablesystolic blood pressures by
age:
Northwestern MutualLife Insurance Company,1914
VIII.75.1.
Lactose absorption andmalabsorption correlated withdegree of Indian blood
VIII 75 2vm 76 i
vm 8i i
VIII 81 2VIII 85 1VIII 86 1VIII
110 1VIII 117 1
VIII
117 2VIII 117 3
VIII
134 1VIII 154 1
VIII
154 2Figures
II 5 1
II 5 2III l l
m i 2
ni i 3
HI 4
ffl 5 1
(children > 4 years, andadults)815Distribution of the adultlactase phenotypes in humanpopulations815Lassa fever outbreaks: WestAfrica, 1969-88818Serologic classification ofleptospires841Symptoms occurring inleptospiroses842Malaria in 1984857Serologic studies of Marburgvirus in humans and otherprimates863Comparison of paralysis oflower limbs in temperate anddeveloping countries946Age distribution of admissionsfor acute rheumatic fever972Cases of rheumatic fever per1,000 admissions, varioushospitals973Signs of acute rheumatic feverworldwide975Etiology, epidemiology, andclinical manifestations of thehuman treponematoses1026Major features differentiatingbladder and renal stonedisease1089Paleopathological specimensof renal and bladder stones1091Rate of coronary heart diseaseper 100,000 people in theUnited States96Annual change in mortalityfrom ischemic cardiac disease,1968-7796Mixed model of liability forcomplex human disease114A representation of metabolicpathways involving the aminoacid tyrosine119The original two-dimensionalchromatographic spreads ofnormal and sickle-cellhemoglobins121
G-banded
chromosome spreadof a man with Downsyndrome and ideogram ofhuman chromosome 21123Relation of social cooperationto ecological stress in a socialaction system159
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
XIV
Tables, Figures, and Maps
HI.8.1.
Annual consumption ofcigarettes by U.S. adults,1900-88
III.8.2.
Cigarette consumption andtobaccosis mortality in theUnited States, 1900-87
III.8.3.
The price of pleasure: deathsfrom addictive substances andAIDS in the United States,1980s
IV.2.1.
Birthrates and maternalmortality rates for England andWales, 1851-1980
IV.2.2.
Maternal mortality rates forEngland and Wales, 1851-1980
IV.2.3.
Maternal mortality rates indifferent countries, 1880-1950
IV.2.4.
Maternal mortality rates inScotland, England, Wales, andSweden, 1870-1950
IV.2.5.
Maternal mortality rates inEngland, Wales, and the UnitedStates, 1910-50
IV.4.1.
Survival curves
IV.4.2.
Mortality risk for medievalHungary, England (1871-80), andthe United States (1979-81)
IV.4.3.
Morbidity rates for nineteenth-century Britain
IV.4.4.
Mortality schedules for Sweden,1816-40 and 1979-83V.I.I. Probable unhealed ax wound inan adult male skull, 1100-655B.C.
V.1.2.
Partial antemortem destruction ofthe fourth lumbar vertebral bodyfrom the skeleton of a youngadult, 3100 B.C.
V.I.3.
Chronic inflammation of the lefttibia and fibula in an adultwoman, Early Bronze Age
V.1.4.
Dental caries in an adult male,Early Bronze Age
V.I.5.
Benign tumor in the area offusion between the pubic and iliacbones of an adult woman, c. 1990B.C.
V.1.6.
Malignant tumor of the proximalleft humerus of a Celtic warrior,800-600 B.C.
V.8.1.
Model time line for prehistoriceastern North America
V.8.2.
Model time line for prehistoricPeru and Chile
V.8.3.
Different methods of trepanation
VI.
1.1. Oracle-bone and bronze termsspecifying disease entities
VI.3.1.VIII.2.1.
VIII.2.2.
VIII.20.1VIII.22.1VIII.22.2VIII.22.3VIII.22.4VIII.25.1VIII.46.1VIII.60.1VIII.60.2VIII.60.3VIII.62.1VIII.62.2VIII.62.3VIII.62.4VIII.62.5VIII.62.6Mortality rates for the urbanpopulation of Shanghai, 1949-83363
Glossina palpalis
Glossina
morsitans
552Graphs illustrating the dramaticreduction in the incidence ofbrucellosis in the British garrisonin Malta from 1905 to 1907,following the ban on the use ofgoat's milk627
Bartonella
bacilliformis
withinred blood cells stained by Giemsaand Romanovsky stains632Verrucose eruptions: miliaryform, diffuse and generalized;nodular form, two intradermicnodules; and mular form633Intracellular reproduction cycle ofthe
artonella bacilliformis
in thecytoplasm of a histiocytic bonemarrow cell and the endothelialcells of a lymph node633Erythrophagocytosis ofparasitized erythrocytes inperipheral blood and spleen634Megaesophagus from a case ofpossible Chagas' disease from theTarapaca Valley in northernChile (c. third century A.D.)638Encephalitis lethargica,influenza-pneumonia, otherpneumonia/bronchitis deaths inSeattle-King County,Washington, 1918-26709Urine-secreting structure(nephron)746Normal glomerulus746Acute glomerulonephritis747Gonorrhea incidence in selectedcountries, 1940-83758Gonorrhea rates in men andwomen, aged 20-4, United States,1956-85759Gonorrhea: age-specific rates formen and women, United States,1985759Distribution of gonorrhea inDenver, Colorado, 1974-6761Occurrence of gonorrhea inBuffalo, New York, 1975-80;distribution of core and adjacenttracts762Penicillinase-producing
Neisseria
gonorrhea (PPNG) as apercentage of total gonorrhea, byzip code analysis in Miami,
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Tables, Figures, and Maps
xv
vm.122.1.
Vm.134.1.
VTII.64.1.
Percentage distribution ofantibodies to
HSV-1,
HSV-2,and intermediate form (types1 and 2) in 239 patients ofvarious age groups774VIII.64.2. Number of consultations, allfive office visits, and first offive visits for genital herpes,United States, 1966-83774VIII.64.3. Schematic graph of theclinical course of primarygenital herpes776
VIII.77.1.
World lead production during
aps
past
5,500
years822
IV.2.1.
VIII.79.1.
The
uta
form of leishmaniasis833
VIII.81.1.
Leptospires on dark field840VIII.81.2. Phases and relevant IV.2.2.diagnostic procedures ofleptospiroses841VIII.100.1 Severe Paget's disease of the
VII.3.1.
bone in a 66-year-old male912
VIII.102.1.
Scheme illustrating themechanism of MPTP toxicity VII.3.2.at nigral dopamine neurons inprimates916VIII.
110.1.
Cases of paralyticpoliomyelitis in Malta, 1920-64VIII.110.2. Case-fatality rates forpoliomyelitis based on recordsfrom England and Wales,1947-50 (average of male andfemale rates; 28 notifiedcases); Denmark, 1947-50 (28paralytic cases); France, 1952(average of male and femalerates; 28 notified cases);Sweden 1935-44 (28confirmed paralytic cases);Eskimos, Chesterfield Inlet(14 cases); Cutter vacinees (27cases); West Virginia, (18cases); Malta, 1942-3 (servicecases, 20-30 years of age, VIII.2.2.number of cases not specified);Sweden, 1911-13 (5 cases)944VIII.110.3. Numbers of publications
VIII.38.1.
about polio by year, 1890 to1986; the
Current
Vni.80.1.
Bibliography of Poliomyelitis,Index Medicus,
and the
VHI.120.1.
Bibliography of InfantileParalysis
124.1.
countries, compared withMiami, Florida, UnitedStates, 1948-9Woodcut of
St.
Anthony byJohannes WechtlinTwo hypotheses as to thepossible evolution of theorganisms responsible forhuman treponematosesVIII. 134.2. Infectious diseases consideredas a dynamic triangularinteraction among host,parasite, and environment
VII.3.3.
943 VII.3.4.
VII.8.1.
VII.8.2.
VII.8.3.
VII.8.4.VII.8.5.
VIII.2.1.
Differences in maternalmortality rates in Englandand Wales, 1924-33Differences in maternalmortality rates in the UnitedStates, 1938-40General endemicity of cholera,malaria, and kangri burncancerMalaria: annual parasiteindex (API), per 1,000population, for selected yearsLeprosy: prevalence ratepercentage, 1974-5General distribution offilariasis and goiterDiffusion of smallpox amongnative Americans, 1928Diffusion of smallpox amongnative Americans, 1983Malarial disease deaths per1,000 population, 1870 Consumption deaths per1,000 population, 1870Leprosy area of NewBrunswick, predominantly inthe nineteenth centuryDistribution of Africansleeping sickness
(palpalis
group)Distribution of Africansleeping sickness
(morsitans
group)Areas in which dracunculiasisis reported or probably existsEstimated endemicity ofleprosy in the world, 1983Epidemiological map of RockyMountain spotted fever inBitterroot Valley, Montana,1902Distribution of
Schistosoma
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