2021/10/24

대종교 - 위키백과, Daejongism Na Cheol,

Daejongism

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Daejongism
Hangul
대종교
Hanja
Revised RomanizationDaejonggyo
McCune–ReischauerTaejonggyo
The symbol of Dangunism.

Daejongism (Korean대종교romanized大倧敎 Daejonggyo or Taejongkyo, "religion of the Divine Progenitor"[1] or 

"great ancestral religion"[2]: 192 ) or Dangunism (Korean단군교romanized檀君敎 Dangungyo or Tangunkyo, "religion of Dangun")[3] is the name of a number of religious movements within the framework of Korean shamanism, focused on the worship of Dangun (or Tangun). There are around seventeen of these groups, the main one of which was founded in Seoul in 1909 by Na Cheol (나철, 1864-1916).[1][4][5]

Dangunists believe their mythos to be the authentic Korean native religion, that was already around as Gosindo (古神道, "way of the Ancestral God" or "ancient way of God") at the time of the first Mongol invasions of Korea, and that was revived as "Daejongism" (Daejonggyo) just at the start of the Japanese occupation.[6] The religion was suppressed during the Japanese rule.[7]

The religion believes in one God manifested in three persons,[8] whose earthly incarnation was the legendary king Dangun, who ruled over a Korean empire around 5000 years ago.[1] Its main tenet is that the Koreans have their own God and they have no need to worship foreign gods.[9] Its emphasis is on the national identity and unity of the Korean people (known as minjok) and as such has been associated with Korean nationalism (and sometimes ultranationalism).[2]: 193 

Daejongism does not focus so much on institutions or rituals but rather on central doctrines and associated mythologies, so that it is more definable as a creed or a faith system rather than an organized religion. In the decade of 1910-1920, it had its major growth, reaching an estimated following of 400,000.[10] Its popularity was largely due to its efforts on behalf of Korean independence. Once this aim was achieved, its membership declined, although Daejongism acquired a reputation for its educational and scholarly institutions, which published in particular monumental works about Korea's struggle for independence and Daejongism's contribution to it.[11] A 1995 census found that fewer than 10,000 Koreans claimed to follow the religion,[4] although Korean census figures systematically underestimate the number of followers of new religions, who are often reluctant to indicate their religious affiliation.[12]

Teaching[edit]

Central to the faith is the belief in Haneullim, the triad of Gods of Korean culture: the creator (Hanim/Hwanin), the teacher (Hanung/Hwanung) and the ruler (Dangun/Hanbaegŏm).[1][9] Dangun, the leader of the Korean nation, is thought to be the third, and human, manifestation of Haneullim ("God of Heaven") or Haneul ("Heaven").[7] His physical mother was Ungnyeo (熊女) a bear transformed into a woman.[13]

After his earthly reign, Dangun ascended to Heaven.[13] Semantically, Haneul connotes three Gods: God-Father as the creator of the universe, God-Teacher as the mentor of universal nature and God-King as ruler of creation.[14]

The faith is embodied in three sacred texts. Believers claim that they date back to the time of Dangun, or even earlier, and this claim, although disputed by scholars, is also accepted by many Koreans who do not belong to Daejongism.[15] The three texts are the Ch'ónbugong (The Classic of the Seal of Heaven), a narrative of the origins of the world, the Samil sin'go (The Teachings of the Triune God), a theological statement, and the Ch'amjóngyóng (The Classic of the Wise One), a manual of ethics.[15] A number of scholars believe that these books were compiled in the first two decades of the 20th century, based on visions and revelation the founder of Daejongism, Na Cheol (1863-1916), claimed to have received[16]

Daejongism is also well known for its teaching of breathing techniques, known in the West as part of the so-called internal alchemy (Neidan in Taoism). Daejongism's techniques focus on the '"sea of energy," which is also often referred to as the cinnabar field or the elixir field (tanjón).The tanjon is a field rich in the vital energy Qi and the religion offers techniques to draw on this field and circulate the energy through the human body. These techniques became extremely popular in the 1970s and generated a new interest in Daejongism and its school of internal alchemy, known as Kich'ónmun.[17]

Samsin Sinang[edit]

Samsin Sinang is a Dangunist sect.[18] Its headquarters are in Pyeongchang County.[18] The current leader is Bae Sun-moon, and the religion promotes the Korean reunification.[18]

History and influences[edit]

Na Cheol, the founder of the religion.

Na Cheol, known for his role as a leader of the Korean independence movement from Japanese rule, founded the religion in 1909 as its "great teacher" (tosagyo)[19] and named it first "Dangunism" (DangungyoDangun religion) and then a year later "Daejongism" (Daejonggyo).[1][2]: 192 

He said that it was a revival of Goshindo (古神道, "way of the Ancestral God"),[7] the belief in the trinitarian god that was worshipped in ancient Korea. Some scholars have suggested the affinity to Christianity, though the ethical basis of the religion is similar to Confucianism.[1] Others believe that early Dajeongism tried to counter the growing influence of Christianity by replacing the Christian Trinity with a Korean one. In fact, criticism of Christianity has continued in Daejongism. In 1994, Han Ch’angbôm presented the Daejongism “case against Christianity,” claiming that the God of the Bible was “jealous and violent” and thus inherently “immoral.” The text also accused Christians of having been collaborators with the Japanese during the occupation.[20]

The importance of Dangun was influenced by Shin Chaeho's A New Reading of History, and Dangun was emphasised over another legendary figure, Jizi (Kija), who was said to not be Korean in origin.[2]: 192  Na claimed that the Goshindo religion was approximately 4300 years of age, which would make it Korea's oldest religion.

After the annexation of Korea in 1910 by the Empire of Japan, the new religion was spread in Manchuria by Na, where it set up schools and social centers, and became a focus of the Korean independence movement.[2]: 193  Na committed suicide at a shrine on Mount Kuwŏl in 1916, saying that he had guilt over his failures and was martyring himself for the sake of his religion, God and people.[19]

Leaders of the religion after Na include his successor Kim Kyohong,[2]: 50  and An Ho-Sang.[1] The teachings of Dangun were said by Kim in his "History of the Divine Dangun's People" to be the sin gyo or "divine teaching", and he said that various Korean religions, such as that of Wang Kon, were continuations of the sin gyo, but that these beliefs had been suppressed under the MongolsBuddhism, and Confucianism.[2]: 194 [9] The main task of the religion was chunggwang ("lighting anew"), meaning reviving the memory of Dangun.[2]: 198 

A particularly controversial issue concerns the roots in Daejongism of the global physical exercise and spirituality system known as Body & Brain, Dahnhak, or Dahn Yoga, founded by Korean master of martial arts and author Ilchi Lee. While "Body and Brain" does not normally emphasize its connection with Daejongism, scholars see it as one of many schools teaching a form of internal alchemy based on the techniques Daejongism popularized.

 According to American scholar of Korean religion Don Baker, "not only-did Dahn claim that its techniques were the same practices that Tàn'gun [Dangun] taught when he ruled over the first Korean kingdom; it also heralded the three Tàn'gun-era sacred texts of Taejonggyo [Daejongism] as authentic scripture." Only when the movement became international, references to Dangun and Daejongism were downplayed, although the Daejongism symbol was embroidered on the original uniforms given to Dahnhak students in America and the organization "erected a large outdoor statue of Tan'gun near [its] Sedona [Arizona] headquarters." Baker states that references to Daejongism, although not made explicit, remain easy to detect for those familiar with the Korean religion.[21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Chang, Yunshik; Hyun-Ho, Seok; Baker, Donald L. (2008). "Globalization and Korea's new religions"Korea confronts globalization. Routledge Advances in Korean Studies. 14. Taylor & Francis. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-415-45879-5.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Schmid, Andre (2002). Korea between empires, 1895-1919. Studies of the East Asian Institute. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12539-9.
  3. ^ Daejonggyo, national religion of Korea. Quote: «A great scholar of the Silla Dynasty Choe Chi-weon (857-? A.D.), naturally wrote that Dangunism (Dae-jong-Gyo), a religious teaching indigenous to Korea, embraces the essential teachings of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism.»
  4. Jump up to:a b Connor, Mary E. (2009). "Society"The Koreas. Asia in focus. ABC-CLIO. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-59884-160-2.
  5. ^ 한국브리태니커 온라인 - 나철 Archived 2014-09-18 at archive.today Encyclopædia Britannica online Korea 'Na Cheol'
  6. ^ Lee Chi-ran, pp. 11-12
  7. Jump up to:a b c Lee Chi-ran, p. 12
  8. ^ Baker (2007a), p. 464.
  9. Jump up to:a b c Baker, Donald L. (2008). Korean spirituality. University of Hawaii Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8248-3233-9.
  10. ^ Lee Gyungwon, p. 54.
  11. ^ Lee Gyungwon, p. 67.
  12. ^ Baker, Don (September 2006). "The Religious Revolution in Modern Korean History: From ethics to theology and from ritual hegemony to religious freedom". The Review of Korean Studies. The Academy of Korean Studies. 9 (3): 249–275.
  13. Jump up to:a b Lee Chi-ran, p. 13
  14. ^ Lee Chi-ran, p. 14
  15. Jump up to:a b Baker (2007a), p. 465.
  16. ^ Lee Gyungwon, p. 39.
  17. ^ Baker (2007b), p. 508.
  18. Jump up to:a b c Lee Chi-ran, p. 16
  19. Jump up to:a b Ch'oe, Yongho; Lee, Peter H.; De Bary, William Theodore (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition: From the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. Introduction to Asian civilizations: Sources of Korean Tradition. 2. Columbia University Press. p. 331. ISBN 0-231-12031-1.
  20. ^ Kevin A. Cawley, Religious and Philosophical Traditions of Korea, London and New York: Routledge 2019, 135–136.
  21. ^ Baker (2007b), p. 509.

Sources[edit]

  • Baker, Don (2007a). "The Korean God Is Not the Christian God: Taejonggyo's Challenge to Foreign Religions." pp. 464–475 in Robert E. Buswell (ed.), Religions of Korea in Practice, Princeton (New Jersey) and Oxford (U.K.): Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-06-91113-47-0.
  • Baker, Don (2007b). "Internal Alchemy in the Dahn World School." pp. 508–513 in Robert E. Buswell (ed.), Religions of Korea in Practice, Princeton (New Jersey) and Oxford (U.K.): Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-06-91113-47-0.
  • Lee, Chi-ran. Chief Director, Haedong Younghan Academy. The Emergence of National Religions in Korea.
  • Lee, Gyungwon (2016). An Introduction to New Korean Religions.Seoul: Moonsachul Publishing. ISBN 979-11-86853-16-0.

External links[edit]










대종교 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

대종교

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
둘러보기로 이동검색으로 이동
대종교
총 신자수
신도 3,766명, 교직자 22명[1]
창시자
나철
지역
한성 북부 재동 (1909년 1월 15일)
  • 도본사, 22개의 시교당
  • 만주를 중심으로 독립운동을 전개

대종교(大倧敎)는 태고로부터 내려오는 고대역사를 거슬러 올라가며, 세계를 창조하신 하느님을 믿는 종교이다. 중광 교조는 나철로 초기에는 '단군교'(檀君敎)라고도 잘못 불리기도 한다. 근본 교리는 성(性)·명(命)·정(精)의 삼진귀일(三眞歸一)과 지(止)·조(調)·금(禁)의 3법이다.

대종교는 종교로 출발하였지만 그 시기가 바로 일제 강점기였던 탓에 종교로서보다는 항일독립운동에 더 많은 공헌을 했다고 여겨지기도 한다.[2] 2010년 현재 전국에 약 3,766명의 신도가 있으며 시교당(詩敎堂, 대종교의 교회)과 수도원 20여곳 등의 조직을 갖추고 있으며 현재 대종교의 4대 경절로 중광절 · 어천절 · 가경절 · 개천절을 기념하고 있다.

연혁[편집]

대종교에 따르면, 중광조 나철이 1905년 서대문역 근처에서 백전(佰佺) 도인으로부터 대종교의 경전이 된〈삼일신고(三一神誥)〉와〈신사기(神事記)〉를 전해 받고, 1908년 도쿄에서 두일백(杜一白) 도인으로부터〈단군교포명서〉를 받았으며, 이를 계기로 대종교를 일으켰다고 한다.[3] 나철은 일본이 한국에 대한 간섭과 강박이 날로 심해지자 이를 항의하고자 4차에 걸쳐 일본으로 건너갔으나 뜻을 이루지 못하고 귀국하여 구국운동이 몇 사람의 정객만으로는 이룩될 수 없음을 절실히 느끼게 되었다. 여기에서 그는 국가의 기틀을 튼튼히 하고 민족을 부흥시키는 원동력은 민족의식을 일깨우는 데 있다고 보고, 1909년 1월 15일 동지 오기호, 정훈모, 이기김윤식유근 등 10명과 함께 서울 재동에서 ‘단군대황조신위(檀君大皇祖神位)’를 모시고 〈단군교포명서〉를 공포함으로써 국조 단군을 숭앙하는 단군교를 창시하였다.[2]

시교(始敎)한 지 1년 만인 1910년, 대종교로 교명을 개칭하는 한편, 같은해 만주 북간도에 지사를 설치하였다가, 1914년에는 대종교 본사를 이곳으로 옮겨 포교 영역을 국내와 만주 일대로 확대시켰다.[2] 독립운동 성향인 단군교는 서울의 정훈모(鄭薰模)가 친일로 변절하자 1910년 7월 30일에 대종교로 명칭을 변경하였고 정훈모는 ‘단군교’의 이름을 고수하며 분파해 나갔다.

일제가 1915년 10월 《총독부령 83호 종교통제안》을 발표함으로써 대종교를 종교 단체로 위장한 독립운동 단체로 규정하여 탄압이 심해지자 만주의 지린성 허룽 현 청파호로 총본사를 옮기고 서일박찬익 등과 함께 민족 교육과 독립운동가를 양성하였고, 《단조사고》《신단실기》, 《신단민사》 등의 을 편찬했다. 일제 강점기인 1920년대에는 국외에 독립군 기지를 건설하고, 인도주의와 평등성을 바탕으로 민족해방을 달성하기 위한 무장투쟁을 벌였다.[4]

1916년 나철이 죽자 대종교의 역사서라 할 수 있는 김교헌이 2대 교주로 취임하였는데, 그는 3·1운동 이후 만주로 들어가는 동포들을 포섭하여 그들로 하여금 항일구국운동에 앞장서게 하였다. 그 실례로 20년 일본군을 크게 무찌른 청산리대첩의 주역이었던 북로군정서의 장병 대부분이 대종교인이었다.[2]

한편, 일제의 탄압이 날로 심해져 3대 교주 윤세복이 취임한 이후 많은 교인이 체포·학살되었고, 1932년 이른바 만주국의 탄생과 함께 대종교도 지하로 숨지 않을 수 없게 되었는데, 1937년 시교당의 수가 52개로 증가하였다. 이러한 포교활동은 곧 독립운동의 일환이었으므로 교세 확장은 바로 독립운동의 확대이기도 하였다. 1948년 김교헌이 죽을 무렵에는 한국·만주·노령(露量)·중국 본토 등에 48개의 시교당을 가지고 있었다.[2]

교육과 독립운동[편집]

나철은 비밀 결사 조직인 자신회(自新會)를 조직하여 을사오적으로 알려진 이완용권중현박제순이지용이근택의 다섯 인물의 암살을 시도했다. 또한 그들을 죽이자는 참간장(斬奸狀)을 돌리기도 했으며, 일본을 방문해 일본 궁성 앞에서 단식투쟁을 하기도 하였다. 대종교 중광 60년사에 따르면 나철은 이 사건 때문에 정부 전복 혐의로 무안군 지도(智島)에 유배되기도 했는데, 1909년 정월 15일 자시(子時: 밤 11시~새벽 1시) 서울 북부 재동(齋洞) 취운정(翠雲亭) 아래에서 60여 명의 동지들과 단군교를 새롭게 열면서 이날을 중광절(重光節)로 삼았다. 중광이란 기존에 있던 것을 새롭게 중흥한다는 의미였다. 망국이 눈앞에 있었기 때문에 위기를 느낀 사람들이 단군교에 속속 입교했지만 서울 북부지사교(北部支司敎) 정훈모가 친일로 돌아서고 일제의 탄압이 가해지자 나철은 1910년 8월 교명을 대종교로 바꾸었다.[5]

1919년 상해 임시정부가 발족하면서 임시의정원 의원 35명 가운데 28명이 대종교 교도였다. 독립전쟁사에 기록된 봉오동, 청산리 대첩의 실질적인 지휘부는 대종교였다고 한다. 이상설김좌진홍범도박은식김규식신채호, 이상용, 김동삼, 이범석 등 애국지사들이 그들이었다. 한국전쟁 때 납북된 정인보를 비롯해 김두봉, 이극로 등도 대종교인이었다. 김두봉은 1916년 구월산에서 나철이 순교할 때 시봉하기도 했다.

환국 직후에도 대종교는 번성했다. 50년대 후반 교도 수가 60만 명을 넘어섰고, 삼일신고천부경참전계경 등 경전과 규원사화환단고기 등 역사서를 보급시켰다. 환국 이후 대종교는 민족 종교의 적통으로 인정받아 초대 정부의 제1 교단으로 등록되었다. 당시 대종교의 지식인들이 정부의 고위관리로 입각해 활동했다. 안호상 초대 문교부 장관 등이 중심이 되어 대한민국의 정체성을 확립했다. 교육이념에 홍익인간이 채택되었고 단군 연호, 개천절, 한글 전용 등이 시행되었다.

민간에서는 대종교 중심으로 민족 행사들이 개최되어 1946년 광복 1주년 당시엔 대종교 총본사에서 채화된 성화가 남산 꼭대기에 점화되었다. 그해 개천절 행사에선 성화가 총본사에서 채화되어 마니산 참성단까지 봉송, 점화되었다. 홍익대단국대경희대 등이 대종교 교인에 의해 설립된 대학이듯이 대종교 역사 자체가 교육과 독립운동이었다.[6][7][8]

하지만 위서로 판명난 환단고기 라는 책을 인용해 검증되지 않은 정보들을 중/고등학교에 강연을 하며 가르치고 있고, 또한 이러한 현상은 한국의 미래에 심히 좋지 않은 교육이다.

정훈모의 단군교[편집]

1910년 경술국치 이후 나철이 교명을 대종교로 바꾸고 만주로 교단을 이동하자 정훈모가 이에 반발하여 단군교라는 교명을 고수하며 교단을 분리·독립하였다. 나철이 교명을 바꿔 만주로 이동하게 된 계기가 정훈모를 중심으로 한 몇몇 친일분자들에 의한 교단 내분이었다.[9] 정훈모의 단군교는 단군을 신봉했음에도 불구하고 일제의 통치에 순응하였으며, 교단의 수뇌부에는 친일인명사전에도 수록된 친일파가 있었다.[10] 1912년에 내분이 일어나 교단이 둘로 나뉘었으나 1915년 정훈모가 교단을 재정비하였으며, 1930년에는 시흥에 단군전(檀君殿)을 세우고 본부를 이전하였다. 이후 내분이 이어지고 일제가 소수 종교에 대한 탄압을 강화하자 1936년에 폐교되고 신자들도 와해되었다.[11][12]

능력 중심의 선사 시대[편집]

대종교 제천 행사에서는 단군 할아버지와 함께 단군 할머니를 함께 모신다.[13][14] 대종교 측에서는 아기를 점지하는 삼신할머니[15]까지 한얼님이라며 하느님으로 설명한다.[16] 대종교 측의 주장은 아니지만 중국은 우리나라의 3황5제를 중국의 조상으로 둔갑시켰다고도 하며,[17] 기독교 야훼, 여호와가 바로 여와라고 하는 설화 이야기 또한 우리 민족에게는 존재한다.[18] 여와는 복희여와도(伏羲女媧圖)에도 등장하며[19] 중국 3황5제 중에 3황에 속하는[17] 요순시대 같이 세습 기반이 아니면서[20] 의 신분인[21] 여성 단군이다. 이 분의 단군이라는 신분은 대종교 총전교 권태훈의 선사 시대와 관련한 증언에서 귀납법적 논리 전개를 근거로 한다.[20] 참고로 선사 시대와 관련한 의사 역사학 학계에서 고조선은 연방국가 12개 환국 중에 하나이다.[22]

경전[편집]

古경전[편집]

新경전[편집]

  • 《신리대전(神理大全)》[23]
  • 《회삼경(會三經)》[24]
  • 《진리도설》
  • 《구변도설(九變圖說)》[25]

같이 보기[편집]

각주[편집]

  1.  2005년 인구 및 주택센서스 집계
  2. ↑ 이동:     대종교, 《글로벌 세계 대백과》
  3.  '삼일신고', 《한국민족문화대백과》, 한국학중앙연구원
  4.  2004년 2월 9일 이제는 말할 수 있다 - 독립투쟁의 대부 홍암 나철, MBC
  5.  홍범도 대한독립군 망국 10년 만에 국내 진공작전 포문, 중앙SUNDAY(2012.02.05) 기사 참조
  6.  “치열했던 항일투쟁 뒤에 민족종교 있었다”. 세계일보. 2017년 8월 16일. 2018년 4월 26일에 확인함.
  7.  “‘肉彈血戰’ 외친 의군부 독립선언서, 抗日무력투쟁 불 댕겨”. 동아일보. 2018년 4월 9일. 2018년 4월 26일에 확인함.
  8.  “독립운동 대부 ‘나철’ 애국혼 기린다”. 한국일보. 2016년 10월 31일. 2018년 4월 26일에 확인함.
  9.  「한국종교사상사」, 대종교 창건사, 김홍철 저 연세대학교출판부(1998년, 145P ~148P 내용참조)
  10.  단군교부흥경략(檀君敎復興經略), 1책 82장, 신연활자본, 김재웅(金在雄) 교열, 정진홍(鄭鎭洪) 편집(1937년) 참조
  11.  「한국종교사상사」, 대종교 창건사, 김홍철 저 연세대학교출판부(1998년, 119P ~139P 내용참조)
  12.  한국민족문화대백과 단군교 “1912년 이유형·서창보의 사리사욕 행위에 대한 시교사(施敎師)들의 비판과 교인들끼리의 주도권 쟁탈로 교단에 내분이 일어나자 정훈모는 1915년에 양분된 교단을 재정비하고 1930년 교당인 단군전(檀君殿)을 시흥에 세워 본부를 이전, 본부와 지부의 조직을 강화, 교전(敎典)을 간행하는 등 활발한 포교활동을 벌였지만 곧 자금문제로 신도들이 교주를 고발하는 사건이 일어나고, 일제의 무관심과 압력이 가해지자 시흥의 본부가 폐쇄되고, 정훈모가 사망하면서 각 지부는 독자적인 행동에 단군교는 와해로 소멸되었다.”
  13.  “기고 개천철, 우리에게 단군은 누구인가”. 경향신문. 2005년 9월 30일.
  14.  “단군왕검은 남성이었나, 여성이었나?”. 오피니언뉴스. 2015년 7월 30일.
  15.  “한국민족문화대백과사전 삼신(三神)”. 한국학중앙연구원. 1995.
  16.  “대종교란?”. 대종교 강화 단군성전. 2021년 8월 24일에 확인함.
  17. ↑ 이동:  “중국의 3황5제는 우리나라 조상이다.”. 중부매일. 2005년 11월 9일.
  18.  “삼신할매 마고에서 시작된 한민족(35)”. hy인산인터넷신문. 2020년 4월 2일.
  19.  “소장품검색 복희와 여와”. 국립중앙박물관. 2021년 8월 24일에 확인함.
  20. ↑ 이동:  “봉우 선생님 자료실 기타자료 대황조 이야기”. 봉우사상연구소. 2004년 6월 27일.
  21.  보사기 삼황본기, 《사기
  22.  “[Why] 솔깃하지만 믿기엔… 너무 찬란한 한민족 상고사”. 조선일보. 2009년 7월 4일.
  23.  신리대전 - 한국민족문화대백과
  24.  회삼경 - 한국민족문화대백과
  25.  구변도설 - 한국민족문화대백과

참고 문헌[편집]

  • 청소년을 위한 한국철학사」, 김윤경 저, 두리미디어(2007년, 330p)
Heckert GNU white.svgCc.logo.circle.svg 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 내용을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다.

외부 링크[편집]

Read Sitting Meditation in Won Buddhism by Serge V. Yarovoi | Books

Read Sitting Meditation in Won Buddhism by Serge V. Yarovoi | Books
Sitting Meditation in Won Buddhism: Digging to the Roots

Sitting Meditation in Won Buddhism: Digging to the Roots

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The practitioners of any meditation system, including those of Buddhist meditation, have a variety of contemplative practices to choose from. From those unlimited techniques and methods, informed and thoughtful practitioners can find their own approaches, depending on their level of understanding and eagerness, personal inclinations and preferences, and lifestyle and life goals.

Digging to the roots of the instructions for sitting meditation in Korean Won Buddhism, the author presents various meditation practices on which the robust approach of the instructions for meditation in Won Buddhism is based.

Amazon.com: Religious and Philosophical Traditions of Korea eBook : Cawley, Kevin: Books

Amazon.com: Religious and Philosophical Traditions of Korea eBook : Cawley, Kevin: Books



Religious and Philosophical Traditions of Korea 1st Edition, Kindle Edition
by Kevin Cawley (Author) Format: Kindle Edition






Religious and Philosophical Traditions of Korea addresses a wide range of traditions, serving as a guide to those interested in Buddhism, Confucianism, Shamanism, Christianity and many others. It brings readers along a journey from the past to the present, moving beyond the confines of the Korean peninsula. In this book Kevin N. Cawley examines the different ideas which have shaped a vibrant and exciting intellectual history and engages with some of the key texts and figures from Korea’s intellectual traditions. This comprehensive and riveting text emphasises how some of these ideas have real relevance in the world today and how they have practical value for our lives in the twenty-first century.



Students, researchers and academics in the growing area of Korean Studies will find this book indispensable. It will also be of interest to undergraduates and graduate students interested in the comparative study of Asian religions, philosophies and cultures.





Editorial Reviews

Review


"Kevin Cawley has produced a thoughtful and extremely readable introduction to the history of religions and philosophical systems in Korea. This work, as well as illuminating Korea's fascinating and diverse religious landscape also thoroughly situates the traditions discussed within the broader East Asian context making this an invaluable companion for the student of East Asian thought."

James Kapaló, University College Cork, Ireland



"Kevin Cawley’s Religious and Philosophical Traditions of Korea is an excellent phenomenological and chronological overview suitable for undergraduates or for post-graduates wanting to understand the distinctive character of these traditions in Korea. Written in a highly readable style, Cawley's book illustrates how these traditions continue to influence contemporary culture. Highly recommended."

James H. Grayson, Emeritus Professor, The University of Sheffield, UK

"Until Cawley’s textbook, there has been no text in the Anglophone literature that explains the religious and philosophical traditions of Korea in a historically comprehensive manner. It fills this significant gap in a way that will be appealing to a range of students and scholars, and will be tremendously useful pedagogically."



David H. Kim, University of San Francisco, USA



"Korean history is often interpreted from a political perspective, but Kevin Cawley has innovatively applied a religio-philosophical insight of transnational East Asia in which the nation is depicted as a transformative peninsula. The highlight of the book is the encountering dialogues of Catholics, NRMs, chuch’e and cyber-mudang within the context of modernity for readers in Asian studies, history, philosophy, sociology and religious studies."



David W. Kim, Australian National University, Australia

"The six chapters are each equally captivating...This book is certainly a very helpful guide for students of East
Asian intellectual history as it endows the reader with an understanding of the central problems of Korean philosophical and religious traditions."

Lehel Balogh, Hokkaido University, Japan--This text refers to the hardcover edition.
About the Author


Kevin N. Cawley is Head of the Department of Asian Studies at University College Cork (UCC), Ireland. He established Korean Studies as a new discipline in Ireland when he was appointed as the first ever lecturer in Korean Studies there. He has researched and published extensively on Korea’s intellectual history.--This text refers to the hardcover edition.

Product details

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B079LQCPQ1
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Routledge; 1st edition (February 22, 2019)
Publication date ‏ : ‎ February 22, 2019
Language ‏ : ‎ English
File size ‏ : ‎ 4168 KB
Simultaneous device usage ‏ : ‎ Up to 4 simultaneous devices, per publisher limits
Text-to-Speech ‏ : ‎ Enabled
Screen Reader ‏ : ‎ Supported

Jane Iwamura - Virtual Orientalism - Asian Religions and American Popular Culture (2011, Oxford University Press) | PDF | Spirituality | Religion And Belief

Jane Iwamura - Virtual Orientalism - Asian Religions and American Popular Culture (2011, Oxford University Press) | PDF | Spirituality | Religion And Belief

Jane Iwamura - Virtual Orientalism - Asian Religions and American Popular Culture (2011, Oxford University Press)




Virtual Orientalism: Asian Religions and American Popular Culture
by Jane Naomi Iwamura, D.T. Suzuki (Subject)
 3.57  ·   Rating details ·  42 ratings  ·  6 reviews
Saffron-robed monks and long-haired gurus have become familiar characters on the American popular culture scene. Jane Iwamura examines the contemporary fascination with Eastern spirituality and provides a cultural history of the representation of Asian religions in American mass media. Encounters with monks, gurus, bhikkhus, sages, sifus, healers, and masters from a wide variety of ethnic backgrounds and religious traditions provided initial engagements with Asian spiritual traditions. Virtual Orientalism shows the evolution of these interactions, from direct engagements with specific individuals to mediated relations with a conventionalized icon: the Oriental Monk. Visually and psychically compelling, the Oriental Monk becomes for Americans a ''figure of translation''—a convenient symbol for alternative spiritualities and modes of being. Through the figure of the solitary Monk, who generously and purposefully shares his wisdom with the West, Asian religiosity is made manageable—psychologically, socially, and politically—for popular culture consumption. Iwamura's insightful study shows that though popular engagement with Asian religions in the United States has increased, the fact that much of this has taken virtual form makes stereotypical constructions of "the spiritual East" obdurate and especially difficult to challenge. (less)
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Paperback, 232 pages
Published January 14th 2011 by Oxford University Press, USA (first published December 14th 2010)


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Keith
May 04, 2020Keith rated it it was ok
Shelves: pop-culture, spirituality, buddhism, z-library, literary-criticism, china, india, japan, anthropology, zl-sf-main
I started in on this when I was waiting to get my hands on Said's ur text on the topic, figuring that it would at least give me a beginning on understanding the idea of "orientalism" in the critical sense through a more modern (contemporary, post-modern) lens and characters with which I am more familiar, focusing as it does principally on the American & Western reactions to Zen scholar D.T. Suzuki, Beatle-guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and the fictional half-Chinese half-monk Kwai Chang Caine as portrayed by not-at-all-Chinese David Carradine in the 70s TV movie and series Kung Fu. Having now read both, my impression is that Iwamura is coming from a rather different angle than was Said, perhaps as different as Media Studies is from Philology.

Both have a decidedly academic bent, though my sense is that Said reads more like a professor, and Iwamura as a strident grad- or post-grad student. The fact that Said's text is twice as long and generally considered both pioneering and classic, whereas this is a rather thin and obscure paperback perhaps also says something about their relative depth and importance. But at bottom, while both are discussing the colonialist attitude of the West to the East, it seems to me that Said's point was both deeper and more focused, and thus more useful to my research overall even though the crux of it all for him centered in Islam and Palestine and the European appropriation of both, whereas the focus here is more on the Far East as it has been brought to and co-oped by America. Two related, but distinct, orientalisms, while fundamentally what I need falls somewhere between the two. (less)
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Jess
Apr 30, 2019Jess rated it really liked it
Shelves: academia, 2019-reading-women
Solid overview; but obviously being nearly 10 years old means it would be excellent to have more current examples of pop culture. Contemporary films such as the Batman and Star Wars franchise would offer lots of material to examine.
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Andrew
Nov 10, 2017Andrew rated it it was ok
The chapter on Kung Fu has some pretty good stuff in it.
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John Tobin
Jun 11, 2019John Tobin rated it liked it
Pretty good ideas but didnt feel fully fleshed out. Seemed a bit like 3 articles put together in a book.
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Michael Laflamme
Sep 24, 2016Michael Laflamme rated it liked it  ·  review of another edition
Very good.

Those of us born, circa 1954, have lived every page of this book. Our feeble understanding of cultures of the East has not been improved by our exposure to Western media interpretation. Our generation is well rebuked for the intellectual laziness and dishonesty that allows history to be replaced by hokum. This book is a rare effort to enlighten us. Well done!
flagLike  · comment · see review
Josh Brett
Feb 15, 2014Josh Brett rated it liked it
Everybody was Kung-Fu fighting, and in doing so, they construct a racial and gendered equilibrium in which the dominant group is able to maintain the patriarchal privilege to speak, act, and fight on behalf of the Other.
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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on September 24, 2016
Verified Purchase
Those of us born, circa 1954, have lived every page of this book. Our feeble understanding of cultures of the East has not been improved by our exposure to Western media interpretation. Our generation is well rebuked for the intellectual laziness and dishonesty that allows history to be replaced by hokum. This book is a rare effort to enlighten us. Well done!
2 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on November 16, 2014
Verified Purchase
Dr. Iwamura brings sensitivity and a critical eye to one aspect of a deeply troubling form of subtle media propaganda that happens all over the globe, in different ways and different forms. I love the way it looks at the uniquely American form of replacing an objected racial identity, and reconstituting it in favor of the marketing, political and social trends of the times; It is a helpful, and hopeful look at how we can begin to look critically, at how media is portraying race.
4 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on May 28, 2015
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good book i purchased for school.
Reviewed in the United States on February 15, 2015
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My dearest professor's work. Although as a foreign student I did not get it all, but now I am still able to sense how "uncanny" it is.
4 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on April 24, 2015
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An excellent discussion of the construction of Orientalist images in Western popular media. Well argued and contextualized, and Iwamura's selection of cases is on point.
2 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on September 9, 2014
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Excellent account of how the East met West, especially interesting to fans of "Kung Fu".
4 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on April 19, 2018
This is such a good book! I just read it as part of some research I am doing and could hardly put it down. Iwamura is one of those rare scholars who can write well, in an accessible way, but while presenting a great academic study. I would suggest this book for students of Buddhism, American Studies, history, Orientalism, and gender. It's really one of the best books I have read for a while. Looking forward to reading the next book by Dr. Iwamura!