2020/01/14

14 Unprecedented: Can Civilization Survive the CO2 Crisis?: David Ray Griffin: 9780986076909: Amazon.com: Books



Unprecedented: Can Civilization Survive the CO2 Crisis?: David Ray Griffin: 9780986076909: Amazon.com: Books







Unprecedented: Can Civilization Survive the CO2 Crisis? Paperback – November 18, 2014
by David Ray Griffin (Author)
4.4 out of 5 stars 44 ratings

Can we act quickly and wisely enough to prevent climate change – better called climate disruption – from destroying human civilization? There is no greater issue facing humanity today. This book provides everything people need to know in order to enter into serious discussions and make good decisions: 


•The latest scientific information about the probable effects of the various types of climate disruption that threaten the very continuation of civilization. 
•The reasons why the media and governments have failed miserably to rein in global warming, even though scientists have been warning them for decades. 
•The additional challenges to saving civilization – religious, moral, and economic. 
•The amazing transformation of solar, wind, and other types of clean energy during the past few years, making the transition from a fossil-fuel to a clean-energy economy possible; and 
the falsity of the various claims that fossil-fuel companies and their (hired) minions have made to belittle clean energy. 

This book combines 
(1) the most extensive treatment of the causes and phenomena of climate change in combination with 
(2) an extensive treatment of social obstacles and challenges (fossil-fuel funded denialism, media failure, political failure, and moral, religious, and economic challenges), 
(3) the most extensive treatment of the needed transition from fossil-fuel energy to clean energy, and 
(4) the most extensive treatment of mobilization. 

It provides the most complete, most up-to-date treatment of the various kinds of clean energy, and how they could combine to provide 70% clean energy by 2035 and 100% before 2050 (both U.S. and worldwide).

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Editorial Reviews

Review


"...a most excellent compilation of renewable energy facts and context..." -- Zachary Shahan, Director, CleanTechnica.com and Planetsave.com

"If you can read only one book on climate change,

make it this one...clear and comprehensive...a masterful depiction of the severe dangers and our best available escape routes. If reading this book does not change your life, nothing will."
 

-- Richard Falk, UN Special Rapporteur/Reporter


About the Author
is Professor of Philosophy of Religion and Theology, Emeritus, Claremont School of Theology and Claremont Graduate University (1973-2004);

 Co-Director, Center for Process Studies. He edited the SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought (1987-2004), which published 31 volumes. He has written 28 books, edited 13 books, and authored 248 articles and chapters.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.


Plan B

Acting in accordance with Plan B would mean going into immediate and complete mobilization, racing against time to prevent the kind of sea-level rise that would result from the continuation of business as usual. However, even this will not prevent continued sea-level rise from causing much distress over the next 30 years, because a great amount of further sea-level rise is already built into the system. As Romm pointed out in Hell and High Water, global warming has already guaranteed that while it will


Product details

Paperback: 516 pages
Publisher: Clarity Press, Inc. (November 18, 2014)

Shipping Weight: 1.9 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review: 4.2 out of 5 stars 41 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #1,225,592 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
#4288 in Environmentalism
#706 in Atmospheric Sciences (Books)
#3445 in Ecology (Books)

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Top Reviews

Marcus Ford

5.0 out of 5 stars

I highly recommend this book to everyone who wants to understand the ...Reviewed in the United States on February 9, 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

There is no shortage of books devoted to the topic of human-caused climate disruption. What sets this new book apart from the others is its scope, its lucidity, its depth of analysis, and its practical recommendations. It also has the advantage of being one of the most current. To reiterate Richard Falk’s endorsement of this book, “If you can read only one book on climate change, make it be Unprecedented.

This book provides a clear and detailed overview of the latest scientific literature on human-caused climate disruption and its consequences around the world as well as an encyclopedic review of current clean energy technologies. It also looks at the politics of climate deniers and failure of the media and elected officials and others to tackle this unprecedented challenge.

The question that is the subtitle of this book: Can Civilization Survive the C02 crisis? does not have a predetermined answer. If we continue business as usual--if we continue to allow politicians to accept unlimited sums of money from the fossil fuel industry and if the media continues to pretend that we are not facing an unprecedented environmental crisis—then the answer is clearly No. But, as Griffin makes clear, that does not have to be the answer. From Griffin’s perspective, the future is open. It is also possible, assuming that we act now, that the answer is Yes, civilization can survive the CO2 crisis. Griffin’s last chapter is aptly titled “Mobilization” and in it he lays out the steps that could and should be taken by elected officials at the national, state, and local levels; religious leaders; business leaders; academics; military leaders; young people and others so that the answer to this question is Yes, civilization can survive the CO2 crisis. As others have noted before, the “climate crisis” is really a moral and a political crisis.
I highly recommend this book to everyone who wants to understand the challenges that we face and what we can do about them.

30 people found this helpful

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John H Buchanan

5.0 out of 5 stars an issue that looms as perhaps the greatest threat human civilization has yet encounteredReviewed in the United States on April 20, 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

David Ray Griffin has written the definitive, comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis of climate change, an issue that looms as perhaps the greatest threat human civilization has yet encountered. While others have made this argument effectively, authoritatively, and more sparingly—Bill McKibben's writings spring immediately to mind—no one else that I know of has addressed our dilemma in such a complete and convincing issue-by-issue fashion. Griffin does this "controversy" a great service by "debunking the debunkers," that is, by showing the true colors of the most public of the climate change deniers, as well as revealing the motivations and actions of the individuals, organizations, and corporations behind them.

14 people found this helpful

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daveyd

4.0 out of 5 stars 

Seems like a rhetorical question
Reviewed in the United States on July 24, 2018
---


Author David Ray Griffin provides readers with sufficient irrefutable evidence that connects global warming with greenhouse gas emissions from expanding uses of coal, oil and natural gas. They are abundant; they are affordable sources of heat, fuel and industry drivers.


But wait. Author Griffin writes that the survival of civilization itself may be at stake as the behavior of mankind has become the subject of this book of global discourses on political, social, economic, and ecological issues, but in the end do we as fellow travelers have expectations for change? Will the global elite, the most powerful and influential forces behind the curtain, in the interest of humanity, but at the expense of personal wealth and power, volunteer self sacrifice for some societal benefit? 


Seems like a rhetorical question.

Perhaps it all began about 10,000 years ago when human civilization discovered global agriculture. Fast forward through mankind's rapid reliance on fossil fuels as they became a dependence reflecting abundant results in agricultural expansion and multiple industrial crucibles. But with this bounty of benefits came challenges and formidable threats; global warming, extreme weather changes, droughts, coastal erosion, more storms and floods...
A theme found throughout the Chapters, Endnotes and Conclusion are the hedonic ruminations about the survival of civilization. Excuse me. Should civilization under the perpetual authority and tyranny of mankind survive all else? From whence came the power and greed behind the emergence of global warming and the threat to all living species? Under what virtue does Man earn the medal of wisdom, divinity, and universal ambience that seems to be his entitlement attitude.


Civilization may not deserve to survive. Wars, repressive leaders, greed, corruption, and evil ambits seem to be power portals behind the control and management of all lucrative levers of energy resources.
On page 356 the author writes of "whether the world as a whole could be powered by clean energy..." as though our world is an immutable concord always in wait of the next mandate from flawed managers of the planet's inhabitants. We are where we are because of who we are collectively: an errant self-indulgent trial-and-error matrix of values as diversified as a garland of wrist bands. We are being asked to trust our future destiny to the intellectual forces of wealth and power where dominion over societies transported us to our present continuum of on-the-brink uncertainties.


The book's Postscript begins on page 422 and posits that the crises mankind now confronts has political solutions that elected officials can propose and implement. Sorry, but these are the same power acolytes who succeeded in redefining climate change and its tributaries into civilization's conflicts.
It is the relentless expansion of humanity and its arcane soirees into Camelot with undefined consequences that will prevent meaningful journeys into a calculus of reality.


Perhaps we should revisit the words of former President Ronald Reagan: Government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem.

One person found this helpful



Helen Goggin
5.0 out of 5 stars AN URGENT WAKE UP CALL

Reviewed in Canada on April 16, 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

I haven't read the whole 424 pages but can say without reservation that this is and I know will continue to be the best book I have on climate change and i have been reading in this field. 


I am privileged to know David Griffin and through many years now have admired his research and organization skills when it comes to producing books. But there is much more than that here. His intellect and ability to reason give inestimable value to everything he writes. And in this book his passion for his subject and compassion for humanity are equally evident. He pleads with people of faith to support the scientists who are pleading with us to listen. 

Anyone who has children, grandchildren and great grandchildren have to read this book and that doesn't leave out many of us! How dare we expose the next generations of our own families and every family around the world to the conditions of our planet that will be created by a continual increasing temperature and the collapse of civilization and demise of the human race. 

This book is an incredible compilation of the warnings of science and refusal of many living today, and especially corporations in the fossil fuel industries to believe what science has been telling us since the 1970's witnessed by the 75 pages of end notes. Every delegate who will be heading to the December meeting in Paris of our world governments' next try at agreeing on cutting back carbon emissions in the atmosphere should read this book and pack it in their brief case.

5 people found this helpful

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James Manly
5.0 out of 5 stars 

An Important and Helpful Summary of the Environmental Threat.

Reviewed in Canada on September 24, 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

Unprecedented by David Ray Griffin provides an excellent overview of the crisis our world faces today with helpful background information on the fake science of climate change denial, the failure of politicians, media and other sectors of society to face up to the difficult choices before us and possible approaches to a solution. As a Canadian, I regret that much of his focus is on the United States but there is plenty of material here for us to consider. I have bought copies for our children--it's their world and their children's more than mine that is affected.

One person found this helpful

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John Duddy
5.0 out of 5 stars A monumental work.Reviewed in Canada on April 29, 2015
Verified Purchase

Time to get off the fence. Having listened to the chatter about global warming and climate change over several years I was willing to wait and see. No more. 


This book opened my eyes to the conspiracy to keep us confused so that energy corporations could continue to rake in huge profits. Having read several of Griffin's books over the years I was prepared for some eye opening research. This book gets the job done. Dr. Griffin has been suggested as a candidate for a Nobel Prize; for this work he deserves the highest rewards known to humanity. The Nobel Prize might be a first step in acknowledging his years of research and his profound contributions to human knowledge.
Dr. Griffin deserves a rest; then I suggest he write a report on the damage done to the Pacific Ocean by the Fukushima melt-down. We cannot depend on government or mainstream media to tell us the truth about these extinction level disasters.

3 people found this helpful

The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9 11 / Cheap-Library.com

The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9 11 / Cheap-Library.com



The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9 11

David Ray Griffin


Taking to heart the idea that those who benefit from a crime ought to be investigated, here the eminent theologian David Ray Griffin sifts through the evidence about the attacks of 9/11 - stories from the mainstream press, reports from abroad, the work of other researchers, and the contradictory words of members of the Bush administration themselves - and finds that, taken together, they cast serious doubt on the official story of that tragic day
$6.86 (USD)
Publisher:
Release date: 2004
Format: PDF
Size: 1.09 MB
Language: English
Pages: 214

Amazon.com: Ecological Civilization

Amazon.com: Ecological Civilization








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Amazon.com: China's Environmental Governing and Ecological Civilization (China Insights) eBook: Jiahua Pan: Kindle Store



Amazon.com: China's Environmental Governing and Ecological Civilization (China Insights) eBook: Jiahua Pan: Kindle Store

This book looks into the increasing conflict between the demand of economic growth and the already fragile ecological system condition in China. The prolonged urbanization process has escalated the erosion of natural environments and is increasing energy consumption. China’s role as a “world plant” is also demanding more and more resource supply as well as energy consumption. This book argues that to correctly respond to these emerging issues, apart from upgrading industry and improves environmental protection techniques, China needs to establish an “ecological civilization” that provides an ideological basis for the construction of a green low-carbon model of economic growth.


Editorial Reviews

From the Back Cover
This book looks into the increasing conflict between the demand of economic growth and the already fragile ecological system condition in China. The prolonged urbanization process has escalated the erosion of natural environments and is increasing energy consumption. China’s role as a “world plant” is also demanding more and more resource supply as well as energy consumption. This book argues that to correctly respond to these emerging issues, apart from upgrading industry and improves environmental protection techniques, China needs to establish an “ecological civilization” that provides an ideological basis for the construction of a green low-carbon model of economic growth.

About the Author
Jiahua Pan, researcher, secretary-general and deputy director of Sustainable Development-General Research Center, doctoral supervisor. Pan graduated from Cambridge University as PhD. Pan’s research fields include: environmental economics, economics of global change and the world economy of sustainable development issues. 




He hosted or participated in a number of research projects, and published more than 100 papers, a number of monographs etc. at Journals domestically and abroad. The representative works are Socio-economic Impact of Mitigation of Climate Change Report (2001 Cambridge University Press), Economic Analysis of the Sustainable Development Way (1996 China Renmin University Press), etc.




2020/01/12

기독교 최대의 적은 공산주의?




기독교 최대의 적은 공산주의?




기독교 최대의 적은 공산주의?
공산주의의 원론은 초대교회 공동체를 모방했다

유성오 (kierkeka@chol.com)
승인 2006.01.11 11:36

그들은 사도들의 가르침에 몰두하며, 서로 사귀는 일과 빵을 떼는 일과 기도에 힘썼다. 모든 사람에게 두려운 마음이 생겼다. 사도들을 통하여 놀라운 일과 표징이 많이 일어났던 것이다. 믿는 사람은 모두 함께 지내며, 모든 것을 공동으로 소유하였다. 그들은 재산과 소유물을 팔아서, 모든 사람에게 필요한 대로 나누어주었다. 그리고 날마다 한 마음으로 성전에 열심히 모이고, 집집이 돌아가면서 빵을 떼며, 순전한 마음으로 기쁘게 음식을 먹고, 하나님을 찬양하였다. 그래서 그들은 모든 사람에게서 호감을 샀다. 주님께서는 구원 받는 사람을 날마다 더하여 주셨다. (행 2:42~45)

한국사회의 레드컴플렉스


동국대학교의 사회학 교수가 '6·25전쟁은 북한의 지도부가 시도한 통일전쟁' 이라고 말하자 대한민국에 난리가 벌어졌습니다. '빨갱이를 몰아내자'는 구호로 상징되는 극도의 분노와 증오가 일간 신문과 인터넷을 통해 들불처럼 번졌습니다.






▲ 사진설명 넣고 ⓒ뉴스앤조이 자료사진

한국의 중고등학교에서는 학생들에게 북한이 적화통일 야욕을 버리지 않고 있다고 가르쳐 왔습니다. 적화통일을 다른 말로 하면 공산화 통일입니다. 이 공산화는 북한 지도부의 목표입니다. 그렇다면 북한 지도부에 의한 통일은 곧 공산화 통일이요, 이는 곧 적화통일이라는 말이 됩니다.



6·25전쟁은 적화통일을 목표로 한 전쟁이었습니다. 다른 말로 바꾸면, 공산화 통일전쟁이었습니다. 또 다른 말로 바꾸면, 북한 지도부가 시도한 통일전쟁이었습니다. 북한 지도부의 시도는 곧 공산화를 의미하기 때문입니다. '적화(혹은 공산화)'를 '북한 지도부가 시도한'으로 바꾸었다는 사실에 그토록 흥분한 이유는 뭘까요.

'기독교의 최대 적은 바로 공산주의'라는 외침을 한국교회에서 종종 듣습니다. 그 이유 중 우선은 무신론 사상이라는 것입니다. 하나님을 부정하는 무신론 공산주의를 결코 인정할 수 없다는 논리입니다.

무신론이 문제라면 과학은 어떻습니까. 과학이야말로 현대사회 무신론의 뿌리가 아니었던가요. 하나님이 우주와 그 법칙을 창조하시고 더 이상 개입하지 않으신다고 외쳤던 이신론자의 주장으로부터 이미 과학은 무신론의 길을 걷고 있었습니다. 과학으로부터 비롯된 무신론은 학문영역 전체에 영향을 미쳤습니다. 더 이상 신뢰하기 힘든 신화가 되었고, 이성과 과학(경험)이 모든 것을 판단하는 절대 기준이 되었습니다.

사실 공산주의(사회주의)가 반드시 무신론일 이유는 없었습니다. 문제는 근대라는 사회가 과학이라는 기치 아래 '하나님의 존재와 개입'을 외면하기 시작했다는 것입니다. 이에 발맞추어 생물학은 창조 대신 진화를 선택하였고, 사회주의는 하나님의 개입 대신에 (경제관계가 우선시 되는) 역사의 법칙을 선택하였습니다. 현대신학의 화두였던 '비신화화'는 바로 과학의 공격에 대응해보려는 기독교 나름의 발버둥이었습니다. 대세는 이미 과학에 기울어 있었고, 과학이 부정하는 기적(하나님의 개입)에 대한 성경의 언급을 어떻게든 변명해보려는 노력이 '비신화화'라는 신학적 방법을 낳았던 것입니다.

공산주의자들의 종교탄압은 정치적 행위일 뿐

한국 기독교인들이 내세우는 또 하나의 이유는 공산주의자들이 저지른 종교에 대한 탄압입니다. 기독교인들을 수용소를 보내고 심지어는 처형해버린다는 것입니다. 틀린 말은 아닙니다. 그런데 중요한 사실은 종교탄압이 공산주의의 전유물은 아니라는 사실입니다. 자본주의도 필요하면 종교를 탄압합니다. 영화로도 만들어졌던 로메로 주교의 살해 사건 이면에는 자본주의 체제가 있었습니다. 자본가 집단의 이익에 반하는 입장에 동조하고 나섰기에 로메로 주교와 사제들은 살해되었습니다.

일본 제국주의도 기독교를 탄압했습니다. 독립운동에 가담한 교회에 불을 질러 기독교인들을 죽이거나 감옥에 가두었습니다. 그 뿐만이 아닙니다. 박정희 정권도 기독교를 탄압했습니다. 물론 박정희 정권을 비판하는 기독교인들에 한해서 말입니다. 항상 그들의 탄압에는 빨갱이라는 수식어가 붙어 다녔습니다.

이런 정황들을 종합해볼 때, 종교탄압은 대개의 경우 종교 자체의 문제라기보다는 그 종교인들이 정권에 순종적이냐 비판적이냐에 따라 이루어진 정치적 행위였다고 봐야 합니다. 그래서 일본 제국주의에 순응했던 기독교인들과 박정희 체제에 순응했던 기독교인들은 행복한(?)시절을 보냈지만, 일본 제국주의에 항거하거나 박정희 독재체제에 이의를 제기했던 기독교인들은 불행(?)을 면치 못했던 것입니다. 이런 현상은 자본주의 사회나 공산주의 사회나 마찬가지였습니다.




▲ 2004년 한기총 주체 시청앞집회에서 김정일의 얼굴과 인공기를 불태우고 있다. ⓒ뉴스앤조이 이승규

자본주의의 모토는 '능력에 따른 분배'입니다. 사회주의의 모토는 '필요에 따른 분배'입니다. 초대교회 성도들은 자기 재산을 내놓고 이를 필요에 따라 나누었다고 기록하고 있습니다. 이런 식의 발상은 자본주의의 입장에서 보면, 지극히 불온하고도 위험한 행동이 아닐 수 없습니다. 어찌 남의 사유재산을 함부로 공동체가 빼앗아 나눌 수 있다는 말인가요. 각자의 필요에 따라 나누어주었다는 사실은 '필요에 따른 분배'에 해당합니다. 이는 자본주의보다는 사회주의적 발상에 더 가깝습니다.

이상적 공동체였던 초대교회 돌아보기

물론 초대교회의 나눔은 지극히 자발적인 행동으로서, 오순절 성령 체험에 기원하고 있었으니, 강제로 균등분배하려는 공산주의의 방식과는 다르다고 말할 수도 있습니다. 하지만 자발성 여부를 떠나 어쨌든 그 정책이 지향하는 바는, 초대교회가 추구한 이상적 공동체의 모습에 맞추어져 있음을 부인할 수는 없습니다. 톨스토이가 자신의 토지를 농노들에게 나누어주었을 때, 그의 가족들이 보인 반응은 어떤 것이었을까요. 그리스도의 정신을 참 잘 실천했다는 칭찬이었을까요. 아니면 빨갱이 사상에 물들어 제 정신이 아니라는 비난이었을까요.

기독교인에게 있어 재물은 사유의 대상이 아닙니다. 소유의 대상일 뿐입니다. 사유와 소유를 구분하는 핵심적 요인은 배타성 여부에 있습니다. '사유'라는 것은 오직 '나만의 권리'라는 배타성이 전제되어 있습니다. 다른 사람에게는 사용 권리가 없다는 말입니다. 하지만 '소유'라 함은 단지 재물이 내게 있다는 장소적 의미입니다. 이것이 언제 다른 사람에게 옮겨갈지 모르는 일입니다. 아니 있기는 내게 있지만, 그것을 누릴 권리는 다른 사람들에게도 있다는 의미이기도 합니다. 즉 재물 사용에 대한 배타적 권리가 인정되지 않는 것입니다.

모든 것이 다 하나님이 것이라면 그리고 우리가 다 하나님의 자녀라면, 나의 모든 재물이 다 우리의 것일 수밖에 없습니다. 비록 내 곳간에 있다 할지라도 언제든지 배고픈 이웃이 있다면, 그 사람에게 제공되어야 하는 것입니다. 이것이 바로 하나님의 청지기 사명이 아니겠습니까. 이를 거부하는 사람은 부자가 천국에 들어가기가 낙타가 바늘귀 통과하기보다 어렵다는 예수의 말씀을 깊이깊이 심중에 새겨가며 곱씹고 생각해볼 일입니다.


성경은 예루살렘에서 제자들이 온 백성에게 칭송을 받으니 주께서 구원 받는 사람을 날마다 더하게 하셨다고 기록하고 있습니다. 무엇이 사람들로 하여금 초대교회 성도들에게 호감을 갖게 하였을까요. 종종 언론 보도를 통해 자기 재산을 털어 가난한 사람들을 돕는 사람들의 얘기를 접할 때면 자신도 모르게 눈시울이 뜨거워지고 '세상은 살만한 것이구나' 하는 감동을 느끼곤 합니다. 2000년 전 예루살렘에서도 비슷한 일이 벌어졌던 것이 아닐까요. 자신의 재산과 소유물을 팔아 서로 나누어주고 살아가는 제자 공동체의 모습(하나님의 나라)이 그 당시 사람들에게 잔잔한 감동을 주었을 것입니다.

이스라엘 시대로 거슬러 올라가는 역사

이러한 행동은 이스라엘 백성이 이미 예전부터 들어왔던 하나님의 명령이기도 했습니다. 우리 민족도 예전부터 남을 돕는 것이야말로 행복하고 아름다운 삶이라고 귀가 아프도록 들어왔습니다. 하지만 예나 지금이나 인간의 욕심은 올바른 길을 가기보다는 눈앞의 사욕에 따라 움직이기 십상입니다. 그래서 서로 조금이라도 더 갖겠다고 아옹다옹 싸우며 살아갑니다. 이러한 자신들의 모습에 한탄하면서도 자기 스스로 먼저 그 행태를 벗어버릴 엄두는 못 내고 그저 서로 다른 사람들 탓만 하고 있는 것입니다. 2000년 전 예루살렘 사람들도 그러했으리라 여겨집니다.

'매 삼년 끝에 그 해 소산의 십분 일을 다 내어 네 성읍에 저축하여 너희 중에 분깃이나 기업이 없는 레위인과 네 성중에 우거하는 객과 및 고아와 과부들로 와서 먹어 배부르게 하라. 그리하면 네 하나님 여호와께서 너의 손으로 하는 범사에 네게 복을 주시리라.'

신명기에 나타난 십일조는 하나님이 주신 재물을 소외당한 사람들과 함께 나누는 행사였습니다. 이 명령을 제대로 온전히 따르고 지키지 못하는 자신들을 보며 '세상은 말세야'라고 한탄했을 예루살렘 사람들의 모습이 눈에 선합니다. 그러던 차에 이상한 집단(?)이 나타난 것입니다. 자신의 재산을 팔아 서로의 필요에 따라 나누는 삶을 솔선하는 사람들의 집단 말입니다. 예루살렘 사람들은 긴가민가하면서도 그들의 진실한 삶의 모습을 보며 감동 받았을 것입니다.

공산주의 어원은 '나눔'과 ‘사귐'

공산주의(communism)의 어원은 'commune' 입니다. 이는 '다른 사람과의 나눔 혹은 사귐'을 뜻하는 라틴어입니다. 초대교회 성도들의 공동체는 나눔과 사귐의 공동체였습니다. 또한 모든 재물에 대한 권리를 하나님께 두는 성경의 정신은 재물의 공유라는 사회주의 이념에 그대로 녹아 있습니다. 그리고 인류 역사상 가장 완벽한 공산주의 사회는 수도원이었습니다. 거기서는 심지어 자신의 몸까지도 제 것이 아니었습니다.

이런 정황을 비추어볼 때, 사회주의의 이념적 뿌리는 사실 초대교회 공동체의 모델에서 기원하고 있다 해도 틀린 말이 아닙니다. 그러니 공산주의라고 무턱대고 흥분하며 저주할 일만은 아닌 듯싶습니다



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Christian communism - Wikipedia



Christian communism - Wikipedia
Christian communism
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Christian communism is a form of religious communism based on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, many Christian communists assert that evidence from the Bible (in the Acts of the Apostles)[1] suggests that the first Christians, including the apostles, established their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection.[1] As such, many advocates of Christian communism argue that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the apostles themselves.[2] Some independent historians confirm it.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]


Contents
1Basis
2Controversy
2.1Atheism and communism
2.2Establishing Christian communism
3See also
4References
5Bibliography
6External links

Basis[edit]

Christian communists regard biblical texts in Acts 2 and 4 as evidence that the first Christians lived in a communist society.


Acts 2:44-45, "All who believed were together and had all things in common; 45 they would sell their possessions and goods and distribute the proceeds to all, as any had need."

Acts 4:32-35, "Now the whole group of those who believed were of one heart and soul, and no one claimed private ownership of any possessions, but everything they owned was held in common. ... 34 There was not a needy person among them, for as many as owned lands or houses sold them and brought the proceeds of what was sold. 35 They laid it at the apostles' feet, and it was distributed to each as any had need."[15]

Montero offers anthropological evidence that the practices recounted in Acts 4:32–35 were historical and were practiced widely and taken seriously during at least the first two centuries of Christianity.[16]

Other biblical evidence of anti-capitalistic belief-systems include Matthew 6:24: "No one can serve two masters. Either you will hate the one and love the other or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money."[17] The slogan "Each according to his abilities" has biblical origins too. Act 11:29 states: "29 Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judaea". The phrase "To each according to his needs" also has a biblical basis - Acts 4:35: "[...] to the emissaries to distribute to each according to his need". Preaching by Thomas Wharton Collens (1812-1879) describes biblical sources supporting a common-property society.[18][page needed]

Christian communism does not depend merely on the principles of the early apostles. In fact, Christian communists claim that anti-capitalist ideals are deeply rooted in the Christian faith. While modern capitalism had not yet formed in the time of Christ, his message was overwhelmingly against the love of money (greed) and in support of the poor. Christian communists see the principles of Christ as staunchly anti-capitalist in nature. Since "the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil" (1 Tim 6:10 NRSV), it seems natural for Christians to oppose a social system founded - as Christian communists claim - entirely on the love of money. In fact, Christian opposition to the emergence of such a system largely delayed capitalist development,[citation needed] and capitalism did not gather popular support until John Calvin (1509-1564) endorsed capitalist practice from a religious perspective.[19] The ideals of Christian communism are pre-Calvinist and as such seek to return Christianity to its anti-capitalist roots by progressing beyond it into socialism and finally to communism.[citation needed]

Controversy[edit]

Atheism and communism[edit]

Contemporary communism, including contemporary Christian communism, owes much to Marxist thought—particularly Marxist economics. Not all communists are in full agreement with Marxism, but it is difficult to find any communists today who do not agree at least with the Marxist critique of capitalism. Marxism includes a complex array of views that cover several different fields of human knowledge and one may easily distinguish between Marxist philosophy, Marxist sociology and Marxist economics. Marxist sociology and Marxist economics have no connection to religious issues and make no assertions about such things. On the other hand, Marxist philosophy is famously atheistic, although some Marxist scholars, both Christian and non-Christian, have insisted that Marxist philosophy and the philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are significantly different from one another and that this difference needs recognition. In particular, Jose Porfirio Miranda found Marx and Engels to be consistently opposed to deterministic materialism and broadly sympathetic towards Christianity and towards the text of the Bible, although disbelieving in a supernatural deity.[20] Vladimir Lenin also allowed Christians in the Bolshevik Party.

Establishing Christian communism[edit]

Jesus as a revolutionary

There is also the question of how a communist society should be actually achieved. While orthodox communists advocate a form of violent revolution, Christian communists almost universally insist on nonviolent means, such as passive resistance or winning elections. Some groups are pacifists, such as the Hutterites and Bruderhof, who regard all force as wrong, including forcing a new society on someone.[21][22] Regarding the issue of the nationalization of the means of production, Christian communists argue that capitalism itself is a form of institutionalized theft in the manner that capitalist owners exploit their workers by not paying them the full value of their labour. However, not all Christian communists seek to achieve large-scale social change. Some believe that rather than attempting to transform the politics and economics of an entire country, Christians should instead establish communism at a local or regional level only.

According to theologians such as Leonardo Boff, the Latin American branch of Christian communist liberation theology is rooted in the concept that "prudence is the understanding of situations of radical crisis".[23] Among Christian communists, historical materialism is utilized as a methodology of analysis to define the nature of the crisis in question as a product of political-economic dynamics and modalities derived from the workings of what is termed "the late capitalist/imperialist mode of production". According to this subset of liberation theology, the challenge for the Christian communist is then to define what it means (in context of "a concrete analysis of the concrete social reality") to affirm a "preferential option for the poor and oppressed" as praxis (active theory)[24] and as commanded by an ethics allegedly "rooted in the beatidic teachings of Jesus". Christian communist liberation theology is not about evangelization per se, but rather about developing an orthopraxis (ethical action, i.e. the condition of coming to the light by doing the works of God)[25] that aims to reconcile the "beatidic ethics" of Jesus as espoused in the Sermon on the Mount with existing social struggles against what is termed "neo-colonialism" or "late capitalism". Both Christian communism and liberation theology stress orthopraxis over orthodoxy. A narrative of the nature of contemporary social struggles is developed via materialist analysis utilizing historiographic concepts developed by Karl Marx. A concrete example are the Paraguayan Sin Tierra (landless) movement,[26] who engage in direct land seizures and the establishment of socialized agricultural cooperative production in asentamientos. The contemporary Paraguayan Sin Tierra operate in a very similar manner as that of the reformation era Diggers.[27][28] For Camilo Torres (the founder of the Colombian guerrilla group ELN),[29][30][31] developing this orthopraxis meant celebrating the Catholic Eucharist only among those engaged in armed struggle against the army of the Colombian state while fighting alongside them.[32]
See also[edit]

Christianity portal
Communism portal

Bruderhof Communities
Christian anarchism
Christian egalitarianism
Christian materialism
Christian left
Christian socialism
Christian views on poverty and wealth
Étienne Cabet
Fra Dolcino
Gerrard Winstanley
Harmony Society
Hutterites
Jesuism
Jesuit reduction
John Goodwyn Barmby
League of the Just
Münster Rebellion
Plymouth Colony
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Shakers
Terry Eagleton
Wilhelm Weitling
References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b Acts 2:44, 4:32–37; 5:1–12. Other verses are: Matthew 5:1–12, 6:24, Luke 3:11, 16:11, 2 Corinthians 8:13–15 and James 5:3.
  2. ^ This is the standpoint of the orthodox Marxist Kautsky, Karl (1953) [1908]. "IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel.". Foundations of Christianity. Russell and Russell.: Christianity was the expression of class conflict in Antiquity.
  3. ^ Gustav Bang Crises in European History p. 24.
  4. ^ Lansford, Tom (2007). "History of Communism". Communism. Political Systems of the World. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  5. ^ von Mises, Ludwig (1981) [1951]. "Christianity and Socialism". Socialism. New Heaven: Yale University Press. p. 424. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  6. ^ "Rénan's Les Apôtres. Community life". The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26. London. 1866 [April and July]. p. 502. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  7. ^ Unterbrink, Daniel T. (2004). "The Dead Sea Scrolls". Judas the Galilean. Lincoln: iUniverse. p. 92. ISBN 0-595-77000-2. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  8. ^ Guthrie, Donald (1992) [1975]. "3. Early Problems. 15. Early Christian Communism". The Apostles. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-310-25421-8.
  9. ^ Renan, Ernest (1869). "VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem". Origins of Christianity. II. The Apostles. New York: Carleton. p. 152.
  10. ^ Ehrhardt, Arnold (1969). "St Peter and the Twelve". The Acts of the Apostles. Manchester: University of Manchester. The University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0719003820.
  11. ^ Boer, Roland (2009). "Conclusion: What If? Calvin and the Spirit of Revolution. Bible". Political Grace. The Revolutionary Theology of John Calvin. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-664-23393-8.
  12. ^ Halteman Finger, Reta (2007). "Reactions to Style and Redaction Criticism". Of Widows and Meals. Communal Meals in the Book of Acts. Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8028-3053-1.
  13. ^ Ellicott, Charles John; Plumptre, Edward Hayes (1910). "III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism". The Acts of the Apostles. London: Cassell.
  14. ^ Montero, Roman A. (2017). All Things in Common The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. Foster, Edgar G. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781532607912. OCLC 994706026.
  15. ^ "Acts204:32-35 NRSV - - Bible Gateway". www.biblegateway.com. Retrieved 18 May2016.
  16. ^ Montero, Roman A. (2017). All Things in Common: The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9781532607929. Retrieved 24 January 2019. I am going to argue that the accounts found in Acts 2:42-47 and Acts 4:32-37 describe historical economic practices found within the early Christian community; practices that were taken very seriously, which were widespread over different Christian communities around the Roman world, and which lasted for at least well into the second century. I am also going to argue that these economic practices were grounded in both Jewish and Christian theology and had precedent in Jewish tradition and practice; as well as the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
  17. ^ "Matthew 63A24 NIV - - Bible Gateway". www.biblegateway.com. Retrieved 18 May2016.
  18. ^ Miranda, José Porfirio (1988) [1981]. Comunismo en la Biblia. Colección mínima (in Spanish). 79 (3 ed.). Mexico, D.F.: Siglo veintiuno editores. ISBN 9789682314865. Retrieved 24 January 2019.[page needed] Miranda, Jose Porfirio (2004). Communism in the Bible. Translated by Barr, Robert R. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781592444687. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  19. ^ Compare: Osakue, Dawn. "Calvinist Ethics and the Rise of Capitalism". After turning the convert into a capitalist, the Calvinist doctrine of predetermination then made him comfortable with the uneven distribution of wealth. [...] Weber's central thesis on the relationship between Calvinist ethics and the rise of capitalism is that the former directly led to, and sustained the growth of the latter.
  20. ^ Miranda, Jose Porfirio (1980), Marx Against The Marxists: The Christian Humanism of Karl Marx. SCM Press, London. ISBN 0-334-00975-8
  21. ^ Mangan, Lucy (25 July 2019). "Inside the Bruderhof review – is this a religious stirring I feel?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  22. ^ "Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community". ChristLife. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  23. ^ "Jesús, un hombre de equilibrio, fantasía cradora y originalidad##Leonardo Boff, teólogo". Redes Cristianas. 20 June 2009. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  24. ^ Praxis. "The Praxis Group". Marxists.org. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  25. ^ [1] Archived March 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "MCP (Movimiento Campesino Paraguayo)". Okaraygua-paraguai.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  27. ^ Sutherland, Donald R. "The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley and Digger Communism". Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  28. ^ "Rexroth". Diggers. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  29. ^ "Bienvenido/a a nuestra página Web – Ejército de Liberación Nacional". Eln-voces.com. 26 May 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  30. ^ "Colombia rebel groups Farc and ELN agree 'to unite'". BBC News. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  31. ^ McDermott, Jeremy (5 November 2009). "Colombia's ELN rebels show new vigour". BBC News. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  32. ^ "Camilo Torres Restrepo 1929–1966". Filosofia.org. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
Bibliography[edit]

David Chilton. 1982, 1986. Productive Christians in an Age of Guilt Manipulators. Tyler, Texas: The Institute for Christian Economics. ISBN 0-930464-38-9. Available online for free.
John Cort. Christian Socialism: An informal history.
Metacosmesis: The Christian Marxism of Frederic Hastings Smyth and the Society of the Catholic Commonwealth. By Terry Brown (1987).
Montero, Roman A. 2017. All Things in Common: The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. ISBN 9781532607912.
Myles, Robert J. 2019. Class Struggle in the New Testament. Lanham: Fortress Academic/Lexington Books.

External links[edit]

Crises In European History Socialist Labor Party claims that the early Christian Church practiced "pure communism". pp. 23–25 (PDF).
Modern History Sourcebook: William Bradford From Bradford's journal Of Plymouth Plantation.
"Preaching". March 1868. Judge Thomas Wharton Collens.