Showing posts with label Grundtvig. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Grundtvig. Show all posts

2022/05/23

Danish Folk Tales: From the Danish of Svend Grundtvig, E. T. Kristensen, Ingvor Bondesen and L. Budde ; Translated by J. Christian Bay: Kristensen, Evald Tang, Bay, Jens Christian, Grundtvig, Sven: 9780342402021: Amazon.com: Books

Danish Folk Tales: From the Danish of Svend Grundtvig, E. T. Kristensen, Ingvor Bondesen and L. Budde ; Translated by J. Christian Bay: Kristensen, Evald Tang, Bay, Jens Christian, Grundtvig, Sven: 9780342402021: Amazon.com: Books






Danish Folk Tales: From the Danish of Svend Grundtvig, E. T. Kristensen, Ingvor Bondesen and L. Budde ; Translated by J. Christian Bay Paperback – October 11, 2018
by Evald Tang Kristensen (Author), & 2 more









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Publisher ‏ : ‎ Franklin Classics (October 11, 2018)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 312 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0342402021

[Grundtvig in international perspective : studies in the creativity of interaction : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Grundtvig in international perspective : studies in the creativity of interaction : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive



Grundtvig in international perspective : studies in the creativity of interaction


Publication date 2000
Topics 
Publisher Aarhus ; Oakville, CT : Aarhus University Press

Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooksDigitizing sponsor The Arcadia FundContributor Internet ArchiveLanguage English

viii, 209 pages ; 25 cm

"This volume comprises material 
from the Grundtvig conference held in Chicago in July 1995, 
from the conference at Køge, Denmark, in August 1997 ... and also 
from the conference held in January 1999 at Jadavpur University in Calcutta, India"

--Acknowledgements

Includes bibliographical references

  1. Theology and creation : Joseph Sittler and N.F.S. Grundtvig / Philip Hefner --
  2.  Generous orthodoxy : Regin Prenter's appropriation of Grundtvig / Michael Root --
  3.  Danish Grundvigians in the United States : challenges past and present / Axel C. Kildegaard -- 
  4. Grundtvig within the ecclesiological revival of 19th-century Europe / R. William Franklin -- 
  5. "The noble tribe of truth" : etchings on myth, language, and truth speaking / Vítor Westhelle -- 
  6. Old Europe and its aftermath : poetry, doctrine, and Western culture / Jakob Balling -- 
  7. Grundtvig's view of the Bible / Christian Thodberg -- 
  8. The Holy Spirit in the teaching of N.F.S. Grudtvig / A.M. Allchin -- 
  9. "A truly proud ruin" : Grundtvig and the Anglo-Saxon legacy / S.A.J. Bradley -- 
  10. Gurntvig's "education for life" and the cultural challenge facing the Baltic and Nordic courtries today / Gustav Björkstrand -- 
  11. Adult education in India : relevance of Grundtvig / Asoke Bhattacharya -- 
  12. Some international varieties of Grundtvig inspiration / K.E. Bugge -- 
  13. Education for life or for livelihood? Grundtvig and the Third World revisited / Holger Bernt Hansen

Folk High Schools: An Important Part of Adult Education in Sweden. : ERIC : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

ERIC ED442955: 
An Australian reflection

: ERIC : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive



ERIC ED442955: Folk High Schools: An Important Part of Adult Education in Sweden.by ERIC


Publication date 2000-06Topics ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Adult Learning, Adult Programs, Community Education, Educational History, Educational Objectives, Educational Philosophy, Educational Practices, Educational Trends, Financial Support, Folk Schools, Foreign Countries, Government School Relationship, High Schools, Nontraditional Education, Outcomes of Education, School Community Relationship, Teacher Student Relationship, Trend Analysis, Hagston, JanCollection ericarchive; additional_collectionsLanguage English

Sweden's 136 folk high schools are open to anyone over 18 years of age. Established in Denmark in 1844, folk high schools were introduced to Sweden in 1968. Folk high schools can be attributed to the educational ideas of Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783-1872), who wanted to see education where people learned from their experiences as well as from books and where they learned to think and speak for themselves and solve problems. 

All folk high schools in Sweden run a general education course that is designed for adults who have not completed secondary education and that can lead directly to a university. Specialist and various short courses are also offered. 

Although folk high schools still reflect the concepts espoused by Grundtvig, they have been under pressure to change in response to the demands of the economic rationalist state, including funding cuts and the requirement that additional courses must be self-funding. 

Perhaps the greatest threat to folk high schools is the move away from a focus on community and belonging to 'a people' or 'folk' and towards the individual.

Although much of what happens in adult education in Australia and Sweden is similar, adult education appears to be a much more integral part of the Swedish education system than of the Australian education system. (MN)

Addeddate 2016-01-04 09:43:44Foldoutcount 0Identifier ERIC_ED442955Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t76t4jz5zOcr ABBYY FineReader 11.0

Pages 7

Ppi 600Year 2000

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Kierkegaard's critique of Christian nationalism : Backhouse, Stephen, 1976- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Kierkegaard's critique of Christian nationalism : Backhouse, Stephen, 1976- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Kierkegaard's critique of Christian nationalism  
by Backhouse, Stephen, 1976-

ABSTRACT

The book draws out the critique of Christian nationalism that is implicit throughout the thought of Søren Kierkegaard, an analysis that is inseparable from his wider aim of reintroducing Christianity into Christendom. ‘Christian nationalism’ refers to the set of ideas in which belief in the development and superiority of one's national group is combined with, or underwritten by, Christian theology and practice. The book examines the nationalist theologies of H. L. Martensen and N. F. S. Grundtvig, important cultural leaders and contemporaries of Kierkegaard. Kierkegaard's response to their thought forms the backbone of his own philosophical and theological project, namely his attempt to form authentic Christian individuals through the use of ‘the moment’, ‘the leap’ and ‘contemporaneity’. This Kierkegaardian critique is brought into conversation with current political science theories of religious nationalism, and is expanded to address movements and theologies beyond the historical context of Kierkegaard's Golden Age Denmark. The implications of Kierkegaard's approach are undoubtedly radical and unsettling to politicians and church leaders alike, yet there is much to commend it to the reality of modern religious and social life. As a theological thinker keenly aware of the unique problems posed by Christendom, Kierkegaard's critique is timely for any Christian culture that is tempted to confuse its faith with patriotism or national affiliation.

Keywords: Kierkegaard, nationalism, patriotism, Christian nationalism, religious nationalism, Christendom, authenticity, moment, leap, contemporaneity, Martensen, Grundtvig, Golden Age, Denmark

BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Print publication date: 2011 Print ISBN-13: 9780199604722
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: September 2011 DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604722.001.0001

Kierkegaard's Ethic of Love, C. Stephen Evans (2004)
===
Contents

1 Nationalism, Christianity and Kierkegaard
2 H. L. Martensen
3 N. F. S. Grundtvig
4 Philosophical Tools
5 History
6 Identity
7 Undefined New Things: Church and State
End Matter

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Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism

by
Stephen Backhouse
4.56 · Rating details · 9 ratings · 4 reviews
'Christian nationalism' refers to the set of ideas in which belief in the development and superiority of one's national group is combined with, or underwritten by, Christian theology and practice. A critique of Christian nationalism is implicit throughout the thought of Soren Kierkegaard, an analysis inseparable from his wider aim of reintroducing Christianity into Christendom.
Stephen Backhouse examines the nationalist theologies of Kierkegaard's contemporaries H.L. Martensen and N.F.S. Grundtvig, to show how Kierkegaard's thought developed in response to the writings of these important cultural leaders of the day. Kierkegaard's response formed the backbone of his own philosophical and theological project, namely his attempt to form authentic Christian individuals through the use of 'the moment', 'the leap' and 'contemporaneity'.
This study brings Kierkegaard's critique of Christian nationalism into conversation with current political science theories of religious nationalism and reflects on the implications of Kierkegaard's radical approach. While the critique is unsettling to politicians and church leaders alike, nevertheless there is much to commend it to the reality of modern religious and social life. As a theological thinker keenly aware of the unique problems posed by Christendom, Kierkegaard's critique is timely for any Christian culture that is tempted to confuse its faith with patriotism or national affiliation. (less)

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Hardcover, 272 pages
Published September 2nd 2011 by Oxford University Press, USA (first published July 7th 2011)
ISBN
019960472X (ISBN13: 9780199604722)
Edition Language
English

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Average rating4.56 ·
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· 9 ratings · 4 reviews



Mar 05, 2018Azzam To'meh rated it it was amazing
With the rise of religious nationalism, and the twenty-first century being called the century of religious conflict, the role of religious nationalism is on the rise. However, the emergence of this form of nationalism is not new and has been struggled with for ages now. In his book, Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism, Stephen Backhouse attempts to explain the deconstruction of Kierkegaard to what is called Christian Nationalism. If religion is a personal relationship between one person and God, then to elevate such a relationship to a national level is bound to trump the emphasis on the individual and his relationship to the divine.

This, does not come in such a simple form though. The perception of historical development, the individual, free will, and Christianity per se are all warped into the construction of this Nationalism. Backhouse contextualizes Kierkegaard with two contemporary thinkers, H.L. Martensen, who believed that European triumph was indicative of the Christian truth, and N.F.S. Grundtvig, who thought of Danish triumph as the necessity for the rise of Christianity in the world. The intermingling of religion as state was seen as essential for both writers. This, of course, is evident nowadays In America's One Nation Under God, and Britain's God Save the Queen. The linking of the divine to the nation is ever more evident, and as such, is up to questioning.

So, what was Kierkegaard's response to all this. Backhouse states that Kierkegaard's vision of history attempts to grant the most importance to the present, as opposed to past and future. This goes against the tenant of Nationalism, the destiny of self-rule (or in this case, world and afterworld domination) which the nation is to actualize. It is an ideology which privileges past and future, as opposed to the past. However, Kierkegaard states that if Christ is the truth, then he is ever-present. For Christ, thus, there is no past and future, but only one time. Hence, if the nation is to actualize itself, it is to be through the present, and not through an outlook towards the future. This, of course, shows that Christianity is in direct conflict with a perennial essentialist understanding of nationalism, and claims that this nationalism can be overcome with proper relation to God. How generalizable this intimate relation to God is can be questioned however. If Le Bon's concept of the masses is to be applied, then Kierkegaard's request for the fully actualized personal relationship with God is to be rendered impossible. While it may have redemptive power, and allow for the resurrection of the individual, it is only he who is capable of becoming fully an individual that can benefit from this personal relationship. For the elite, there is God. For the masses, there is the nation.

Another point Kierkegaard highlights is an inherent contradiction in Christian nationalism. Religious nationalists claim that it is success which will prove the truth of the religion to the world. However, Kierkegaard states that the deepest meaning in Christianity is not success, but suffering. Hence, while the Christian nationalist think that they are bringing out the full actualization of Christianity, they are actually bringing about its demise. The church, for Kierkegaard, attempts to replace God as the absolute which needs all people to be directed towards. This, for Grundtvig, Kierkegaard's nemesis, can only happen through the building of the perfect state. Hence, one needs to be fully Danish in order to be fully Christian. Kierkegaard goes fully against that. If Christ is the atemporal truth, and one needs to be fully with truth, then one needs to get rid of all temporal accidents which taint his purity. Nationalism as such is a disease which prevents one from fully aligning him/herself with the truth. This, of course, is not limited to Christianity, but it endemic of most religions. Whether it is 9/11, the Burma massacres, or abortion clinic shootings, all religiously motivated political violence aims at the actualization of the dominance of the religion. In a society where the dominance hierarchy gets ever steeper, the role of the metaphysical in world domination will only increase.

Backhouse's book is important in addressing both a historical issue and a contemporary one. As a political theologian, he is the perfect individual to address the problems of religion and nationalism. Kierkegaard, as presented by Backhouse, seems suitable to treat all violence in the name of religion. However, the economic aspect of the nation is rarely dealt with in the book. Kierkegaard and his contemporaries seem to presume that all pursuits are value driven, and while the benefit of the doubt might be granted that this was the case, the rise of corporatism and its rule in evoking religion is on the rise. The book is beneficial for students of theology, politics, philosophy, and history. It is a great addition to any library of a humanities academic.
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Jan 30, 2022Ross Von Hausen rated it it was amazing
Shelves: kierkegaard
4.5 Stars
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Mar 01, 2014Fernando Navarro rated it liked it
I have a an excerpt that I think it would sum up the whole book:

"Every effort that tends toward the establishment of a Christian State, a Christian people, is eo ipso un-Christian, anti-Christian." Soren Kierkegaard (less)
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Feb 05, 2016Chet Duke rated it really liked it
Shelves: philosophy, theology, christian-history
Fantastic book that speaks to the depth of SK's criticism of Christian nationalism, specifically within his own Danish state church. Not only does Backhouse cover the ideas and theological positions of Grundtvig, Mynster, and Martensen (such information is largely unavailable to those that can't read Danish, as far as I know), but he also goes through the development Kierkegaard's orientation to the church. Backhouse also seemed to remain pretty straightforward in his interpretation of SK. Lots of good material in the bibliography.
Definitely valuable for students or anyone interested in issues of Christianity's relationship to the nation, patriotism, and identity. (less)
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Publication date 2011
Topics Kierkegaard, Søren, 1813-1855, Grundtvig, N. F. S. 1783-1872, Kierkegaard, Søren 1813-1855, Martensen, Hans Lassen 1808-1884, Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin, Martensen, Hans Lassen, Kierkegaard, Sören, Kierkegaard, Søren, Nationalism -- Religious aspects -- Christianity, Christentum, Nationalismus, Kirche, StaatPublisher Oxford ; New York : Oxford University PressCollection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooksDigitizing sponsor The Arcadia FundContributor Internet ArchiveLanguage English

xv, 247 pages ; 24 cm

"This study brings Kierkegaard's critique of Christian nationalism into conversation with current political science theories of religious nationalism and reflects on the implications of Kierkegaard's radical approach. While the critique is unsettling to politicians and church leaders alike, nevertheless, there is much to commend it to the reality of modern religious and social life. As a theological thinker keenly aware of the unique problems posed by Christendom, Kierkegaard's critique is timely for any Christian culture that is tempted to confuse its faith with patriotism or national affiliation."--Jacket

Includes bibliographical references (pages 228-242) and index

=

Secularism, theology and Islam : the Danish social imaginary and the cartoon crisis of 2005-2006 : Veninga, Jennifer Elisa, author : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Secularism, theology and Islam : the Danish social imaginary and the cartoon crisis of 2005-2006 : Veninga, Jennifer Elisa, author : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Secularism, theology and Islam : the Danish social imaginary and the cartoon crisis of 2005-2006
by Veninga, Jennifer Elisa, author

Publication date 2014
Topics Muḥammad, Prophet, -632 -- Caricatures and cartoons, Muḥammad, Prophet, -632, Caricatures and cartoons -- Denmark, Islam -- Caricatures and cartoons, Religion -- Caricatures and cartoons, Islam and secularism -- Denmark, Religion and sociology, Caricatures and cartoons, Islam, Islam and secularism, Religion, Denmark
Publisher London ; New York, NY : Bloomsbury Academic
Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks
Digitizing sponsor Kahle/Austin Foundation
Contributor Internet Archive
Language English
xii, 211 pages ; 24 cm

Secularism, Theology and Islam offers a uniquely theological analysis of the historic Danish cartoon crisis of 2005-2006, in which the publication of twelve images of the Prophet Muhammad in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten ignited violent global protests. 

The crisis represents a politically, culturally, and religiously important event of the early 21st century, and Jennifer Veninga explores the important question of why the cartoons were published in Denmark when they were and why this matters to the larger global community. 

The book outlines three main interpretations of the affair as they were framed by international news media: as an issue exclusively about freedom of speech, as related to a 'clash of civilizations', or exclusively as a matter of international politics. 

Whilst these are important to note, the author argues that the crisis was far more complex than any of these interpretations suggest, and argues that an alternative methodology can be found in philosopher Charles Taylor's concept of the 'social imaginary', which refers to the shared norms, expectations, images and narratives of a community or nation that inform many of its shared practices. 

Describing the Danish social imaginary as a paradox of Christianity and secularism, Veninga explains why the new presence of Islam has been perceived as such a threat to Danish identity. 

The author also maintains that despite tendencies toward exclusion, the Danish imaginary also supports a move toward authentic religious pluralism.

Understanding the Danish cartoon crisis is important for any community struggling with new religious diversity, especially those with largely secular identities. Furthermore, the method used to examine the crisis provides a theological analytical framework applicable to a wide variety of contemporary social and political movements and issues

Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-201) and index

1. A Historical Sequence of Events: The Crisis of 2005 -- 2006 -- 
2. Immediate Interpretations of the Crisis -- 
3. The Social Imaginary as Theological Methodology -- 
4. Popular Understanding: Folkelighed and N.F.S. Grundtvig -- 
5. Popular Practices and their Critique: The People's Church and theWelfare System -- 
6. Contextualizing the Danish Social Imaginary: Difference, Othernessand Islam --
7. The Cartoons as Expression of Encounter 
Conclusion: The Possibilities of Paradox and Theology for a Secular Age

Access-restricted-item true

Thinkers on education : includes Nikolay Grundtvig

Thinkers on education : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Thinkers on education
Publication date 1997
Topics Educators -- Biography, Educators
Publisher [Paris] : UNESCO ; [Calcutta] : Oxford & IBH
Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks
Digitizing sponsor Kahle/Austin Foundation
Contributor Internet Archive
Language English
Volume 2
4 volumes ; 24 cm

V. 2- v.4 include details of original publication as issues of: Prospects, v.23-24

Includes bibliographical references

V. 1. Alain -- Aristotle -- Avicenna (Ibn Sina) -- Andres Bello -- Bruno Bettelheim -- Alfred Binet -- Pavel Petrovich Blonsky -- Boutros Al-Boustani -- Martin Buber -- Cai Yuanpei -- Edouard Claparede -- Jan Amos Comenius -- Condorcet -- Confucius (K'ung Tzu) -- Roger Cousinet -- Jan Wladyslaw Dawid -- Jean-Ovide Decroly -- John Dewey -- Friedrich Adolph Wilhelm Diesterweg -- Emile Durkheim -- Jozsef Eotvos -- Erasmus -- Al-Farabi -- Adolphe Ferriere -- Celestin Freinet

V. 2. Paul Freire -- Sigmund Freud -- Friedrich Frobel -- Fukuzawa Yukichi -- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi -- Al-Ghazali -- Francisco Giner de los Rios -- Dmitri Glinos -- Paul Goodman -- Antonio Gramsci -- Nikolay Grundtvig -- Maria Grzegorzewska -- Georg Hegel -- Johann Friedrich Herbart -- Wilhelm von Humboldt -- Torsten Husen -- Taha Hussein -- Ivan Illich -- Karl Jaspers -- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos -- Marc-Antoine Jullien ('Jullien de Paris') -- Isaac Leon Kandel -- Immanuel Kant -- Georg Kerschensteiner -- Ellen Key

V. 3. Ibn Khaldun -- Christen Mikkelsen Kold -- Janusz Korczak -- Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya -- John Locke -- Anton Makarenko -- Mao Zedong -- Jose Marti -- Mencius -- Miskawayh -- Montaigne -- Maria Montessori -- Sir Thomas More -- J. P. Naik -- Alexander Sutherland Neill -- Peter Noikov -- Julius Kambarage Nyerere -- Jose Ortega y Gasset -- Robert Owen -- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi -- Jean Piaget -- Plato -- Joseph Priestley -- Ismail Al-Qabbani -- Herbert Read

V. 4. Carl Rogers -- Jean-Jacques Rousseau -- Torsten Rudenschold -- Michael Ernest Sadler -- Otto Salomon -- Domingo Faustino Sarmiento -- Antonio Sergio -- B. F. Skinner -- Herbert Spencer -- Rudolf Steiner -- Bogdon Suchodolski -- Sun Yat-sen -- Rabindranath Tagore -- Rifaa Al-Tahtawi -- Leo Tolstoy -- Agoston Trefort -- Davorin Trstenjak -- Konstantin Dmitrievitch Ushinsky -- Dmitry Uznadze -- Jose Pedro Varela -- Jose Vasconcelos -- Giambattista Vico -- Juan Luis Vives -- Lev S. Vygotsky -- Henri Wallon
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Selected writings : Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Selected writings : Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
textsSelected writings
by Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872

Publication date 1976
Topics Lutheran Church, Theology
Publisher Philadelphia : Fortress Press
Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks
Digitizing sponsor The Arcadia Fund
Contributor Internet Archive
Language English
vii, 184 pages ; 22 cm





Includes bibliographical references (page 182) and index

Writings on the church, Christian life, and human living. The response of the church 1825 ; Introduction to Nordic mythology 1832 ; Folk-life and Christianity 1847 ; About folk-life and Dr. Rudelbach 1848 ; Basic Christian teachings 1855-61 -- Sermons. N. F. S. Grundtvig as a preacher ; All Saints' Day 1839 ; 18th Sunday after Trinity 1845 ; Palm Sunday 1855 ; Good Friday 1855 ; 8th Sunday after Trinity 1855 ; 4th Sunday after Easter 1855 -- Hymns and poetry. Grundtvig's hymns and poetry ; Twenty-four selected hymns and poems -- Educational writings. Grundtvig's educational writings ; The school for life 1838 ; The royal decree: an explanation ; The Danish high school 1847 ; The speech before the Constitutional Assembly 1848 ; A letter to Peter Larsen Skraeppenborg 1848 ; A Nordic university 1837

Bishop grundtvig and the people's high school in Denmark : Marals, J. I : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Bishop grundtvig and the people's high school in Denmark : Marals, J. I : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Bishop grundtvig and the people's high school in Denmark
by Marals, J. I; South Africa

Publication date 1912
Publisher Pretoria : Government Printer and Stationery Office
Collection cdl; americana
Digitizing sponsor Internet Archive
Contributor University of California Libraries
Language English

"Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Excellency the Governor-General."

At head of title : "Union of South Africa."

Grundtvig in international perspective : studies in the creativity of interaction: Internet Archive

Grundtvig in international perspective : studies in the creativity of interaction :

 Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

textsGrundtvig in international perspective : studies in the creativity of interaction
Publication date 2000
Topics Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872, Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin, (1783-1872)

Publisher Aarhus ; Oakville, CT : Aarhus University Press

Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks
Digitizing sponsor The Arcadia Fund
Contributor Internet Archive
Language English
viii, 209 pages ; 25 cm
--------
"This volume comprises material from the Grundtvig conference held in Chicago in July 1995, from the conference at Køge, Denmark, in August 1997 ... and also from the conference held in January 1999 at Jadavpur University in Calcutta, India"--Acknowledgements

Includes bibliographical references

  1. Theology and creation : Joseph Sittler and N.F.S. Grundtvig / Philip Hefner -- 
  2. Generous orthodoxy : Regin Prenter's appropriation of Grundtvig / Michael Root -- 
  3. Danish Grundvigians in the United States : challenges past and present / Axel C. Kildegaard -- 
  4. Grundtvig within the ecclesiological revival of 19th-century Europe / R. William Franklin -- 
  5. "The noble tribe of truth" : etchings on myth, language, and truth speaking / Vítor Westhelle -- 
  6. Old Europe and its aftermath : poetry, doctrine, and Western culture / Jakob Balling -- 
  7. Grundtvig's view of the Bible / Christian Thodberg -- 
  8. The Holy Spirit in the teaching of N.F.S. Grudtvig / A.M. Allchin -- 
  9. "A truly proud ruin" : Grundtvig and the Anglo-Saxon legacy / S.A.J. Bradley -- 
  10. Gurntvig's "education for life" and the cultural challenge facing the Baltic and Nordic courtries today / Gustav Björkstrand -- 
  11. Adult education in India : relevance of Grundtvig / Asoke Bhattacharya -- 
  12. Some international varieties of Grundtvig inspiration / K.E. Bugge -- 
  13. Education for life or for livelihood? Grundtvig and the Third World revisited / Holger Bernt Hansen

[Grundtvig: an American study : Nielsen, Ernest D : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

N.F.S. Grundtvig: an American study : Nielsen, Ernest D : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

N.F.S. Grundtvig: an American study
by Nielsen, Ernest D

Publication date 1955
Topics Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872, Theologians 
-- Denmark 
-- Biography, Theologians, Denmark

Language English
173 pages 22 cm

1. On the trail of the spirit 
-- Pagan cultures and manifestations of spiritual life 
-- An historical testimony of spirit in action 
-- Christian experience as evidence of divine spirit 
-- The submergence of the spirit in the process of the church's social realization 
-- The evangelization of western and northern Europe by irreconcilable methods of the sword of the spirit and the secular arm 
-- Signs of hope in the Middle Ages 
-- The Reformation as the rediscovery of the essential gospel through the recovery of the Spirit, the Word, and the faith 
-- The illumination of the Holy Spirit and the churchly revival

2. The Spirit in the church 
-- The center around which one must move in order to show the structure of Grundtvig's ecclesiology 
-- No Schriftkirche 
-- Ecclesia Christiana: a faith-society 
-- Church vs. school and faith vs. theology 
-- The sacraments 
-- Signs of life within the churches -- 

3. The demand of the Spirit for freedom 
-- A free society as the conditional element of liberty 
-- Toward a comprehensive church 
-- Confounding what is juridical and what is Christian -- 

4. Recapitulation 
-- Experience and the form of expression 
-- The substitution of history for metaphysics 
-- No reversal of history

Includes bibliography

Internet Archive Search: grundtvig

Internet Archive Search: grundtvig


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N.F.S. Grundtvig: an American study
Feb 26, 2021
Nielsen, Ernest D
texts

173 pages 22 cm
Topics: Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872, Theologians -- Denmark -- Biography,...



7

Grundtvig in international perspective : studies in the creativity of interaction
Mar 1, 2021

texts

viii, 209 pages ; 25 cm
Topics: Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872, Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin,...



5

Bishop Grundtvig: a prophet of the north
Feb 26, 2021
Allen, E. L. (Edgar Leonard), 1893-1961
texts

94 p. 19 cm
Topics: Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872, Lutheran Church -- Denmark, Denmark --...


133

Grundtvig on the Birds of Shiocton, Wisconsin
Mar 13, 2013
J. A. A.
texts

"Grundtvig on the Birds of Shiocton, Wisconsin" is an article from The Auk, Volume 12 . View more articles from The Auk . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-4068842
Source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/4068842


606

Danish Folk Tales: From the Danish of Svend Grundtvig, E.T. Kristensen, Ingvor Bondesen and L ...
Sep 12, 2008
Evald Tang Kristensen , Leopold Budde, Sven Grundtvig, Ingvor Andreas Nicolaj Bondesen

texts

Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Source: http://books.google.com/books?id=sgYBAAAAYAAJ&oe=UTF-8


949

Bishop grundtvig and the people's high school in Denmark
Nov 24, 2008
Marals, J. I; South Africa
texts

"Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Excellency the Governor-General."


25

ERIC ED571377: Alumni Go Europe: A Lifelong Learning Grundtvig Project--2008-2010

Jul 3, 2017
ERIC
texts

This article reports on the results of a two-year project to strengthen and enhance alumni relations programmes at European universities. Members of the "Alumni go Europe" partnership include CASE Europe, the University of Linz in Austria, the University of Navarra in Spain, and the University of Siegen in Germany. The project is funded as part of the European Commission's Lifelong Learning programme. The report, which is available at no cost, features proven ideas and suggestions as...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Alumni, Lifelong Learning, Benchmarking, Volunteers, Fund Raising,...


1,344

Danish fairy tales : a collection of popular stories and fairy tales from the Danish of Svend Grundtvig ... [et al.]
Jun 25, 2007
Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962
texts

A collection of forty-eight Danish folktales originally compiled by Svend Grundtvig, E.T. Kristensen, Ingvor Bondesen, and L. Budde
Topics: Fairy tales -- Denmark, Folklore -- Denmark


2,197

Danish folk tales ; from the Danish of Svend Grundtvig, E. T. Kristensen, Ingvor Bondesen and L. Budde ; translated by J. Christian Bay
Nov 6, 2006
Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962; Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883; Kristensen, Evald Tang, 1843-1929; Bondesen, Ingvor Andreas Nicolaj, 1844-1911; Budde, Leopold, 1836-1902
texts


292 p. : 20 cm
Topic: Folklore -- Denmark


88

ERIC ED540494: Beating the Drums for Attention: Proceedings and Outcomes of the Socrates/Grundtvig Network "International Adult Learners Week in Europe" (IntALWinE)
Mar 26, 2016
ERIC
texts

"Beating the Drums for Attention" is the metaphorical title chosen to reflect the continuous effort carried out by adult educators to promote learning, to encourage a joyful approach to it and to motivate learners to be part of and actively influence the overall reflexive process they are involved in. What carries the whole movement is the united commitment of its members to spread learning in creative ways and to share their innovative, authentic and unique learning paths. Out of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Learning, Adult Students, Adult Educators, Foreign Countries, Cooperation,...


14

Selected writings
Jun 26, 2020
Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872
texts

vii, 184 pages ; 22 cm
Topics: Lutheran Church, Theology



42

Danish fairy tales
Oct 13, 2020
Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883
texts

vi, 115 p. 28 cm
Topics: Tales -- Denmark, Folklore -- Denmark, Fairy tales


455

En märkelig vise om de söfarne mänd : an old Danish Ballad
Feb 13, 2007
Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883
texts

7 p


952

Danish fairy tales
Jan 8, 2007
Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883
texts

3 p. L., 5-122 p. 20 cm
Topic: Cramer, Jesse Grant, 1869-




1,926

Danish fairy tales
Aug 16, 2007
Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883; Hein, Gustav
texts

219 p. : 21 cm
favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 1 reviews )
Topic: Fairy tales


148

DET ER SAA YNDIGT AT FØLGES AD
May 19, 2021
ELSE JENA; Georg Krarup; N. F. S. Grundtvig; C. E. F. Weyse; J. S. Bach; G. Krarup
audio

Performer: ELSE JENA; Georg Krarup Writer: N. F. S. Grundtvig; C. E. F. Weyse; J. S. Bach Mezzosoprano in Danish; w. Organ; Bryllup II; MARSCH; Praeludium af; Mezzosopran; Ved Orglet i Frederikaberg Kirke. Digitized at 78 revolutions per minute. Four stylii were used to transfer this record. They are 3.5mil truncated eliptical, 2.3mil truncated conical, 2.8mil truncated conical, 3.3mil truncated conical. These were recorded flat and then also equalized with Turnover: 400.0, Rolloff: -12.0. The...
Topics: 78rpm, Classical
Source: 78


1,087

Danish fairy tales
Jul 22, 2008
Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883; Hein, Gustav, 1866-
texts

219, [1] p. 21 cm
Topic: Fairy tales


78

More Danish tales
Nov 8, 2010
Hatch, Mary Cottam, 1912-; Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883. Danske folkeseventyr
texts

"Retold from an English translation of Svend Grundtvig's Folke©ventyr made by the illustrator."

Topic: Fairy tales


1,832

Danish fairy & folk tales : a collection of popular stories and fairy tales
Jun 18, 2007
Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962; Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883
texts

7 p. ., 298 p. 19 cm
Topic: Folklore -- Denmark


18

Nineteenth-Century literature criticism. [electronic resource]
Aug 12, 2014
Bomarito, Jessica; Whitaker, Russel
texts

Description based on print version record
Topics: Edgeworth, Maria, 1768-1849, Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872, Hawthorne,...
Source: removedNEL




5

Selected educational writings
Oct 5, 2021
Grundtvig, N. F. S. (Nicolai Frederik Severin), 1783-1872
texts


110 p. ; 21 cm
Topics: Folk high schools -- Denmark, Education -- Denmark


945

Danish Fairy & Folk Tales: A Collection of Popular Stories and Fairy Tales
Jan 12, 2008
J Christian Bay , Sven Grundtvig , Evald Tang Kristensen , Ingvor Andreas Nicolaj Bondesen , Leopold Budde
texts

Book digitized by Google from the library of the University of Michigan and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Source: http://books.google.com/books?id=9uk6AAAAMAAJ&oe=UTF-8


17

Kierkegaard's critique of Christian nationalism
Mar 5, 2021
Backhouse, Stephen, 1976-
texts

xv, 247 pages ; 24 cm
Topics: Kierkegaard, Søren, 1813-1855, Grundtvig, N. F. S. 1783-1872, Kierkegaard, Søren 1813-1855,...


769

Specimens of early English metrical romances : to which is prefixed an historical introduction on the rise and progress of romantic composition in France and England
Jan 5, 2010
George Ellis
texts

Book digitized by Google from the library of Oxford University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Topics: English poetry -- Middle English, 1100-1500 -- Modernized versions, Middle Ages -- Poetry,...
Source: http://books.google.com/books?id=otQIAAAAQAAJ&oe=UTF-8


115

ERIC ED465048: The Seeds of Social Change from Denmark.
Jan 13, 2016
ERIC
texts

N.F.S. Grundtvig was a priest, historian, poet, and founder of the Danish Folk High School. He believed that education for adults should be geared to adults and wanted schools to be independent of the church. Grundtvig was among the first to call for Denmark's schools to use the native Danish language. Grundtvig believed that each group or culture of people who shared the same language had its own national spirit or folk's spirit that should allow for free and fruitful interaction between...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Adult Learning, Democracy, Educational History, Educational Needs,...


22

Ballad books and ballad men : raids and rescues in Britain, America, and the Scandinavian north since 1800
Oct 29, 2020
Hustvedt, Sigurd Bernhard, 1882-1954
texts

ix, 376 pages ; 24 cm
Topics: Ballads, English -- History and criticism, Ballads, Scandinavian -- History and criticism, Ballads,...


627

Danish folk tales;
Dec 7, 2009
Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962. comp; Grundtvig, Sven, 1824-1883; Kristensen, Evald Tang, 1843-1929; Bondesen, Ingvor Andreas Nicolaj, 1844-; Budde, Leopold, 1836-1902
texts

Book digitized by Google from the library of University of Michigan and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Topic: Folklore
Source: http://books.google.com/books?id=6KxZAAAAMAAJ&oe=UTF-8


1,939

Studies in the literature of Northern Europe
Sep 29, 2008
Gosse, Edmund, 1849-1928
texts

Preface.--Norwegian poetry since 1814.--Henrik Ibsen.--The Lofoden Islands.--Runeberg.--The Danish national theatre.--Four Danish poets (Grundtvig, Bödtcher, Andersen, Paludan-Müller)--Walther von der Bogelweide.--A Dutch poetess of the seventeenth century (Maria Tesselschade Visscher).--Vondel and Milton.--The Oera Linda book.--Appendix: Text of the poems translated
Topics: Walther, von der Vogelweide, 12th cent, Oera Linda boek, Scandinavian literature -- History and...


82

Friends Bulletin-Pacific Coast Association-June 1949
May 2, 2016

texts

Education Issue, Education Queries, Holy Experiment, This Issue, court News, Pacific Yearly Meeting-Yearly Meeting Notices, Meetings (Palo Alto, Berkeley, Seattle University Meeting, China-Shanghai Friends Centre, House for Hiroshima, College Park Association of Friends, C.O. News Notes) Summer Activitites (Work-Study-Tuolumne, Peace Education and Action Workshop, Community Living Summer School, Grundtvig Folk School,Folk Dancing in Southern California, Earlham College and Non-Registrant, Tothe...


27

The kingdom of love and knowledge : the encounter between Orthodoxy and the West
Mar 22, 2021
Allchin, A. M
texts

214 pages ; 22 cm
Topics: Church of England, Orthodox Eastern Church -- Doctrines -- History, Orthodox Eastern Church,...


90

ERIC ED442955: Folk High Schools: An Important Part of Adult Education in Sweden.
Jan 4, 2016
ERIC
texts

Sweden's 136 folk high schools are open to anyone over 18 years of age. Established in Denmark in 1844, folk high schools were introduced to Sweden in 1968. Folk high schools can be attributed to the educational ideas of Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783-1872), who wanted to see education where people learned from their experiences as well as from books and where they learned to think and speak for themselves and solve problems. All folk high schools in Sweden run a general education...

Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Adult Learning, Adult Programs, Community Education, Educational...

‘An invaluable lesson and example to Ireland’ – Grundtvig, the Danish folk movement and Ireland – The Irish Story

‘An invaluable lesson and example to Ireland’ – Grundtvig, the Danish folk movement and Ireland – The Irish Story

‘An invaluable lesson and example to Ireland’ – Grundtvig, the Danish folk movement and IrelandBarry Sheppard 28 July, 2018 Irish History

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A scene from rural Ireland in the early 1900s.
The influence of the Danish ‘folk high school’ movement in 1930s Ireland. By Barry Sheppard.

The early decades of Irish independence have often been associated with insular cultural nationalism and economic protectionist policies which set the state adrift somewhat from the wider world.

The charge of being insular could also be applied to the Northern Irish state. Despite being part of a Union which still had interests across the globe, it was still very much a parochial society, especially in rural communities.

While there is little doubt that in the main, the focus of the burgeoning Irish Free State was squarely on domestic matters, it is unfair to label it completely adrift of wider international concerns or influences.

The same can also be said of the Northern state, which willingly adapted outside influences, despite its focus on provincial matters. Transnational influences were to be increasingly found in a number of areas of public life on both sides of the Irish border in the first half of the twentieth century, not least when it came to rural matters. This was especially true during the Great Depression of the 1920s and 30s.


The Aftermath of the Crash

Fianna Fail’s 1932 pamphlet.

Motivated by the effects of high unemployment and a severe lack of opportunities since the economic crash, individuals and organisations across Europe began to look beyond their borders for answers on how to alleviate societal problems in rural communities.

On the island of Ireland a number of individuals who were motivated by promoting rural life, active citizenship, and a means of making a living from the land, came to prominence in both states. Not only this, they actively sought out international examples which could be adapted to suit Irish conditions.

The negative effects of the depression years on rural areas in both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland were quite similar. In Northern Ireland there were approximately 100,000 small holdings scattered across the state, many farming on a subsistence basis.[1] While in the southern counties there were approximately 258,000 farms, with 230,000 of them under 100 acres and experiencing similar conditions as their northern counterparts.[2]




Across Ireland, poor productivity, and a lack of knowledge in modern farming methods were major factors in the desperate state of the small farms.



Across the island poor productivity, and a lack of knowledge in modern farming methods were major factors in the desperate state of the smaller holdings, with the majority of small farms being classed as ‘uneconomic’. The 1923 Irish Land Act in the Free State attempted to address the ongoing problem of poor productivity by acquisition and redistribution of larger lands. The act, described as an ‘ambitious attempt to solve the land question once and for all’ ultimately stalled.

The slow progress of land acquisition and division soured relations between the electorate and the Cumann na nGaedheal government in the 1920s.[3] While this work significantly increased under Fianna Fáil after 1932, it too slowed considerably after 1936, leading to a notable decrease in support for the party among small farmers in the west.[4]

A decade after the 1923 Land Act, the picture didn’t look good for the many small holdings, with little prospect for any improvement. Areas such as Dunfanaghy in Co Donegal were said to be ‘little removed from the subsistence level’ in 1933. This was the case in many areas down the western seaboard, and in many other parts of the country small holdings were still squeezed by livestock farming, which had almost doubled in size since the mid-nineteenth century.[5]

In Northern Ireland, land reform schemes which had begun under the same acts as those in the south from the late nineteenth century, were being wound down in the early years of the state’s existence by new legislation. A 1925 Land Act saw the compulsory purchase of any remaining tenanted land in Northern Ireland. Under this legislation the remaining 38,500 tenants purchased their holdings until the scheme was finally wound down in 1935.[6]

However, like provisions in the 1923 Land Act, the 1925 Northern Ireland act prohibited the confiscation of untenanted land in certain situations, making precious resources unattainable for some landless people, leaving emigration a more viable option.

One individual who was determined to stem the rural decline, and introduce a new form of adult education to rural dwellers was William Stavely Armour, journalist, educator, and the founder of the rural organisation The Young Farmers Clubs of Ulster. Armour had travelled extensively in the first two decades of the twentieth century seeking out new educational experiences which he would attempt to introduce back home.

One destination in particular was to have a profound effect upon his efforts, Denmark. It was here he was introduced to the ‘Danish Folk High School Movement’ founded by Bishop Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783 – 1872).
Grundtvig and the Danish Folk High School movement

Grundtvig, founder of the ‘folk school’ movement.

Grundtvig was an educational reformer who railed against the established system in his country. He witnessed a system which catered for the elite, and those who could afford a formal university education. A country where Latin had been placed over the mother tongue for centuries.

Grundtvig saw this education system as failing the rural population. While his concerns were wide, he was particularly scathing of the Latin Grammar Schools which, in an echo of Pádraig Pearse’s ‘the Murder Machine’ in Ireland, labelled them ‘The Schools for Death’.[7]

Grundtvig engaged in developing a community education system which worked for the rural population, farmers, and workers in Denmark. His movement by and large represented the interests of the ‘disenfranchised majority’ of nineteenth century Denmark, and ‘sought to build democratic egalitarian societies where none would starve or be forced to emigrate for lack of opportunity or human dignity’.[8]




Grundtvig engaged in developing a community education system which worked for the rural population, farmers, and workers in Denmark



Grundtvig envisaged a community school system with popular education as its primary focus. A movement against the prevailing Danish conservative versions of both education and culture. It was at its heart it was a community movement against the ideals ‘of literacy and book-learning, of language unknown to common people and of learning where the primary relation was between the individual and the book alone’.[9] Discussion alongside national culture would be important factors in generating a rural community spirit which reinvigorated a rural population who had limited resources and opportunities.

This vision was given life in an informal atmosphere where people could temporarily live together, including teachers, and learn from one another in practical agricultural matters and Danish nationalist poetry and culture. It was a place where dialogue would be the tool of instruction, and where no formal tests would be taken. In this ‘school’ a live-in term would last no longer than three or four months. Students would work together on physical enterprise projects, and were encouraged to carry on the dialogue into everyday rural life.[10]

Back on Irish soil Armour became convinced that Grundtvig’s ideas of ‘people’s universities’ could one day be applied to Ireland. Writing in the official history of the Young Farmers Clubs of Ulster in 1978, S. Alexander Blair tells how greatly interested Armour was in this endeavour, and the more he read about Grundtvig himself, the more impressed he became.


‘He (Stavely) agreed with the concept of the Folk High Schools as ‘people’s universities’, and was convinced that the high standard achieved in Danish agriculture resulted from work done in these schools’.[11]

It was said that Grundtvig identified a growing democratic need in society – a need of enlightening the often both uneducated and poor peasantry. This social group had neither the time nor the money to enroll at a university and needed an alternative. The aim of the folk high school was to help people qualify as active and engaged members of society, to give them a movement and the means to change the political situation from below and be a place to meet across social barriers.[12] This philosophy was to be found in the Young Farmers’ Clubs of Ulster motto ‘Better Farmers. Better Countrymen. Better Citizens’.

While Armour’s experiences in Denmark would bear fruit in the foundation of the Young Farmer’s Clubs, he was by no means the only one to see the merits of the organisation. Back in Belfast the Vice-Chancellor of Queen’s University, Dr R.W. Livingstone spoke on the merits of the Danish Folk School model in a speech on education reform at the annual Belfast Royal Academy prize giving ceremony of 1929. The Belfast Newsletter reported that Dr Livingstone stated that the solution to adult education in the province lay with the Danish movement.[13]
‘An invaluable lesson and example to Ireland’

A Fianna Fail rally in the 1930s, the banner reads ‘Tir agus Teanga’ (Land and language). Courtesy of Irish History Links website.

In the early 1930s a series of lectures took place in Northern Ireland on the merits of the movement. In the Ulster Museum and Art Gallery, the Danish movement was debated in a lecture on ‘the most useful parts’ of adult education.[14]

While the aforementioned Dr Livingstone hosted a ‘principal’ of one of the Danish High Schools, Herr Niels Klostergaard in March 1930 for a lecture on the movement.[15]

Even before Stavely implemented Grundtvig’s ideas in Northern Ireland, they had been much debated throughout the island as a way of reinvigorating rural communities. A full decade before Stavely founded the Farmers Clubs, the merits of the movement were debated in Irish newspapers. The Nenagh Guardian in 1919 championed Denmark, and in particular Grundtvig’s ideas as ‘an invaluable lesson and example to Ireland’.




Both north and south of the Irish border, many were impressed with Grundtvig’s ideas.



The Folk Schools’ combination of the principals of agriculture and emphasis on cultural education were a powerful combination to Irish eyes. Indeed the emphasis on the history, literature, songs and folk traditions of its native Denmark was a powerful example for those who had grown up in the Irish cultural revival a few decades previously.[16]
Denmark and Ireland



In terms of agriculture, there have been a number of comparative historical studies of Ireland and Denmark over the years, highlighting the similarities between the two nations. Both were mainly agricultural and competed for the lucrative British agriculture market.

As far back as 1908 the agricultural reformer Horace Plunkett had felt that comparing Ireland to Denmark was good practice for rural reformers.[17] Therefore, it is perhaps unsurprising that others would look to Denmark, when looking for guidance in relation to Irish rural matters.

Away from explicitly agricultural matters there were parallels to be drawn between Ireland and Denmark in terms of cultural nationalism and language revival. Indeed, it is arguable that the two countries had similar traits which saw them as ‘a place apart’ from mainstream European cultural history.




There were many parallels to be drawn between Ireland and Denmark in terms of cultural nationalism and language revival as well as agricultural matters.



It was suggested that Danish cultural history had ‘never quite been woven into the fabric of continental cultural history’. Factors such as the geographic position of Scandinavia in relation to the major continental centres, the small population, and the rural economy contributed to a form of isolation and distinctiveness, which was seized upon as sources of nationalist pride by Grundtvig. [18]

This of course mirrored what happened in Ireland in the late-nineteenth century in terms of cultural revival, especially in Irish-speaking districts. They were almost treated as a place apart by revivalists, ancient and removed from mainstream European and especially British cultural history. For cultural enthusiasts the Danish experience was an example to admire, especially when it came to the prominence they placed on native culture and language. It was stated that Grundtvig was ‘bound up with the idea of a Danish national character’ with a ‘mystic conception of the Danish language as an expression of Volkgeist (national spirit)’.[19]
Cultural nationalism



The nationalist leanings of Grundtvig’s movement found a willing audience in an Ireland fuelled by cultural nationalism which had fed so much into its recent revolutionary period. In 1926 the president of the Gaelic League, Seaghan P. MacEnri would endorse the Danish Folk movement as an example of a vehicle for promoting the native language and pastimes of Ireland. He stated:


“When Ireland was Irish-Speaking and had a practical monopoly of the English food markets, Denmark, with its barren soil, was plunged in poverty. Its upper classes despised their native language and sought “a sound French and German education.” Bishop Grundtvig changed all that when he founded the Danish Folk Schools where farmers’ sons and daughters were taught the language, history and folklore of their own country.

He said that to make good farmers he must first make good Danes, proud of their country and anxious-to promote its prosperity instead of having their eyes continually fixed across the frontier. He succeeded. Foreign influences were eliminated. Danes, from the king to the peasant, became more and more Danish in spirit and language”.[20]

During this same period the Irish Monthly journal would feature a number political figures writing on what the Danish Folk Movement could teach rural Ireland, indicating that intellectual and political circles were seriously taking notice.

This was mirrored on the ground among some farming communities. In 1926 a recommendation to the Co. Council of Mayo to establish a People’s High School for the area ‘on the lines of the Danish folk schools’ was unanimously passed at a conference of representatives of Mayo Co. Council. Co. Technical Committee and Co. Agricultural Committee.[21]

Despite the prevailing notion that those who were either promoting ‘Irish Ireland’, or concentrating on rural matters in Northern Ireland were loath to take on outside influences, there was a desire on both sides of the border to look beyond the island for inspiration in relation to rural reform and adult education.

It is significant that Grundtvig’s ideas would transcend internal borders on the island of Ireland, given that people who may have been diametrically opposed on matters of nationhood found common ground around the Danish bishop’s approach. This resulted in some cross-border cooperation among rural groups at a time when there was very little contact between the two jurisdictions at a state level.
Education



The central need of adult education, incorporating agricultural techniques and community cohesion which Grundtvig advanced in the Folk High Schools was also paramount for Irish rural organisations such as the Young Farmers’ Clubs, Macra na Feirme, and Cannon John Hayes’ organisation, Muintir na Tire.

The Ulster Farmers’ Clubs sought to ‘promote the education and training of young people in agriculture and rural occupations’.[22] They did this in a similar way to the Danish Schools, with instruction being given in, sometimes purpose-built central community halls by an array of teachers and experts.




Macra ne Feirme and the Ulster Farmer’s clubs both sought to ‘promote the education and training of young people in agriculture and rural occupations



Like the Danish Folk Schools, Macra na Feirme also fostered ‘the constant interchange of ideas’.[23] It was noted: ‘As in Denmark with the High Schools, as in Antigonish with the university extension courses, (in Macra na Feirme) the result of education has been a realization of problems and an effort to deal with them’ as many rural problems couldn’t be fixed by legislation or Acts of Parliament.[24]

Armour’s ‘Farmers Clubs’, once they had established their own ‘people’s universities’ would reach out to their southern counterparts Muintir na Tire and Macra na Feirme. In 1942, a delegation from the Young Farmers Clubs of Ulster, headed by Armour’s successor Mr. William Rankin, attended Muintir na Tire’s annual education gathering, ‘Rural Week’ to make connections with like-minded rural organisations, and to promote their own organisation.

At this event it was reported that Rankin ‘was welcomed not as an outsider, even though he was new (to Muintir na Tire)’, and that ‘he brought to (Rural Week) all the drive, vigour, and practical attitude to life of the North-East corner’. Rankin’s personality was said to have left quite the impression on members of Muintir na Tire, as well as the Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera, for whom he sang two comic songs to ‘gales of laughter’ from the assembled attendees.[25]

The benefits of the Farmers’ Clubs was well known to the gathering’s attendees, as a telegram was read from an unnamed ‘influential person’ advising that Muintir na Tire founder, Fr Michael Hayes should follow the lead of the Young Farmers Clubs of Ulster, in that he should begin a Muintir na Tire high school on the lines of the Danish Folk Movement.[26]

This was echoed by Mr Rankin. Writing in the official Rural Week record for that year, he explained the educational approaches of the Young Farmers’ Clubs in Ulster and stated that if ever those in the South were to establish clubs in their jurisdiction they could ‘count on the friendly cooperation and assistance of the Young Farmers’ Clubs of Ulster’.[27] Indeed, this is what happened, with regular educational and social exchanges and trips between Macra na Feirme and the Ulster Clubs right up until the beginning of the Troubles.
The Spread of Ideas

In the immediate years after Rankin’s appearance at ‘Rural Week’ there was a heightened interest in the Young Farmers’ Clubs south of the border. It is unclear if the appearance by the Rankin of the Young Farmers at the 1942 Rural Week had a direct bearing on the farmers clubs which had been forming in various counties, as newspapers and periodicals had discussed the benefits of establishing such organisations since the late 1910s. Nevertheless, action overtook discussion after the Rural Week appearance.

The earliest Farmers Clubs formed in the South in 1942 or 1943, with a small growth over the ‘Emergency’ years.[28] The Munster Express reported in March 1945: ‘A branch of the Young Farmers’ Organisation was formed at a representative meeting held in the City Hall, Waterford, on Wednesday night last, at which Mr. Maurice Murphy presided’.




The transfer of ideas across time and borders show an Ireland at the heart of rural educational reform across Europe and beyond.



The attendance included representatives of another branch of the Young Farmers’ Clubs which had recently been established in the town of Mooncoin, Co. Kilkenny. The report continued: ‘The Chairman said that the meeting had been called for the purpose of organising a Young Farmers’ Club for Waterford and district. The club would be non-political and non-sectarian, (echoing the rules of the Young Farmers Clubs in Ulster) and would be the fourth of its kind established in this country’.[29]

While there was an appetite for this kind of organisation, expansion was slow to begin with, having established competition in Muintir na Tire. The call for Young Farmers’ Clubs would also be made by some of the leading politicians of the day.

In December 1945 Erskine H. Childers TD gave a speech at the Thomas Davis Centenary Celebrations in Athlone, in which he lamented that groups such as Muintir na Tire, successful as they were, had not made an even greater impact in Irish life. He argued that if there were several thousand Young Farmers’ Clubs in England, then why not ten times that amount in agricultural Ireland?[30]

A national executive of Farmers’ Clubs in the South formed in 1944. It has been suggested that the Second World War brought forward the need for Young Farmers’ Clubs in Ireland: ‘The war of 1939-45 highlighted the importance of the agricultural industry in Ireland and the pressing need to move away from the Cinderella image it had developed. In particular it was vital that proper agricultural education should be provided for those young people destined to work the land’.[31]

A report in the latter part of the 1940s argued that the growing organisation of the Young Farmers’ Clubs (Macra na Feirme) were willing to go ‘beyond their own borders in the search for information and truth’. It further stated that representatives of the organisation had gone to England, to Norway, to Denmark; and in turn, had ‘arranged for English, Danish and Norwegian farmers to visit this country’.

The report also emphasised the lengths the organisations had went to in exchanging information, organising lectures and discussions with other bodies, in an effort to further their aims.[32]

This in some ways completed a journey which began midway through the previous century. Grundtvig’s idea of rural education attracted educators like William Stavely Armour to Denmark to learn more about this non-traditional form of education, this in turn spread throughout the island of Ireland, before returning to Northern Europe and Denmark in particular.

The transfer of ideas across time and borders show an Ireland at the heart of rural educational reform across Europe and beyond, and go some way to dispelling the notion that Ireland was a place a part in a modernising Europe.


References

[1] S. Alexander Blair, “Ulster’s Country Youth”: the First Fifty Years of the Young Farmers’ Clubs of Ulster (Belfast, 1979), p. 13.

[2] T. W. Freeman, ‘Emigration and rural Ireland’ in Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. XVII, Part 3, (1945/1946), pp 404-422.

[3] Terence Dooley, ‘Land and Politics in Independent Ireland, 1923-48: The Case for Reappraisal’ in Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 34, No. 134 (Nov., 2004), pp. 175-197

[4] Ibid.

[5] Freeman, T. W. ‘Emigration and rural Ireland’. – Dublin: Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. XVII, Part 3, 1945/1946, pp404-422

[6] Olwen Perdue ‘Confiscation or regeneration? Land purchase in the North of Ireland 1885 – 1925’

[7] M. Lawson, N.F.S. Grundtvig, in Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education vol. XXIII, no. 3/4, 1993, p. 613–23.

[8] Rolland G. Paulston (1980) Education as Anti‐structure: non‐formal education in social and ethnic movements, Comparative Education, 16:1, 55-66

[9] A brief history of the folk high school: https://www.danishfolkhighschools.com/about-folk-high-schools/history/

[10] Clay Warren, ‘Andragogy and N. F. S. Grundtvig: A Critical Link’ in Adult Education Quarterly, Vol 39, Issue 4, 1989.

[11] S. Alexander Blair, Ulster’s Country Youth: The First Fifty years of the Young Farmers’ Clubs of Ulster, (Belfast, 1978), p. 18.

[12] A brief history of the folk high school: https://www.danishfolkhighschools.com/about-folk-high-schools/history/

[13] Belfast News Letter, 31 Oct. 1929.

[14] Belfast News Letter, 3 Dec. 1931.

[15] Belfast News Letter, 22 Mar. 1939.

[16] Nenagh Guardian, 27 Sept. 1919.

[17] Cormac Ó Gráda ‘The beginnings of the Irish creamery system, 1880–1914’ in

Economic History Review 30, (May, 1977), pp. 284–305.

[18] E. F. Fain Nationalist Origins of the Folk High School: The Romantic Visions of N.F.S. Grundtvig in British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Feb., 1971), pp. 70-90

[19] Ibid

[20] Meath Chronicle, 2 Jan. 1926.

[21] Irish Independent, 9 Jun. 1926.

[22] (P.R.O.N.I., Young Farmers’ Clubs of Ulster Reports 1943-1946, ED/13/1/2121)

[23] Louis P. F. Smith, The Role of Farmers Organizations in An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 44, No. 173 (Spring, 1955), pp. 49-56

[24] Ibid

[25] Irish Independent, 21 Aug. 1942.

[26] Irish Independent, 21 Aug. 1942.

[27] ‘MNT Rural Week Record 1942’ (Printed by the Limerick Leader, Limited) p 98.

[28] Michael Shiel, The Quiet Revolution: The Electrification of Rural Ireland 1946-76 (Dublin, 2003), p.183.

[29] Munster Express, 16 Mar. 1945.

[30] Longford Leader, 22 Dec. 1945.

[31] M. Shiel, The Quiet Revolution, p. 182.

[32] Kilkenny People, 17 Dec. 1949.


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