2019/01/17

Toyohiko Kagawa - Wikipedia

Toyohiko Kagawa - Wikipedia



Toyohiko Kagawa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Toyohiko Kagawa

c. 1920
Born July 10, 1888

Kobe, Japan
Died April 23, 1960 (aged 71)
Nationality Japanese
Occupation Social reformer, peace activist, labor activist, evangelist, author
Spouse(s) Haru


Toyohiko and Haru

At Princeton Theological Seminary

Great Kantō earthquake, 1923

In America, 1935

Toyohiko Kagawa (賀川 豊彦 Kagawa Toyohiko, 10 July 1888 – 23 April 1960) was a Japanese Christian pacifist, Christian reformer, and labour activist. Kagawa wrote, spoke, and worked at length on ways to employ Christian principles in the ordering of society and in cooperatives. His vocation to help the poor led him to live among them. He established schools, hospitals, and churches.


Contents
1Early life
2Activism
3Health and death
4Brotherhood economics
5Three-dimensional forestry
6Legacy
7Famous quotes
8See also
9Writings
10Bibliography
11References


Early life[edit]

Kagawa was born in Kobe, Japan to a philandering businessman and a concubine. Both parents died while he was young. He was sent away to school, where he learned from two American missionary teachers, Drs. Harry W. Myers and Charles A. Logan, who took him into their homes.

Kagawa learned English from these missionaries and converted to Christianity after taking a Bible class in his youth, which led to his being disowned by his remaining extended family. Kagawa studied at Tokyo Presbyterian College, and later enrolled in Kobe Theological Seminary. While studying there, Kagawa was troubled by the seminarians' concern for technicalities of doctrine. He believed that Christianity in action was the truth behind Christian doctrines. Impatiently, he would point to the parable of the Good Samaritan.[1] From 1914 to 1916 he studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. In addition to theology, through the university's curricular exchange program he also studied embryology, genetics, comparative anatomy, and paleontology while at Princeton.[2]

Activism[edit]

In 1909 Kagawa moved into a Kobe slum with the intention of acting as a missionary, social worker, and sociologist. In 1914 he went to the United States to study ways of combating the sources of poverty.[3] In 1916 he published Researches in the Psychology of the Poor based on this experience in which he recorded many aspects of slum society that were previously unknown to middle-class Japanese. Among these were the practices of illicit prostitution (i.e., outside of Japan's legal prostitution regime), informal marriages (which often overlapped with the previous category), and the practice of accepting money to care for children and then killing them.

Kagawa was arrested in Japan in 1921 and again in 1922 for his part in labour activism during strikes. While in prison he wrote the novels Crossing the Deathline and Shooting at the Sun. The former was a semi-autobiographical depiction of his time among Kobe's destitute. After his release, Kagawa helped organize relief work in Tokyo following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and assisted in bringing about universal adult male suffrage in 1925.

He organized the Japanese Federation of Labour as well as the National Anti-War Leaguein 1928. Throughout this period, he continued to evangelize to Japan's poor, advocate women's suffrage and call for a peaceful foreign policy. Between 1926 and 1934 he focused his evangelical work through the Kingdom of God Movement.

In 1940, Kagawa made an apology to the Republic of China for Japan's occupation of China, and was arrested again for this act. After his release, he went back to the United States in a futile attempt to prevent war between that nation and Japan. He then returned to Japan to continue his attempts to win women's suffrage. After Japan's surrender, Kagawa was an adviser to the transitional Japanese government.

During his life, Kagawa wrote over 150 books. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 and 1948, and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1954 and 1955.[4]

Health and death[edit]

In Osaka, March, 1955, Kagawa suffered collapse from his deteriorating heart, and remained bedridden for 2 weeks. He continued writing, preaching, overseeing projects, and hosting guests, despite concerns from his family and associates. Kagawa's condition worsened throughout the years, and he was hospitalized again, for 3 months in 1959, at Saint Luke's Hospital in Takamatsu. Kagawa remained bedridden at home for most of his time in Matsuzawa. His health gradually improved in mid-April, then worsened again. On April 23, Kagawa was unconscious for 3 hours, then woke and smiled to his wife and others around him, his last words being "Please do your best for world peace and the church in Japan."[5]

Brotherhood economics[edit]

Kagawa's economic theory, as expressed in the book Brotherhood Economics, advocated that the Christian Church, the cooperative movement, and the peace movement unite in a 'powerful working synthesis' to provide a workable alternative to capitalism, state socialism, and fascism.[6] Kagawa's work in the co-operative movement consisted of founding several consumer co-operatives in 1921, including the Co-op Kobe, Nada Consumer Co-operative (later merged with Co-op Kobe), the Kyoto Consumer Co-operative, Tokyo Student's Consumer Co-operative and Tokyo Iryou (Medical) Consumer Co-operative.[5]

Three-dimensional forestry[edit]

While studying at Princeton University, Kagawa read Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture by Joseph Russell Smith. Inspired by this book, he managed to persuade many of Japan's upland farmers during the 1930s that the solution to their soil erosion problem lay in widespread tree-planting


Kagawa also advised that they could receive further benefit if they planted crop trees, such as quick-maturing walnuts, to provide feed for their pigs.[7]

The planting of fruit and nut trees on farmland aims to conserve the soil, supply food for humans and provide fodder for animals, the three "dimensions" of his system.

 Kagawa was a forerunner of modern forest farming and an inspiration to Robert Hart who pioneered forest gardening in temperate climates.[7]

Legacy[edit]

After his death, Kagawa was awarded the second-highest honor of Japan, induction in the Order of the Sacred Treasure. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Americacommemorates him as a renewer of society on April 23; Kagawa is also honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on that day.

Famous quotes[edit]


This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquoteusing the Transwiki process. If the page can be expanded into an encyclopedic article, rather than a list of quotations, please do so and remove this message.

On the morning of 1946, at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, before Emperor Hirohito, "Whosoever will be great among you... shall be the servant of all. A ruler's sovereignty, Your Majesty, is in the hearts of the people. Only by service to others can a man, or nation, be godlike."[citation needed]
"Communism's only power is to diagnose some of the ills of disordered society. It has no cure. It creates only an infantile paralysis of the social order."[citation needed]
"I read in a book that a man called Christ went about doing good. It is very disconcerting to me that I am so easily satisfied with just going about."[8]
"It seemed that everyone was attacking me – the Soviet Communists, the anarchists, the capitalists, the foul-mouthed literary critics, the sensationalist newspaper men, the Buddhist who could not compete with Christ, and those many Christians who profess Christ but believe in a Christianity which is sterile."[5]

See also[edit]

Christianity portal
Saints portal
List of civil rights leaders
Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period
Writings[edit]
Love - The Law of Life. Student Christian Movement Pr., London, 1930
Meditations on the Cross. 1935. Translated by Helen Topping and Marion Draper. Chicago, New York: Willet, Clark & Company.

Bibliography[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyohiko Kagawa.

  • "Unconquerable Kagawa", Reader's Digest, pp. 29–31, 1951.
  • Charlie May Simon. 1958. A Seed Shall Serve – A Story of Toyohiko Kagawa Spiritual Leader of Modern Japan. New York: EP Dutton & Co.
  • Kagawa, Toyohiko, Trout, Jessie M. (1960). Kagawa, Japanese prophet: His witness in life and word. New York: Association Press. WorldCat Link
  • Richard H. Drummond, A History of Christianity in Japan. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971.[page needed]
  • Robert Schildgen. 1988. Toyohiko Kagawa. Apostle of Love and Social Justice.Berkeley: Centenary Books.
  • Toyohiko Kagawa, Japanese Original, Christian History Institute, 2001
  • "Kagawa Toyohiko", Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.), 2005.
  • Kagawa Toyohiko (biography), BookRags
  • Bo Tao. 2013. The Peacemaking Efforts of a Reverse Missionary: Toyohiko Kagawa before Pearl Harbor. International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol. 37, No. 3: 171–76.
  • Toyohiko, Kagawa (2014), Hastings, Thomas John, ed., Cosmic Purpose, Veritas, Cascade.
  • Thomas John Hastings, Seeing All Things Whole: The Scientific Mysticism and Art of Kagawa Toyohiko (1888–1960), Pickwick Publications, 2015.

References[edit]

^ Axling,William.Kagawa.Harper and Brothers Publishers. New York and London. 1946.Chapter 3. p 28-41
^ Anri Morimoto, "The Forgotten Prophet: Rediscovering Toyohiko Kagawa," Archived2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Princeton Seminary Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 3 (2007), 303.
^ "ٓ̔". Tv-naruto.ne.jp. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 December2014.
^ "Nobel Peace Prize Nomination Database". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ Jump up to:a b c Schildgen, Robert, "Toyohiko Kagawa", California: Centenary Books, 1988
^ Kagawa, Toyohiko, “Brotherhood Economics”, New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1936.
^ Jump up to:a b Robert Hart (1996). Forest Gardening. p. 41.
^ Kabelitz, Norb (2010). ""Cross" fertilization: Third Sunday in Lent". Chesterfield, MO: The Crossings Community, Inc. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May2018.

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賀川豊彦


出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
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賀川 豊彦
KAGAWA Toyohiko young.JPG
若き日の賀川豊彦
生誕1888年7月10日
死没1960年4月23日(71歳)
職業社会運動家、牧師議員
配偶者賀川ハル
賀川 豊彦(かがわ とよひこ、旧字体:豐彥1888年明治21年)

7月10日 - 1960年昭和35年)4月23日)は、大正昭和期のキリスト教社会運動家社会改良家戦前日本労働運動農民運動無産政党運動、生活協同組合運動において、重要な役割を担った人物。日本農民組合創設者。「イエス団」創始者。キリスト教における博愛の精神を実践した「貧民街の聖者」として日本以上に世界的な知名度が高い。茅ヶ崎の平和学園の創始者である。
妻の賀川ハルも社会運動家。息子の賀川純基は教会音楽家。孫の賀川督明グラフィックデザイナーであるとともに神戸の賀川記念館館長。

略歴・人物[編集]

兵庫県神戸市に、回漕業者・賀川純一と徳島の芸妓・菅生かめの子として生まれる。幼少期に相次いで父母と死別して、5歳の時姉と共に徳島の本家に引き取られるも、兄の放蕩により15歳の時に賀川家は破産してしまい、叔父の森六兵衛の家に移る。旧制徳島中学校(現在の徳島県立城南高等学校)に通っていた1904年(明治37年)、日本基督教会徳島教会にて南長老ミッション宣教師H・W・マヤスより受洗。この頃安部磯雄木下尚江の著作を読み、キリスト教社会主義に共感を覚える。また『戦争と平和』に代表されるトルストイ反戦思想にも影響を受け、軍事教練サボタージュ事件を起こす。伝道者を志し、1905年(明治38年)に明治学院高等部神学予科に入学、卒業後の1907年(明治40年)、新設の神戸神学校(のちの中央神学校)に入学する。

社会事業家として[編集]

結核に苦しみ、また信仰への懐疑に煩悶(はんもん)しながら、やがて「貧民問題を通じて、イエスの精神を発揮してみたい」と一念発起し、1909年(明治42年)神戸市新川のスラムに住み込み、路傍伝道を開始する。1911年(明治44年)に神戸神学校を卒業、1912年大正元年)には一膳飯屋「天国屋」を開業した。

賀川豊彦と妻ハル

プリンストン神学校
女工のハルと貧民窟で出会い、1913年(大正2年)に神戸の教会で簡素な結婚式を挙げた。ハルは15歳で下女となるために上京した女性だった。賀川は貧民窟で下層の貧民らを招いて豪華な披露宴を行って、下層民たちにご馳走をふるまい、妻ハルを紹介して言った。「私はみなさんの女中をお嫁にもらいました。あなた方の家がお産や病気で手が足らなくて困った時には、いつでも頼みに来てください。喜んで参ります」[1]
1914年(大正3年)に渡米し、アメリカの社会事業、労働運動を垣間見[2]プリンストン大学プリンストン神学校に学び、1915年(大正4年)にスラムでの経験を踏まえて『貧民心理之研究』を出版する。賀川はこの「穢多村の研究」で、犯罪の多い部落民が異人の子孫であるという人種起源説を主張した。のちに、文中に差別思想があるとして部落解放運動関係者から批判されている。
1917年(大正6年)に帰国すると、神戸のスラムに戻り無料巡回診療を始めた。また、米国留学中の体験から貧困問題を解決する手段として労働組合運動を重要視した賀川は、鈴木文治率いる友愛会に接触し、1919年(大正8年)に友愛会関西労働同盟会を結成、理事長となった。同年日本基督教会牧師の資格を得、麹町教会の牧師になる。
1920年(大正9年)に自伝的小説『死線を越えて』を出版、一大ベストセラーとなり、賀川の名を世間に広めた。印税はほとんど関与した社会運動のために投じられた。また同年、労働者の生活安定を目的として神戸購買組合(灘神戸生協を経て現・コープこうべ=日本最大の生協)を設立、生活協同組合運動にも取り組んだ。また、武藤富男らと共に、キリスト教系業界紙、キリスト新聞(発行元:キリスト新聞社)を立ち上げた。

関東大震災、1923年(大正12年)

太平洋戦争終結の10年前、1935年(昭和10年)渡米
1921年(大正10年)、神戸の三菱造船所(現・三菱重工業神戸造船所)・川崎造船所(現・川崎造船神戸工場)における大争議を指導するも、会社側の強硬な対応により敗北を喫し、これを契機に関西の労働運動において急進的なサンディカリストの勢力が増していった。賀川はやがて農民運動に活躍の場を移すことになる。また、関東大震災の被災者救済をきっかけに本所基督教産業青年会を発足[3]、貧民診療所などを経営した[4]
1922年(大正11年)、協力者・杉山元治郎とともに日本農民組合を設立し、本格的に農民運動に取り組んだ。組合は急速に発展し、3年後の1925年(大正14年)末には組合員数は7万人を超えた。この間、1923年(大正12年)に関東大震災罹災者救済活動を行う。また無産政党運動にも積極的に関与し、1926年(大正15年)の労働農民党結成に当たっては執行委員に就任するが、同年末の左右分裂に際して党を脱退した。
1920年代後半以降は、社会運動から宗教活動へと比重を移していった。1925年(大正14年)に同志社大学で講義を行い中島重に影響を与え友誼を結ぶ。1929年(昭和4年)、日本基督教連盟の特別協議会は賀川の主導により「神の国運動」を議決、賀川は「百万人の救霊」を目標として、1932年(昭和7年)まで全国を伝道のため巡回した。また米国・中国・欧州等世界各国で講演活動を行う。1941年(昭和16年)4月、リバーサイド日米キリスト者会議アメリカ合衆国のキリスト教会に「アメリカ教会への感謝状」をおくった。
第二次世界大戦に関しては「国際戦争反対者同盟」に属したが、1943年(昭和18年)11月の憲兵隊による取調べを境に同同盟を脱退、「国際友和会日本支部」を自ら解散している。太平洋戦争大東亜戦争)後期において(一説には太平洋戦争当初から)、多くの宗教家と同じく戦争に協力的な姿勢であった。終戦(敗戦)により中止となったが、1945年(昭和20年)8月16日には賀川も奨励者として名を連ねる「戦意昂揚音楽礼拝」が「日本基督教団戦時活動委員会」の主催により予定されていた。

政治家として[編集]

戦後は東久邇宮内閣参与や勅選貴族院議員を務め、日本社会党の結成にも参画した。民間人として初めてマッカーサーに会った人物であるとされている。終戦直後の目立った活動としては「一億総懺悔運動」への協力が挙げられる。マーク・ゲイン著『ニッポン日記』によると、東久邇宮稔彦王の後任首相として有力であったらしいが、戦時中の翼賛的な活動が原因で実現しなかったとのことである。同書には、一般に知られる賀川の人物像とかなり食い違う姿が記されており、またそこで書かれている様な賀川への批判が連合国軍総司令部 (GHQ) により封じられていたともある。幣原内閣解散後の吉田内閣組閣の難航に伴い、総理大臣候補として名が挙がったこともあるという。晩年は世界連邦運動に取り組み、1947年(昭和22年)と翌1948年(昭和23年)にはノーベル文学賞の候補となり(1947(昭和22)年は候補48人中、1948(昭和23)年は候補45人中)[5]、 1954年(昭和29年)から1956年(同31年)の3年連続でノーベル平和賞候補者として推薦された[6]
大宅壮一によると、賀川はクリスチャンかつ労働運動・社会運動の指導者的立場ながら、昭和天皇皇室の熱烈な支持者でもあり、日本社会における天皇天皇制)の存在意義を積極的に認めていたという。日本社会党結党の際には、中間派の浅沼稲次郎らと共に中心メンバーとなり、結党大会で「天皇陛下万歳」三唱の音頭を取ったことで、社会党左派との内部対立を引き起こした。

エピソード[編集]

  • 自身が結成した日本MTLを率いてハンセン病患者への宣教と慰問を中心に活動していたが、やがて、優生学に傾倒しハンセン病患者の淘汰を目的とした無癩県運動へと活動の重点を移していった[7]
  • また、夜の仕事に就く女性、就かざるを得ない女性に対しても、女性差別的な持論を展開している。連合国軍占領下の日本において米兵による婦女子の強姦事件が多発していた頃、『婦人公論』1947年8月号で「闇の女に堕ちる女性は、多くの欠陥を持っている」とし、パンパンについては「わざと悪に接近」するような悪魔的なところがあり、「一種の変成社会における精神分裂病患者である」と指摘した[8]
  • 墓は東京都多磨霊園にある。
  • ワシントン大聖堂には、日本人として新島襄とともに彫像が掲げられている。
  • 1947、48(昭和22、23)年には、ノーベル文学賞の候補に選ばれたことがある[9]

著書[編集]

記念事業[編集]

2009年(平成21年)、関連団体が実行委員会を組織し、「賀川豊彦献身100年記念事業」が行われている。

参考文献[編集]

  • 中村敏『著名人クリスチャンの結婚生活』(ファミリー・フォーラム・ジャパン)

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 『著名人クリスチャンの結婚生活』
  2. ^ 木原活信「賀川豊彦とジェーン・アダムズセツルメントをめぐって-」賀川豊彦記念松沢資料館『雲の柱』第15号,pp.8-12.1998参照
  3. ^ 法人の概要 本所賀川記念館の沿革本所賀川記念館
  4. ^ 大野博士事件『明治・大正・昭和歴史資料全集. 犯罪篇 下卷』有恒社、1932-1934
  5. ^ The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1901-1950 1948年(昭和23年)の推薦者は探検家として有名なスヴェン・ヘディンである。
  6. ^ The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901-1950
  7. ^ 藤野豊『近代日本のキリスト教と優生思想』
  8. ^ 恵泉女学園大学平和文化研究所 『占領と性』 p.161-162
  9. ^ “賀川豊彦:ノーベル文学賞候補だった 1947、48年連続--日本人初”. mainichi.jp (毎日新聞社). (2009年9月13日). オリジナルの2009年9月23日時点によるアーカイブ。

関連項目[編集]

関連文献[編集]


外部リンク[編集]
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、賀川豊彦に関連するカテゴリがあります。

賀川 豊彦:作家別作品リスト - 青空文庫
賀川豊彦とその仲間たちの事業展開(PDF)
賀川記念館(神戸)
財団法人雲柱社 賀川豊彦記念・松沢資料館
社会福祉法人雲柱社
学校法人雲柱社松沢幼稚園
NPO法人賀川豊彦記念・鳴門友愛会 鳴門市賀川豊彦記念館
社会福祉法人・学校法人 イエス団
一麦保育園
財団法人 国際平和協会
世界連邦運動協会
世界連邦運動協会 日本の世界連邦運動
キリスト新聞社
財団法人本所賀川記念館
中ノ郷信用組合
全労済のあゆみ
日本生協連の歴史
生活協同組合コープこうべ
コープこうべ協同学苑資料館
社会福祉法人聖隷福祉事業団
イエスの友会
日本農民組合 apedia

Robert Hart (horticulturist) - Wikipedia



Robert Hart (horticulturist) - Wikipedia

Robert Hart (horticulturist)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Not to be confused with Robert Hartig, a botanist who wrote the first forest pathology text book

Robert Hart pictured in his forest garden, July 1997

Robert Adrian de Jauralde Hart (1 April 1913 – 7 March 2000) was an English pioneer of forest gardening in temperate zones. He created a model forest garden from a 0.12 acre (500 m²) orchard on his farm.[1] He credits the inspiration for his work to an article by James Sholto Douglas, which was in turn inspired by the work of Toyohiko Kagawa.[1](page 41)


Contents
1Early life
2Wenlock Edge
3Forest garden project
4Later life
5Bibliography
6References
7External links
Early life[edit]

Hart, son of a lawyer father and a soprano mother, was born in London and educated at Westminster School, after which he was employed at Reuters news agency in charge of special Indian mails, work which involved compiling digests of weekly articles by Mahatma Gandhi, whose nonviolence philosophy he took on board.

At the outbreak of World War II he considered registering as a conscientious objector but changed mind following retreat from Dunkirk in 1940 and enlisted in the Corps of Military Police, later transferring to the Intelligence Corps to work in code-breaking.

After demobilisation, he was a dairy farmer in Norfolk and Somerset before moving to Shropshire where he took on a smallholding on Wenlock Edge.
Wenlock Edge[edit]

Robert Hart began with a smallholding called Highwood Hill farm at Wenlock Edge. His intention was to provide a healthy and therapeutic environment for himself and his brother Lacon, who was born with severe learning disabilities.

Hart though soon discovered that maintaining large annual vegetable beds, rearing livestock and taking care of an orchard were tasks beyond his strength. However, he also observed that a small bed of perennial vegetables and herbs he had planted was looking after itself with little or no intervention. Furthermore, these plants provided interesting and unusual additions to the diet, and seemed to promote health and vigour in both body and mind.


Forest garden project[edit]

Robert Hart's forest garden in Shropshire, England

Noting the maxim of Hippocrates to "make food your medicine and medicine your food", Hart adopted a vegan, 90% raw food diet. The three main products from a forest garden are fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables.[2] Hart's forest garden at Wenlock Edge was a vegan organic food production system.

He also began to examine the interactions and relationships that take place between plants in natural systems, particularly in woodland, the climax ecosystem of a cool temperate region such as the British Isles. This led him to evolve the agroforestry concept of the "Forest Garden": Based on the observation that the natural forest can be divided into distinct layers or 'storeys', he developed an existing small orchard of apples and pears into an edible landscape consisting of seven dimensions;
A 'canopy' layer consisting of the original mature fruit trees.
A 'low-tree layer' of smaller nut and fruit trees on dwarfing root stocks.
A 'shrub layer' of fruit bushes such as currants and berries.
A 'herbaceous layer' of perennial vegetables and herbs.
A 'ground cover' layer of edible plants that spread horizontally.
A 'rhizosphere' or 'underground' dimension of plants grown for their roots and tubers.
A vertical 'layer' of vines and climbers.

Hart had a vision for the spread of the forest garden throughout even the most heavily built up areas, as he explains:

Obviously, few of us are in a position to restore the forests…But tens of millions of us have gardens, or access to open spaces such as industrial wastelands, where trees can be planted…and if full advantage can be taken of the potentialities that are available even in heavily built up areas, new 'city forests' can arise.

Later life[edit]

Hart died in March 2000 aged 86 and is buried in St Peter's churchyard at Rushbury, Shropshire.[3]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Inviolable Hills: Ecology, Conservation and Regeneration of the British Uplands, Stuart & W (1968). ISBN 0-7224-0101-9.
  • Forest Farming: Towards a Solution to Problems of World Hunger and Conservation, co-authored with James Sholto Douglas, Rodale Press (1976). ISBN 0-7224-0142-6.
  • Ecosociety: A historical study of ecological man, Natraj (1984). ISBN B0006EHVPW.
  • The Forest Garden, Institute for Social Inventions (1987). ISBN 0-948826-02-9.
  • Forest Gardening: Rediscovering Nature and Community in a Post-Industrial Age, Green Books (UK) (1991, 1996 revised). ISBN 1-900322-02-1.
  • Can Life Survive?, essay published in Deep Ecology and Anarchism by Freedom Press (1993). ISBN 0-900384-67-0.
  • Beyond the Forest Garden, Gaia Books, London (1996). ISBN 1-85675-037-X

References[edit]

^ Jump up to:a b Robert Hart (1996). Forest Gardening. p. 45. ISBN 9781603580502.
^ Patrick Whitefield (2002). How to Make a Forest Garden. p. 5. ISBN 9781856230087.
^ [1] Robert Hart's grave photo on Flickr.

Geoff Lawton - a permaculture consultant - Wikipedia



Geoff Lawton - Wikipedia



Geoff Lawton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Geoff Lawton

Lawton, 2015
Born 10 December 1954 (age 64)

Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England
Residence Australia
Citizenship Australia
Spouse(s) Nadia Lawton
Scientific career
Fields Permaculture, agriculture
Website geofflawtononline.com


Geoff Lawton (born 10 December 1954) is a permaculture consultant, designer, teacher and speaker.[1][2] Since 1995 he has specialised in permaculture education, design, implementation, system establishment, administration and community development.[3]


Contents
1Career
2Works
3Films
4Awards
5See also
6References
7External links

Career[edit]

Since 1985, Lawton has undertaken a large number of jobs consulting, designing, teaching and implementing in over thirty countries around the world.[4][5] Clients have included private individuals, groups, communities, governments, aid organisations, non-governmental organisations and multinational companies.

Lawton's aim is to establish self-replicating educational demonstration sites. He has educated over 15,000 students in permaculture worldwide.[citation needed] These include graduates of the Permaculture Design Certificate (PDC) Course and courses focused on the practical design of sustainable soil, water, plant, animal, energy, structures, legal and economic systems. Lawton's 'master plan' is to see aid projects being replicated as fast as possible to help ameliorate the growing food and water crisis.

In 1996 he was accredited with the Permaculture Community Services Award by the permaculture movement for services in Australia and around the world.
In October 1997 Bill Mollison, upon his retirement, asked Lawton to establish and direct a new Permaculture Research Institute on the 66 hectare Tagari Farm developed by Mollison. Lawton further developed the site over three years and established The Permaculture Research Institute Australia as a not for profit company. PRI was eventually moved to Zaytuna Farm, in The Channon, where it continues today.

Lawton is the managing director of The Permaculture Research Institute Australia and The Permaculture Research Institute USA, a registered not for profit organisation that has tax deductible gift recipient status. Establishing sustainable aid projects as permaculture demonstration sites that also function as education centres for local and international students has become a major focus with the establishment of permaculture research institutes in Jordan, Afghanistan, Spain, Malaysia, Vietnam, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Thailand, China and many more countries underway.

Lawton and Mollison have taught a number of courses together. Lawton is also a presenter in Mollison's teaching DVD set.[6]

Lawton is friends with John D. Liu, a Chinese-American film-maker and ecologist who documented large scale ecological recovery in the Loess plateau, China after a government project set to rehabilitate an area the size of Belgium. Lawton appears in Liu's documentary Hope in a Changing Climate.[7]

Recently, Lawton has achieved success in establishing a permaculture ecosystem in Wadi Rum, in southern Jordan.[8][9] He has also helped to begin the Al Baydha Project, a land restoration program, in western Saudi Arabia.

On 31 March 2012 Lawton appeared at TEDx conference in Ajman.[10]

Works[edit]

Lawton, Geoff. "Brick and Tile Permaculture" (PDF). Permaculture International Journal No. 51. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
"The Sleeping Jaguar" (co-author), Permaculture International Journal
"Ecuador" (co-author), Permaculture International Journal
"Permaculture Aid in the Balkans", Permaculture International Journal
"Future Food Security", Green Connections

Films[edit]

  • Harvesting Water the Permaculture Way (2007)
  • Establishing a Food Forest (2008)
  • Introduction to Permaculture Design (2009)
  • Greening The Desert II (2009)[11]
  • Permaculture Soils (2010)
  • Urban Permaculture (2011)

Awards[edit]
The Permaculture Research Institute Australia won the Humanitarian Water & Food Award for 2010 for their initiative "Greening the Desert".[12]
The Permaculture Research Institute and founder Geoff Lawton, based in Australia, were the 2015 winners of the Energy Globe Award.[13]
The Permaculture Research Institute recognised with UNCCD Accreditation[14]

See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geoff Lawton.

Forest gardening

References[edit]

  1. ^ "IPC is Becoming A World Class Event!". Permaculture magazine. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  2. ^ "Freedom Summit – Speakers". Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  3. ^ "Making barren lands bountiful". CNN. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  4. ^ Isaacs, Guineith (20 March 2015). "Permaculture Creates an Oasis in the Middle East". Guardian Liberty Voice. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  5. ^ Grover, Sami (14 October 2010). "Permaculture Greens the Jordanian Desert, But Why Are People Wary? (Video)". TreeHugger. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  6. ^ "Permaculture design course [videorecording] / featuring Bill Mollison, Geoff Lawton". trove.nla.gov.au. Trove. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  7. ^ http://www.open.edu/openlearn/whats-on/ou-on-the-bbc-hope-changing-climate-0
  8. ^ "From Desert to Oasis in 4 Years". permaculturenews.org. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  9. ^ "Energy self-sufficiency on a Scottish island, gardens in the sky, flushing with pride and restoring the Jordan Valley". Al Jazeera. 7 July 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  10. ^ "Speakers". TEDx. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  11. ^ "Greening the Desert II". permaculturenews.org. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 3 March2016.
  12. ^ "The Permaculture Research Institute 2010 Award Winner". wafaward.org. The Humanitarian Water and Food Award Website. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  13. ^ "Geoff Lawton & Permaculture Research Institute Win Prestigious Energy Globe Award". Permaculture Magazine. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  14. ^ "The Permaculture Research Institute recognised with UNCCD". permaculturenews.org. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.

The Urban Farmer: Growing Food for Profit on Leased and Borrowed Land



Amazon.com: Customer reviews: The Urban Farmer: Growing Food for Profit on Leased and Borrowed Land



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Graham H. Seibert

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5.0 out of 5 starsMore than delivers on the promise of urban farming –offers a useful philosophy as wellDecember 15, 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Curtis Stone succeeds extraordinarily well in the primary objective of this book. It is an attempt to tell the reader how to establish an urban farm. As the table of contents below indicates, he covers just about every aspect of the question. How to acquire the needed resources: urban land, primarily lawns and some equipment. He advises how to locate customers. He advises what crops to grow.

The book is intensely practical. Although he is known as "the bike farmer" in this Canadian town where he lives, and thus might be taken for a counter-culture sort, he is very forthright in saying that this identity is a marketing tool. It identifies him to his customers, and a bicycle is the cheapest means of transportation. The book is relentlessly focused on the bottom line rather than being wedded to any idealistic principles. Farming is a business, and he tells you how to optimize every aspect of the operation to make it profitable.

Obviously, locally grown organic food appeals to a well-defined sector of the population. Call them crunchy cons, yuppies, urban aesthetes, or whatever else, anybody familiar with the American or Canadian social scene will recognize his customer base. There are people who did not want mass-produced, mass marketed food, and are willing to pay a premium for fresh, pure, locally grown produce. Stone serves three sets of customers: local farmers' markets, Community Supported Agriculture, and restaurants. Community supported agriculture (CSA) are groups in the community that contract with a grower such as Stone to take produce over the course of a growing season or year. This provides a steady customer base and some predictability. The other outlets being more profitable, Stone devotes more space to describing how to establish oneself with farmers markets and restaurants.

Stone starts with several key insights. The first is that there is a broad market in North America for the kind of high quality, organic produce he is able to grow. The second insight is that lawns are a vast underused resource. There are 40 million acres of lawn in America. They account for between 30 and 60 percent of urban water use, and take a lot of time and gasoline to mow. Moreover, homeowners often see them as a pain and bother. Many lawn owners are happy to allow an urban farmer to use the land in exchange for some produce. A third is that urban land is very close to the consumer. A crop can go from field to table in a day. A fourth insight is that cities have their own ecology. There are warmer and better protected from wind than rural farms. Stone's approach all of these advantages to form a profitable business.

The most amazing observation I found in the book is how little land it takes to succeed in urban farming. A half-acre is the greatest area he discusses in the book. Even that small amount, he observes, requires hired help according to his system. Observe that quarter acre lots are extremely common in the suburbs, and you can conclude that it is not difficult to satisfy the land requirements.

Going to the bottom line, Stone writes about generating incomes in the five figure range, comparable with teachers and other professionals who will be among his customers. I will venture some observations that Stone only implies. A five figure income to an urban farmer is a lot more than it is to a teacher. The urban farmer doesn't need to spend a lot of money on clothes, a car to get to and from work, and the other trappings of a professional life. Being reliant on a bicycle (perhaps battery assisted, to pull around a Rototiller on a trailer) is an immediate money saver. A social life is built-in to an urban farmer's life. He is in constant contact with neighbors, chefs, customers in the farmers' market. Stone writes that he is often called upon to speak to community organizations. In the words of Nicholas Nassim Taleb he is "anti-fragile." He can handle customers coming and going, and he does not have a foundation of debt to be serviced. In fact, Stone is rather adamant on the subject of debt: don't use it.

There is a lot of value in the book even to somebody who does not want to implement Stone's model. I live on a third of an acre in Kyiv, Ukraine. We do not have much of the yuppie restaurant market here. You could never get seven dollars a pound for fresh spinach – one or two is more like it. However, the book will be useful to me in planning how to lay out our garden plots, how to use plastic tunnels to extend the growing season, how to control pests and weeds, and how to decide what to plant. I would recommend it to almost any gardener. Stone's bottom line perspective is useful even if you are only deciding what to grow for your own use.

Stone writes about the qualities one looks for in an employee "Paying for labor is worth it only if it allows you to do tasks that cannot be delegated as easily." He comes across as a fair boss, but not one who is in any way committed to socialist notions. Using an employee is a business decision. If they don't contribute to the bottom line, you don't need them.

An assessment of the capital that Stone himself brings to the business is illuminating. In terms of financial capital he is talking about $10,000, give or take. In terms of the human capital that he himself evidently brings, it includes yeoman farmer attributes that we would all like to impute to our ancestors, but we have to observe are rather rare today. Here is the human capital that Stone himself appears to possess:
• An innate sense of entrepreneurship. He looks for opportunities, and assesses each situation in terms of possible benefit.
• Hard work. Stone finds what he is doing interesting and is willing to put the time and to make it successful.
• Facility with tools. Like any farmer, Stone has to invent, construct, repair, and jury-rig equipment to get the job done.
• Gregariousness. Throughout Stone's day he comes in contact with many, many potential customers, and has the patience and the graciousness to talk with all of them.
• Fairness. He does what it takes to be fair to customers, employees, and all around him.
• Curiosity. Stone acquires the knowledge he shares in this book by talking to people, reading, and tinkering and figuring things out.
• Facility with numbers. Stone describes how he uses spreadsheets extensively to plan his operations and record his outcomes.
• Facility with language. He is in constant communication.
• Facility with computers and technology. This is essential to support work with numbers and language in today's world.

Stone's background prior to farming would not at first appear promising. He concluded after a decade and a half as a rock musician that that was not going to be his profession, so he looked for something he could do. He credits his father with an entrepreneurial streak that the son seems to have inherited. So, on the one hand, he started from nothing: no education in farming, no real experience, and precious little capital. On the other hand, in terms of human capital he was extremely well endowed. He had what it took to succeed.

Stone's story is a parable for Millennial youth. These kids emerge from the University chock-full of formal education but with no practical experience, and quite specifically, little notion of the fact that one earns a living by providing the kinds of goods and services that people are willing to pay for. What a blessing it would be to a 16-year-old with no discernible direction in life to get involved in something like urban farming and learn the self-discipline and the talents required to make a success of this fairly basic undertaking. It would prepare one for life. In our yeoman farmer ancestors, such an understanding of how things work was implicit. Stone provides a recipe for going back to these fundamental values.

It is a five-star effort all around. The table of contents below gives you an idea of the breadth and depth of the book.

Contents
--- A Farm in the City
1. Why Urban Farming?
2. Connecting the Dots: An Urban Farmer’s Place in the Community
3. Quick Breakdown of Economics
--- A Viable Farming Business On ½ Acre Or Less
4. The Zones of Your Farm and Your Life
5. Crops Better Suited for the City
6. Introduction to Urban Infrastructure
7. Start-Up Farm Models
--- The Business of Urban Farming
8. Starting Small
9. Market Streams
10. Working with Chefs
11. Labor
12. Software and Organization
13. Self-Promotion
14. Finance Options
--- Finding the Right Site
15. Scouting for Land
16. Urban, Suburban and Peri-Urban Land
17. Multiple or Single-Plot Farming
18. Urban Soil
19. Land Agreements and Leases
20. Urban Pests
--- Building Your Farm, One Site at a Time
21. Turning a Lawn Into a Farm Plot
22. Choosing A Site
23. Garden Layout
24. The Perimeter
25. Irrigation 6 Infrastructure and Equipment
26. Base of Operations
27. Tools
28. Special Growing Areas
29. Inexpensive Season Extension
30. Transportation
--- Operations
31. Work Smarter not Harder
32. Harvesting
33. Post-Harvest Processing
34. Portioning and Packing
--- Production Systems
35. Beds for Production
36. Planting
37. Microgreens
38. Extending the Season
--- Basic Crop Planning
39. Determine Your Outcome
40. The Base Plan
--- Crops for the Urban Farmer
41. Parting Words

170 people found this helpful

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Leeann

5.0 out of 5 starsSome buy a car mine buys a farmApril 8, 2017
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
I bought this book for my husbands mid life crisis. Some men but fancy cars but mine buys a farm. All jokes aside this book is extremely informative. It has reassured my husband that he is on the right path to becoming an urban farmer with a profitable market farm. This book tell you what to grow/not to grow & why. How to maximize small spaces because it's not alway the size that matters 😉 I to plan on reading it as soon as I can pry it from my hubbys fingers. Great buy.

12 people found this helpful

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Streiticus

4.0 out of 5 starsI love listening to Curtis Stone speak and I think the ...March 17, 2016
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
I love listening to Curtis Stone speak and I think the book could be very useful for some. I personally was looking more for growing insight and methods which I didn't get much of. I've been gardening for years but still have so much to learn. Decent blue print just lacking in details in my opinion. Read it, but unless you are specifically looking to rent/borrow land in an urban setting I wouldn't make it my first read.

25 people found this helpful

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R. White

5.0 out of 5 starsInvaluable for those interested in any kind of garden-sized farming, whether for self or profit.December 8, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Curtis Stone is an outstanding, high-energy, and enthusiastic proponent of urban farming.

Living in the sticks, I'm inspired to up my game in my small garden plot. I'll obviously deviate from his selection of veggies as he's focusing on the local market while I'll be looking at my family's needs, but I'll also incorporate some of his plantings to take to local outlets as some cash income.

Don't overlook his YouTube videos - they provide a lot of enthusiasm and energy, and a good physical look at what he's doing.

The book I'm using more as a reference: How much of this to plant in a bed? How close to plant? Specifically what steps is Curtis following in this process? How is that vegetable spelled? How to keep track of the business - planting and harvesting information, watching my business (cash flow vs. crop availability), and other technical things to help me run a tighter ship.

Other resources that make great companion books include Elliot Coleman (Maine) and J. M. Fortier (Quebec).

6 people found this helpful

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Scott C. Olsen

5.0 out of 5 starsExceeded my expectations!March 14, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
I bought this book simply to gain ideas and to simply understand the modern market garden concept. in that regard it has exceeded my expectations. If you plan to follow in the footsteps of Mr. Stone, I would recommend you to check out his YouTube Channel as a companion to this book.

13 people found this helpful

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Danielle

5.0 out of 5 starsbest book on urban farmingMay 14, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
We recently built a hoop house and have future plans of selling produce. We aren't raking in the $ yet as we're just getting started with feeding our own family with our home grown goods, but if we ever decide to do sell produce, I can thank Curtis Stone for writing this book. He lays everything out and I mean EVERYTHING. Curtis isn't keeping any secrets to himself. He seems to be very concerned about food production or processing and wants everyone to grow their own food. He lays out all the steps and things to think about when selling produce. It's an educational and fantastic and easy read. He's also got YouTube videos you should check out. I love this guy. I made my husband and kids watch the videos and now one of our kids is interested in growing her own food to sell and got herself her own little greenhouse.

25 people found this helpful

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Ruthypegs

4.0 out of 5 starsNot for dreamers and couch potatoesMarch 6, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Covers the subject matter pretty comprehensively, and is written by a man who really wants to share his knowledge. The lifestyle however is not for the faint hearted. I suspect Curtis Allen Stone operates most of his life in overdrive. All credit to him.

14 people found this helpful

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Panochey

5.0 out of 5 starsDo it...NOW!March 3, 2018
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
What can I say? I am a Curtis Stone fanboy. Got a mancrush going. I have taken up the micro-farm mantel thanks to him. I'm not doing exactly what he is, but I am growing things for sale. Watch the YouTube videos, buy the book. You too can get your asterisk free from your "job" and make a life. Seriously, you are not going to do this with no money, but you can do it for rather cheap to start.

In our "disposable plastic" world there are all the containers you need to start seedlings. If you are making compost, (and you should be), you can have all that is needed for production. Where you will have to spend some money is in crop covers and post production (packaging). Get off your asterisk and go do it. Life is not a dress rehearsal.

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Dave Palmer

5.0 out of 5 starsOpen honest help for the budding farmerFebruary 2, 2017
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
Watching Curtis Stone on YouTube will make you appreciate this book even more as you can literally see that he is a smart guy who is freely offering help and encouragement to budding farmers just starting out or simply dreaming of starting their own farm. His attention to detail and down-to-earth delivery make this book a good read for anyone interested in small scale, intensive farming. Traditional farmers are dying, and the next generation has to have a survival plan. This is exactly the kind of encouragement the next generation needs. Read it cover to cover, take his advice, and go for it!

3 people found this helpful

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trevor graham

5.0 out of 5 starsAmazing source of high grade informationApril 3, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
This book has been a huge help to my small scale farming start-up. We started last season, and if we would have had this source of information them, we would have save hours upon hours of money and labor. This is the kind of book that should be on the shelf of every professional or aspiring farmer, gardener or plant enthusiast. Thank you Curtis Stone!

7 people found this helpful