2016/10/05

SIETAR Japan Kansai Chapter » Blog Archive » SIETAR Kansai May 2016 Program: Field Trip: Osaka Quaker meeting

SIETAR Japan Kansai Chapter » Blog Archive » SIETAR Kansai May 2016 Program: Field Trip: Osaka Quaker meeting



SIETAR Kansai May 2016 Program: Field Trip: Osaka Quaker meeting

4月. 09, 2016
SIETAR Kansai May 2016 Program
Field Trip: Osaka Quaker meeting

For the past three years SIETAR Kansai has hosted field trips to learn about different communities in the Kansai area. In 2013 we went to the Kobe Mosque in Sannomiya, in 2014 we met with the Filipino community at the Cathedral of St. Maria of Tamatsukuri, Osaka, and last year we visited Shinnyoen, a modern Buddhist community. 

This year we have the opportunity to meet with a Quaker group in Takarazuka. The Quaker movement began in the 17th century in England and differed from other religious groups in its simplicity with no hierarchy and no elaborate rituals and ceremonies. The guiding principle is that every person can experience God directly and can find an inward light that will lead to spiritual development. Quakers are well known for their egalitarian beliefs, their principle of nonviolence, their work for social and economic justice, and their acts of kindness in daily life.

This month we can participate in a monthly meeting with the first hour in silent worship then followed by lunch where we can participate in conversation and fellowship. To get an idea of what to expect in a Quaker meeting, watch a short video explanation:   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxjH4sa2RFI  For a basic introduction, check this link  http://www.quaker.org/friends.html

Date:                                 Sunday, May 1, 2016
Meeting place and time:   10:30 am, Hankyu Mefujinja Station on the Takarazuka line.
Event time :                      11:00-13:00
Place:                                Takarazuka Meditation House (Details will be provided later)
Fee:                                   Free (non members are also welcome) (please bring 500 yen for a bento)
Registration:                     Advanced reservation required, first-come-first-served basis (there may be a limit to the numbers, so reserve
                                          as soon as possible)
How to apply:                   Send the following: a) name, b) e-mail address, c) cell phone number, and d) how many people to
                                          fujimotodonna@@gmail.com  Deadline: April 26, 2016

Quakerism as Contemplative Practice

Quakerism as Contemplative Practice



Quakerism as Contemplative Practice


Introduction

"The Society of Friends is perhaps the most remarkable demonstration in history of the availability of mystical experience to groups of open but otherwise ordinary people."

John Ferguson - Encyclopedia of Mysticism
"Great things did the Lord lead me into and wonderful depths were opened unto me beyond what can by words be declared; but as people come into subjection to the Spirit or God and grow up in the image and power of the Almighty; they may receive the Word of Wisdom that opens all things and come to know the hidden unity in the Eternal Being".
"I came to know God experimentally."

"This I knew experimentally"

 George Fox - as quoted inFriends for Three Hundred Years


Meeting for Worship

Meeting for worship based on silence can be the setting for powerful unitive experience.

"There was little said in that meeting but I sat still in it, and was bowed in the spirit before the Lord, and felt him with me and with Friends, and saw that they had their minds retired, and waited to feel his presence and power to operate in their hearts and that they were spiritual worshipers who worship God in Spirit and in truth and I was sensible that they felt and tasted of the Lord's goodness as at that time I did, and though few words were spoken, yet I was well satisfied with the meeting. And there arose a melody that went through the meeting and the presence of the Lord was in the midst of us and more true comfort, refreshment and satisfaction did I meet with from the Lord in that meeting than ever I had in any meeting in all my life before."

John Gratton 1641-1712
Rudolf Otto says there is the silence of sacrament, the silence of waiting, and the silence of union or fellowship.

"When the Quakers assemble for a quiet time together, this is first and foremost a time of waiting and it has in this sense a double value. It means our submergence, i.e., inward concentration and detachment, from manifold outward distraction; but this again has value as a preparation of the soul to become the pencil of the unearthly writer, the bent bow of the heavenly archer, the tuned lyre of the divine musician. This silence is then, primarily not so much a dumbness in the presence of Deity, as an awaiting His coming in expectation of the Spirit and its message."

"That is, silence, and especially the silent communion of worshippers, is the most desirable state for the conduct of collective worship. Any speaking that should take place during worship must emerge from the inward silence of the speaker and be directed toward bringing the auditors to silence or enhancing the condition of silence in which they already reside."

Bauman
"Quaker worship: "It is impossible for the enemy, namely the devil, to counterfeit it so as for any soul to be deceived or deluded by him in the exercise thereof . . He can accompany the priest to the alter, the preacher to the pulpit, the zealot to his prayers, yea, the doctor to his study . . . when the soul comes to this silence and as it were is brought to nothingness as to her own workings, then the devil is shut out."

Barkclay


What is your practice in meeting for worship?


In an article in a British Quaker journal the author searched for the method of worship used historically by Friends. The title summarized his findings, "They Just Sat". But how did they just sit? Did they just sit in the Zen Buddhist tradition of just sitting (Zazen)? Or did they just sit in a passive, Quietist, openness to Being or Surrender to God? Or did they just sit in some other way?
Did Friends sit in an "attitude of vigilant expectation" (listening, waiting)?

"As Benoit pointed out, my thinking process will start up again only when I cease the "Speak, I am listening" attitude. He summarizes this inner gesture by stating that it "is realized when I authorize the totality of my tendencies before the conscious appearance of any one of them; and then none of them appears". And when none of these imaginative-emotive tendencies appear as conscious objects, then I am grounded in pure non-dual organic consciousness, "thanks to which I am virtually already free."

Ken Wilber - Spectrum of Consciouses
Someone has said that what we are aiming for in meeting for worship is a powerful energetic vigilant total listening. Listening, like that which we experience after being awakened in the night, for a potentially threatening sound to repeat itself so that we can identify it.

High energy may be generated in vigilant listening, especially if we take seriously the possibility of receiving a Divine leading to speak. A good deal of energy can be generated in the process of discernment (is this an insight just for me, an ego prompting, or true leading); the danger of not speaking when we are called (called quenching by early Quakers); and the danger saying more than we are called to say (called out running our measure of truth by earlier Quakers).



Query 5
Do you "just sit" in meeting for worship? Do you sit in vigilant expectation? If you don't just sit, how would you describe what you do in meeting for worship?Does formal meditation practice such as concentration or insight meditation feel appropriate to you in meeting for worship? What about centering prayer?
Is there a formal practice which we should be recommending to newcomers to meeting for worship?
How do you discern between leadings to speak and your own ego driven promptings and personal insights?
Is meeting for worship linked to unitive experience in your own life?






Silence And Compassionate Action

In Meeting for Worship we listen in silence with the expectation that we may be called to speak. This adds prophetic dimension and dimension of ministry to our experience of silence. Unitive experience often leads to insight which cuts through our social fictions as well as our personal fictions and has led of social action and peace work among Friends. Some times the spoken word carries these insights.

"If contemplation, which introduces us to the very heart of creation, does not inflame us with such love that it gives us, together with deep joy, the understanding of the infinite misery of the world, it is a vain kind of contemplation; it is the contemplation of a false God. The sign of true contemplation is charity."

Marius Grout - French Quaker
What we receive in contemplation, we pour out in love.

Meister Eckhart
At this point lets look at a most provocative paradox which a Japanese Zen Buddhist, Teruyasu Tamura, sees as he looks at Quakerism..

". . . A bodhisattra (an enlighten one who vows to return until all sentient beings are enlightened) is supposed to save others before saving themselves. But Zen has done very little to save the poor and the suffering. It seems to me that Quakers have been far greater Bodhisattras than Zen Buddhists."
Yet he thinks that vocal ministry, which may be one source of Friends action orientation, tends to reduce the depth of unitive experience.

"A greater, more serious difference consists in "vocal ministry." The problem is that it is not merely a difference from Zen but seems to be a great cause of confusion and frustration even to Quakers themselves. From the standpoint of Zen, of the Cloud of Unknowing, and depth psychology for that matter, vocal ministry seems to be an irrational form of devotion rather a hindrance than a help to attaining the deepest spirituality, because it breaks silence and prevents one from sinking further down into consciousness."

Teruyasu Tamura - A Zen Buddhist Encounters Quakerism

 


QUERY 6
Do you find a link between unitive experience and compassion in your own life? Are there ways you are expressing in action, the oneness with all being found in contemplation?Have there been moments of action in which you have felt something like unitive experience?


Monasticsim and Testimonies

Friends have not withdrawn to monasteries, but the sober simple life style of early friends might be seen as the equivalent.



QUERY 7 
Remember those testimonies which make the old Quakers seem like such fuddy-duddies? The testimonies against frivolity, music, celebrating holidays, feasting on holidays, playing idle games as pastimes, fancy dress, etc. Is it time to mentally revisit the forgotten testimonies with the idea that they may be ways to remove hindrances to the spiritual life?Do you embody spirit of these Friends' testimonies or are they errors or anachronisms?
How does your life style help free you from desire, aversion, and illusion?
 


Meeting For Business As Spiritual Practice

Though it is not always approached in this way, meeting for worship for business can be experienced as a spiritual discipline of emptiness and non-attachment. In fact Scott Peck gives us a very interesting approach to arriving at community throughemptiness, which seems to be a group equivalent of meditation. He argues that there are four stages of community: pseudo communitychaosemptiness, andcommunity. He says that we need to go through these stages to arrive at real community.

"There are only two ways out of chaos," I will explain to a group after it has spent a sufficient period of time squabbling and getting nowhere. "One is into organization - but organization is never community. The only other way is into and through emptiness.

The most common (and interrelated) barriers to communication that people need to empty themselves of before they can enter genuine community are: Expectations and Preconceptions. ... Prejudices. ... Ideology, Theology, and Solutions ... The Need to Heal, Convert, Fix, or Solve. ... The Need to Control."

Scott Peck - A Different Drum




QUERY 8:
Is emptiness in group process the communal equivalent of contemplation for the individual?It is one thing to enter deep silence in meeting for worship, but do you maintain this same inner peace at meeting for business? If not, do you use the emotions (both positive and negative) that you feel to examine your attachments?
Do you share your deepest intuition of truth at meetings for business in a spirit of love?
Is this one place to practice the presence (mindfulness) corporately?



Contemplative Mentors

Other contemplative traditions have Gurus or Spiritual Directors who offer spiritual direction and guidance along this path. Modern Friends tend not to have developed these roles in at least as visible a form though there have recently been some moves in this direction. Spiritual nurture groups, spiritual friends, and friends enrolling in spiritual direction courses of study are examples of this. Other Friends have found guidance from spiritual directors from other traditions.

"And when all my hopes in them and all men were gone, so that I had nothing outwardly to help me, nor could tell what to do, then, oh then, I heard a voice which said, "There is one, even Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy condition, and when I heard it my heart did leap for joy. Then the Lord did let me see why there was none upon the earth that could speak to my condition, namely, that I might give him all the glory; for all are concluded under sin, and shut up in unbelief as I had been, that Jesus Christ might have the pre-eminence who enlightens, and gives grace, and faith, and power."

George Fox
"The proclamation of George Fox in the first generation of Quakers should be enough to startle us right out of our chairs. It is that Christ has come to teach his people himself, in the same way that the historical Jesus walked in Galilee proclaiming the imminence and immanence of the Kingdom of God, and that the risen Christ lived in the hearts and souls of his people in the days following the resurrection."
J. Anthony Gaeslen - Christ Centered Quakerism
The radical Protestantism expressed above, the belief in equality, and the rejection of authority that characterize American Friends seem to have moved us away from developing spiritual teachers in the same way that other traditions have.



QUERY 9:
Are we standing outside of Friends' tradition in efforts like these web pages or the work shop they were developed for? Should we instead rely on Christ to teach us directly in worship?Does our tradition tell us that spiritual directors, Eastern teachers, and perhaps even weighty Friends only stand between us and Christ (Inner light) and thus should go the way of paid pastors?
Or, have we erred to the other side and by overvaluing individuality and tolerance so that we are now in danger of losing our discipline and hence our integrity as a religious society? 
Are we losing potential members to other groups that are more explicit in their teaching of contemplative disciplines?
 

Contemplate Practice and Nature

There is a group called Quaker Earthcare Witness (formerly Friends in Unity With Nature) who from a conviction and consciousness that the global crisis of ecological sustainability is at root a spiritual crisis. The following quotes from other contemplatives seem to strongly support this restatement of contemplative wisdom. 

The manifold delight I learn to take in earthly things

Can never drive me from my Love.

For in the nobility of creatures,

in their beauty and in their usefulness,

I will love God -

and not myself!"

The truly wise person

kneels at the feet of all creatures

and is not afraid to endure

the mockery of others.

Mechtild of Magdeburg

Every creature is a word of God.
Meister Eckhart

Glance at the sun. See the moon and the stars.

Gaze at the beauty of earth's greenings. Now, think

What delight God gives to humankind

with all these things . . .

All nature is at the disposal of humankind.

We are to work with it.

Forwithout it we cannot survive.

Hildegarde of Bingen (1098-1179)


QUERY 10: 


Do you find that natural environments have been conducive to unitive experience for you?

Do you think earthcare can be a contemplative practice?

How do you honor the life of all living things, the order of nature, the wildness of wilderness, the richness of the created world?

How do you seek the holiness which God has placed in these things, and the measure of Light which God has lent them?

What are you doing to reduce the destructiveness of the human impact on the ecosystem?




Injunctive Knowledge of Quakerism

We started out talking about an injunctive form of knowledge that leads to knowledge that does not seem to be expressed well in words.


QUERY 11:
What do you believe to be the elements of the Quaker recipe for an injunctive knowledge of Quakerism?



 
BIBLIOGRAPHY


The Perennial Philosophy by Aldous Huxley
Though not easy reading and somewhat dated (1948), I find this to be one of the best collections of literature and ideas concerning mysticism. Huxley's thesis is that there is a common core to mysticism across time. He states what he believes this common core of beliefs to be and illustrates ideas with quotes from various traditions. His approach is universalistic but draws more on the Eastern traditions than on Western traditions.
The Observing Self by Arthur J. Deikman
This book looks at mysticism and meditation from a contemporary psychological perspective. An interesting secular introduction to the topic.
The Miracle of Mindfulness by Trich Nhat Hanh
If you are looking for clear practical suggestions and exercises for beginning meditation and the associated life disciplines, I can think of no better place to start than with this book. Short and straight forward.
Pilgrimage Home: The Conduct of Contemplative Practice in Groups byGerald May
This book can provide some good ideas if you are interested in starting a group aimed at spiritual development along the lines we have been talking about. Based on the experience of some weighty folks including some Quakers, who have been engaged in ecumenical spiritual development groups. I think that most Friends would feel comfortable with the practices they have developed.
Original Blessing by Matthew Fox
If you are coming from a Christian perspective you may find this interpretation an exciting new look with a mystical point of view. Some of his other books offer a more popular, less theologically oriented introduction to his ideas.
No Boundary, A Sociable God, or The Spectrum of Consciousness, Grace and Grit, by Ken Wilber
Wilber presents a developmental stages approach to understanding personal and transpersonal growth. If you prefer a psychological approach try the first book, for a sociological approach try the second. For a biographical approach to his ideas try Grace and Grit.  Quite readable and very thought provoking.
Shambala by Chogyam Trungpa
An attempt by a Tibetan religious leader to describe a humanistic nonsectarian approach to the contemplative life. Don't be put off with the image of the warrior until you have read how he defines the term. Very interesting metaphors and has the virtue of being short.
The Choice is Always Ours by Dorothy B. Phillips, et. al.
A very good anthology of the contemplative way that makes good devotional reading.
New Seeds of Contemplation by Thomas Merton
This is my favorite book by Merton but you may find others more to your taste. Though interested and knowledgeable of other traditions Merton's practice and self understanding come from the Catholic tradition.
Mysticism by Evelyn Underhill
Another classic which concentrates on the Western mystical tradition through history. Check this out of the library first to see if you like it, before buying it.
Care of Mind. Care of Spirit  by Gerald May
May looks at the interface between psychological counseling and spiritual direction in this short but interesting book. May was a psychiatrist who is interested in exploring the contemplative way looking for terms that are meaningful for us today. You might also enjoy his more theoretical book titled Will and Spirit. In the latter he tries to outline a contemplative psychology using psychological terms that are familiar to most of us.
Open Mind, Open Heart: The Contemplative Dimension of the Gospel by Thomas Keating
A very nice practical guide to contemplative prayer. Outlines the theory and practice of centering prayer from a Christian context. Though written from a Catholic perspective it is not narrow in its view and I think that anyone comfortable with Christian language will find it useful.
Seeking the Heart of Wisdom - Joseph Goldstein & Jack Kornfield
A very readable, useful introduction to Buddhist insight meditation which offers a very contemporary applications and examples.
A Zen Buddhist Encounters Quakerism - Teruyasu Tamura.

A very provocative Pendle Hill Pamphlet (302) in which the author who values both traditions points out what seem to him to be fascinating contradictions within Quakerism.
The Seed and the Tree Daniel A. Seeger Pendle Hill Pamphlet (269)

A wonderful exploration of nonviolence as an expression of contemplative practice. The best writing on spiritually based nonviolence I have ever read.
Transformations of Consciousness by Ken Wilber, Jack Engler, and Daniel Brown. 

Very interesting exploration of the psychological problems and meditation. Fairly technical psychological jargon.

Ordinary Magic - Edited by John Welwood

My favorite book of readings on contemporary contemplative daily practice. Highly recommended.

A Path With Heart - Jack Kornfield

Very good from American Buddhist perspective but which uses examples from other traditions as well.

From the Quaker perspective of course read Rufus Jones, Douglas Steere, John Youngblut, and Howard Brinton. 

The Top Non-Asian Civil Rights Heroes For Japanese Americans | Discrimination | 8Asians.com | An Asian American collaborative blog

The Top Non-Asian Civil Rights Heroes For Japanese Americans | Discrimination | 8Asians.com | An Asian American collaborative blog



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After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, there was only one national organization that was willing to stand up for the rights of Japanese Americans (JAs). They were the Quakers. Not only did they speak out against the unconstitutional incarceration of JAs they helped many of the Nisei (second generation) kids go to college.
Even though the Quakers were the only national group, there were some brave individuals who spoke out for the rights of Japanese Americans. These individuals were willing to put their professional and personal reputations and sometimes their safety on the line for their fellow Americans, even when the majority did nothing. Here is my list (in no particular order) of some of the more famous non-JA Civil Rights heroes.
Who says librarians or teachers can’t be heroes? Clara Breed, a librarian from San Diego, corresponded with JA children and encouraged them to continue to read by bringing them books and hope. Frida Mix was so outraged about what was going on, she quit her job and became a volunteer teacher in Gila River, Arizona. She remained in the camp until it closed.
Lazo was only a teenager in Los Angeles when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Despite his age, he knew what was happening to the Japanese Americans was wrong. He believed that his Nisei friends were as American as he was. So when his friends were sent off to “camp,” he went too. He was willing to put his freedom on the line for what he believed in.
Besig was the founder and executive director the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California. He believed what was happening to Japanese Americans to be unconstitutional and persuaded Fred Korematsu to challenge the constitutionality of the “internment,” something that not everyone at the ACLU agreed with. The case eventually made its way to the Supreme Court where he lost. However, in a time of war hysteria and racism, Besig forced people to questioned the legality of what the government was doing.
Collins was a civil rights attorney who also worked on the Korematsu case. But when I think of Collins I think of his “two mass class habeas corpus proceedings with the U.S. District Court of San Francisco in 1945, which aimed to establish American nationality, end internment, and cancel renunciation of Japanese Americans.” Because of Collins, my father and his family (and thousands of  other families like mine) were able to remain in the United States.

조계종은 지금 '깨달음' 논쟁 중 - 1등 인터넷뉴스 조선닷컴 - 문화 > 종교ㆍ학술

조계종은 지금 '깨달음' 논쟁 중 - 1등 인터넷뉴스 조선닷컴 - 문화 > 종교ㆍ학술



조계종은 지금 '깨달음' 논쟁 중

입력 : 2016.01.15 03:00

교육원장 현응 스님 "깨달음은 토론·대화로 가능"
선원수좌회·수불 스님 반박 "간화선 부흥에 불교 미래 걸려"

현응 스님, 수불 스님 사진
현응 스님, 수불 스님.
깨달음은 '이루는 것'인가, '이해하는 것'인가. 조계종이 지금 '깨달음' 논쟁으로 뜨겁다.

방아쇠는 교육원장 현응 스님이 당겼다. 그는 작년 9월 한 세미나 발표를 통해 "깨달음이란 '잘' 이해하는 것"이라고 주장했다. 그는 "초기 경전을 보면, 통찰하고 이해하는 내용이 바로 부처님의 깨달음"이라며 "깨달음은 이해 영역이었기 때문에 설법, 토론, 대화를 통해 얻을 수 있는 것이지, 선정(禪定) 수행을 통해 이루는 몸과 마음의 높은 경지, 즉 신비로운 경지가 아니다"고 주장했다.

이 주장이 뜨거운 논쟁의 시작이 된 것은 바탕에 간화선(看話禪) 특히 선정과 좌선(坐禪)에 대한 비판을 깔고 있기 때문이다. 화두에 몰두하는 참선 수행인 간화선은 조계종이 근간으로 삼는 수행법이며 지금도 매년 선승(禪僧) 2000여 명이 간화선 수행을 하고 있다.

게다가 현응 스님은 현재 조계종 승려 교육의 총책임자이며, 성철 스님이 간화선 수행 기풍을 펼쳤던 해인사의 주지를 지냈기 때문에, 그가 일으킨 파문은 컸다. 현응 스님은 간화선에 대해, 원래는 언제 어디서나 문답을 통해 가능했는데 원나라 이후로 좌선(坐禪) 위주로 바뀌었으며 이 과정에서 깨달음이 '이해하는 것'에서 '이루는 것' 즉 신비한 것으로 변질했다고 말한다. 그는 특히 "그런 깨달음을 이룬 사람이 있는지 잘 모르겠다"고까지 직격탄을 날렸다.

선승들의 대표 단체인 전국선원수좌회는 한 달 후 성명을 내 "현응 스님이 말한 '이해하는 것'은 부처님과 조사들이 경계한 '알음알이'"라고 반박했다. 수좌회는 "이해(알음알이)를 깨달음으로 삼게 되면 도둑을 자식으로 삼는 것과 같게 된다"고 말했다.

그러자 현응 스님은 재반박을 통해 '조계종'이란 이름까지 재고해야 한다고 한 걸음 더 나갔다. 한국 불교는 1700년 동안 다양한 역사와 전통을 승계한 '통(通)불교'이기 때문에 육조 혜능 이후 선종(禪宗)의 느낌이 강한 조계종보다 더 큰 그릇 명칭이 필요하다는 것.

소강상태를 보이던 논쟁에 다시 불을 붙인 것은 간화선 현대화·대중화의 기수(旗手)인 수불 스님(안국선원장)이다. 수불 스님은 지난 연말 '종지(宗旨)의 현대적 구현'이란 책자를 만들어 전국 선원과 불교계에 배포했다. 이 글에서 수불 스님은 "'깨달음이란 이해하는 것'이라는 주장은 책상물림의 말일 뿐이고, 정작 진실된 수행자라면 '깨달음이란 사유의 영역을 초월한다'는 부처님 말씀에 동의할 것"이라며 "간화선 부흥에 한국 불교의 미래가 달렸다"고 말했다.

불교계에서는 "오랜만에 추문이나 논란이 아닌 본질에 대한 논쟁이 벌어지고 있다"며 '깨달음 논쟁'을 반기는 분위기다. 

[키워드정보] 간화선(看話禪) 수행법이란?


[출처] 본 기사는 조선닷컴에서 작성된 기사 입니다

불교닷컴 모바일 사이트, 그런 깨달음은 ‘환상’이다

불교닷컴 모바일 사이트, 그런 깨달음은 ‘환상’이다



그런 깨달음은 ‘환상’이다

기사승인 2016.10.04  14:15:04
공유

- [김광수] 다시 ‘깨달음’

한국불교는 여전히 많은 문제점을 안고 있는데, 그 중요한 원인 중의 하나가 많은 사람들이 “불교의 최고의 목표가 깨달음에 있다”고 하는 생각 때문이라고 여겨진다. 나는 그것을 ‘깨달음이라는 환상’이라고 표현한다. (참고로, 이 글은 지난해부터 벌어진 현응 스님의 글에 대한 전통불교의 반발-수불스님으로 대표되는-과는 상관이 없다. 나는 그 분들의 글이나 말은 전혀 보지 않았다. 십여 년 전에 현응 스님 책만 대충 본 적이 있다.)
1. 깨달음?
  
▲ 김광수 정의평화불교연대 공동대표, 한양여자대학교 교수.
깨닫는다는 것은 무엇인가? 그것은 무아(無我)사상을 깨닫는다는 것이고, 공(空)사상과 연기법(緣起法)을 깨닫는다는 것이다. 그리고 그 방법으로는 반야지혜를 닦는다든가, 선정 참선을 닦는다든가, 교학을 한다든가, 육바라밀을 한다든가, 여러 가지가 있겠다. “그래, 그게 수행이지, 그렇게 깨달아서 부처가 되면 윤회를 벗어나고, 해탈, 열반을 얻는 거지. 그런데 뭐가 문제란말인가?” 여기까지 나는 당연한 불교의 기본을 말하였다. 그리고 열반의 정의는 “탐진치의 불길을 불어서 끈다.”이다. 그것이 곧 성불이고 불교의 목표이다. 그런데 여기서 문제를 제기하자. 탐진치(貪瞋痴)의 불길이 과연 깨달음만으로 꺼지는가?
“깨달으면 차차, 혹은 자연히 꺼지게 된다?” 언제? 그렇게 막연히 얘기하면 안 된다. 그게 쉬운 일이 아니기 때문이다. 깨달음 그 자체도 쉬운 일은 아니지만, 깨닫는다고 해서 저절로 탐진치의 불길이 꺼지는 않는다는 점이 중요하다. 깨달아서 쉽게 꺼진다면 그것을 “세 마리 독사”라고 하지도 않았을 것이다. 이치로써 깨닫는다고 해도, 마음의 불길은, 마음의 갈애심은, 마음의 탐욕심은, 마음의 증오심은 여전히 남아있는 것이다. 그래서 부처님은 우치(어리석음)라는 독사 이외에 탐(貪, 갈애), 진(瞋, 싫어하는 마음, 미워하는 마음)이라는 독사를 두 마리 더 설정한 것이다.
즉, 깨닫는다고 해도 그것은 우치(愚癡)라는 한 마리 독사만 잡을 뿐, 나머지 두 마리 독사는 그대로 남아 있다는 것이다. 깨달음을 강조하는 사람들은 “깨달으면 자연히 (혹은 쉽게) 貪과 瞋은 사라진다.”고 하는데, 그건 아니다. 이 부분이 중요하다. 다른 두 마리가 중요하니까 부처님께서는 세 마리라고 따로 말씀하신 것이다. 깨닫더라도 마음 밑바닥에 있는 갈애심, 애욕, 소유욕, 자기집착, 자기애(自己愛) 이런 것들은 그대로 남아있다. 여기서 주의할 것은 깨달음이라는 단어의 뜻을 그렇게 확장시키기 말라는 것이다. 바로 그 단어의 뜻을 그렇게 손쉽게 확장하는데서 큰 문제가 발생하는 것이다. 나는 지금 “그런 것까지도” 깨달음이라고 주장하는 사람들의 잘못을 지적하는 중이다. 바로, 자기 마음(욕애와 갈애)을 조복 받지 못하고, 참선해서 깨달았다고 주장하면서 할 일을 다 했다고 하지 말아달라는 말씀이다. 왜냐. 두 마리의 독사가 아직 남아있기 때문이다. 하물며 선정 수행 중에 일어나는 여러 가지 이상한 현상 몇 가지를 겪고서 깨달았다고 하지 말라는 것은 여러 경전에서도 경계하였고, 조사의 어록에서도 크게 경계하였다.
그런데 초기불교에서도 이 점을 잘 알았다. 그래서 경전에서는 우치(愚癡)를 극복하여 해탈한 것을 혜(慧)해탈이라고 하고, 갈애와 증애심을 극복한 것을 심(心)해탈이라고 했다. 다른 말로 그것은 생각 머리의 해탈과, 마음 본능의 해탈이다. 그리고 그 이후의 교학에서도 이것을 잘 알았다. 그래서 원효(元曉)도 마명(馬鳴)도 해탈로 이르지 못하게 하는 장애, 우리를 결박하는 장애(障碍)에는 크게 보아 두 가지가 있다고 했으니, 그것이 소지장(所知障)과 번뇌장(煩惱障)이라고 했다. 논서에서 말하는 소지장이 법집을 일으키는 장애라고 하지만 결국 그것은 머리의 장애이다. 그보다 더 무섭고, 더 어려운 것이 가슴의 장애인 탐심과 진심이다. 탐심은 실제로는 raga를 번역한 말로, 그것은 물질적인 탐욕보다는 “애욕의 근본”을 말한다. 그러니 그것이 단지 선종에서 말하는 깨달음으로 단박에 없어진다는 것은 공허한 억지일 뿐이다.
소지장, 안다는 것의 장애, 그것은 불교의 진리인 무아사상을 잘 모른다는 것이다. 그리고 그것을 벗어나는 것이 깨달음이다. 그러나 안다는 것만으로는 충분치 않다. 깨닫는다는 것만으로는 충분치 않다는 것이다. “깨닫는다는 말에는 그것까지 포함한다.”고 하실지 모르겠으나, 실제로 사람들은 그렇게 쓰고 있지 않다. 그리고 그러한 오해 때문에 수없이 많은 잘못이 생겨나는 것이다. 깨닫기만 하면 된다는 잘못.
깨달음에 대한 인가(認可)도 문제이다. 실제로 깨달은 선사가 없는데 누가 누구를 인가해 준다는 말인가. 또 깨달았다는 것은 행동으로 드러나고, 감화력으로, 성인(聖人)의 행동으로 드러나야 하는데, 현실이 전혀 그렇지 못한데 참선에서의 깨달음이란 것이 성불이라는 것을 증명할 방법은 없지 않은가.
2. 그러면 어찌해야 탐진치가 조복되는가
탐진치를 조복 받으려면 일단 육바라밀이나 8정도를 열심히 수행해야 한다. 그러나 그것은 별로 새로울 것도 없는 말인데? 그렇지 않다. 한국의 선종이 깨달음을 목표로 한다고 하면 6바라밀이나 8정도는 관심에서 멀어진다는 것이다. 그러나 6바라밀은 너무도 기본적인 기초 교리이다. 즉, 바라밀 중에서도 <보시, 인욕, 지계> 등에는 관심이 없고, 오로지 “선정, 지혜”만 닦아서는 부처가 될 수 없다는 것은 불교 교리의 가장 기초이다. 아, 물론 참된 지계(持戒)가 없는 선정수행은 아무 의미가 없다는 것도 다 아는 얘기지만, 오늘은 지계 이야기는 하지 말자, 그 이야기 하게 되면 할 말이 너무 많아지기 때문이다.
이렇게 유일하게 참선만을 강조하는 것이 오늘날 한국불교의 잘못된 풍조인데, 그 근저에는 “불교가 깨닫는 중교”라고 잘못 주장하는 데 이유가 있을 것이다. 8정도 중에서 선정만 중요하다면 어째서 “성스러운 도”가 8가지나 된다고 부처님께서 직접 말씀 하셨겠는가. 깨달음이 나쁜 것은 아니로되, <불교가 깨닫는 종교다>라는 생각이 잘못된 생각이라는 것이다. 그리고 “깨달으면 다 된다”는 생각이 선종이 심어놓은 가장 나쁜 독소라는 것이다. 그 생각이 오늘날 한국불교를 망치고 있는 것이다. 그래서 내가 말하기를 “깨달음은 환상”이다. 어떤 깨달음? “그런 깨달음”은 환상이다.
물론 이렇게 한국불교에서 압도적으로 선종 우위의 풍토가 된 것은 이른바 60년 전에 벌어진 “정화(淨化)” 때문이기도 하다. 정화의 과정이 그리 떳떳하지 못했다는 것은 익히 알려진 사실이다. 그리고 그 과정에서 정화 사태의 결과로 가장 큰 혜택을 누린 것이 비구승단이다. 그리그 그 결과로 오늘날 한국불교는 선종 일색이 되었다. 그런데 지금의 한국불교가 과연 깨달음 수행이라도 제대로 하는지, 그리고 종단 중진 스님들이 출가비구인지 그 문제는 차치해 두자. 그 이전에 과연 공허한, 증명되지 않는 “깨달음”이라는 이데올로기만으로 종교지도자라는 자신들만의 허상을 유지해 갈 수 있는지 참으로 안타까운 일이다.
대승의 초기 성자들을 소승적 깨달음 수행을 극복하기 위해서 매우 노력했다. 그래서 나오게 된 것이 보살사상이고 이타사상이다. 이렇게 오랫동안 발전되어 온 불교를 모르고, 깨달음만을 강조하고, 그것이 불교의 전부인양 주장하는 것은 잘못이다. 그것은 매우 이기적인 것이고, 소승적인 것이고 대승불교가 가장 경계했던 것이다.
3. 참선할 자격
사람들은 깨닫는 것이 불교의 목적이라고 한다. 그래서 선불교에서는 참선을 열심히 하라고 한다. 그러나 참선을 할 자격이 있는 사람은 6바라밀의 네 가지를 잘 수행한 사람이다. 그 네 가지란 보시, 인욕, 지계. 정진이다. 오늘날 선종 스님들은 보시 잘했나? 인욕 잘 했나? 지계 잘 했나? 그러니 그렇지 않다면 참선 할 자격도 없지 않은가. 그런 사람들이 “깨닫는답시고” 앉아서 깨닫기만 하면 된다고 가르치고 셈 아닌가. 선방에 들어가 앉을 자격이 있는 사람들은 보시 인욕 지계를 잘 수행해 마친 사람들이다. 그리고 경전을 충분히 공부한 사람들만이 선방에 들어갈 자격이 있다. 그것이 사교입선(捨敎入禪)의 의미이다. 오늘날 한국 불교에서, 한국의 선종에서 그럴 자격 있는 사람 몇이나 되는지 상당히 의심스럽다.
깨달을 자격은 보시를 잘해야, 인욕을, 지계를 잘해야 생기는 것이다. 사회, 이웃 생각 안하고, 정치 경제에도 관심 없고, 사회의 도덕성에도 관심 없고, 이 사회의 교육문제 가정문제에도 관심 없이, 그저 참선만 한다고 깨달음이 저절로 이루어지는가? 깨달음이란 그런 게 아니다. 그러므로 한국 선종이 주장하는 깨달음, 그런 이기적인 깨달음은 근거 없는 “환상”이다. 그것은 일종의 부도수표일 뿐이다.
4. 부처가 되고 나서는?
깨달으면 부처가 된다고 한다. 성불(成佛)한다고도 한다. 열반(涅槃)이라고도 한다. 그것은 지극한 즐거움이다. 그리고 할 일을 다 마친 것이다. 깨달은 후의 즐거움, 그것을 선종에서는 극찬한다. 한(閑)도인이라고도 한다. 그러나 도인이 한가한가? 도인이 한가해도 되는가? 그래서 부처님께서 깨닫고 나서, 매일 놀고, 옥황상제처럼 하늘에서 선녀들과 춤추고 노셨나? 아니면 열반락에 취해서, 혹은 한없는 선정의 즐거움 속에서 노셨나?
그럼 깨닫고 나서는 뭘 해야 하는가? 당연히 보살행을 해야지. 보살행이 한가한가? 그래서 부처님께서는 45년 동안을 온 인도 대륙을 헤매고 다니시면서 고생하셨나? 그래서 코삼비에서 제자들이 속 썩일 때 괴로워하시고, 제바달다의 모함과 종단의 분열을 해결하기 위해서 그리도 동분서주하셨나?
그래서 부처님은 유리왕(위두다바)이 석가족을 멸망시키려고 군사를 몰고 오셨을 때 세 번이나 유리왕께 간청을 했나? 그래서 부처님은 자신의 일족이 멸망하고, 석가족의 왕이 된 사촌동생 “마하나마”가 물속에 빠져 일족을 구하기 위해서 스스로 바위덩어리를 몸에 묶고 물에 빠지는 비극을 목도하셨나? 그래서 부처님은 자신을 도와 불교를 마가다국의 국교로 발전시킨 빔비사라 왕을 죽이고 왕위를 찬탈한 그 아들 아사세 왕(아자타사투)을 달래서 조복시키기 위해서 그리도 애쓰셨나? 잘 생각해 보라. 그것이 깨달은 후 도인의 한가한 모습이던가. 그래서 당신께서는 세수 80에 지친 몸을 이끌고 고요히 열반하고자 해도 수많은 제자들의 만류를 당하셔야 했나?
부처님은 깨닫고 나셔도 여전히 바쁘셨다. 쉴 사이가 없으셨다. 깨닫고 나면 할 일을 마쳐? 할 일이 없어? 그게 바로 선불교의 독소(毒素)이다. 깨달은 후의 보살행, 이타행에 관심이 없고, 그저 깨달으면 한도인(閑道人)이 된다는 깨달음, 그런 깨달음은 매우 이기적이 깨달음이고, 매우 암적(癌的)인 깨달음이다. 부처님이 말씀하신 깨달음은 그런 깨달음이 아니다. 그렇기에 나는 ‘당신들, 한국 선종이 생각하는 그런 깨달음은 없다, 당신들이 생각하는 그런 깨달음은 환상이다’라고 하는 것이다. 나는 내 주위 사람들이 왜 스님들은 한 결같이 그렇게 “피둥피둥하냐”는 얘기를 들을 때마다 불자로서 한없이 부끄럽다.
5. 올바른 깨달음?
그럼 어떤 깨달음이 올바른 깨달음인가? 그래서 나는 더 이상 깨달음이라는 단어를 쓰지 않고자 하는 것이다. 깨달음이라는 단어를 일단 쓰면 바로 “잘못된 깨달음”으로 넘어가 버리기 때문이다. 그러나 그럼에도 불교는 온통 깨달음이라는 말로 채색되어 있다. 그래서 나는 그것이 환상이라는 주장을 계속 해야만 한다. 다시 정리하자.
① 불교의 목적은 해탈, 성불이고, 인생고를 제거하는 것이다.
② 그것을 위해서는 탐진치 삼독을 조복 받아야 한다. 즉 번뇌를 조복 받아야 한다. 그것은 혜해탈과, 심해탈을 의미하고, 번뇌장과 소지장을 없애는 것이다.
③ 그리고, 깨닫는 과정보다도 깨닫고 나서의 보살행, 이타행이 더욱 중요하다.
깨닫는 과정의 중요도가 45% 라면 깨달은 후에 해야 할 일이 55% 이다.
④그런데 탐진치의 조복 중에서 깨달음을 통해서 얻는 것은 우치(愚癡)의 극복이다. 깨달음만으로는 욕애 (갈애), 증오심, 증애심(憎愛心) 등을 극복하지 못한다. 그것은 번뇌장의 극복으로서 가능하다. 그래서 수행(전체의 45%) 의 과정 중에서 “깨달음”이란 것은 그 1/3이다. 즉 15%이다.
⑤ 역시 6바라밀로 설명하자면, 앞의 네 가지 보시 인욕, 지계 정진이 보장되지 않는다면 깨달음이란 아무 의미가 없다. 그래서 전체 수행 중에서 깨달음이 갖는 중요도는 1/3, 즉 45% 의1/3인 15%이다.
6. ‘보리도차제론’으로 설명해 보자
<보리도차제론>은 티베트 불교의 가장 중요한 교과서이다. 그에 의하면, 수행에는 3단계가 있다. 그것은 하사도 중사도 상사도(下士道 中士道 上士道)인데, 마치 3층 건물을 짓는 것과도 같다. 1층이 보시 지계 인욕 정진이고, 2층이 선정이고, 3층이 반야지혜와 보살행이다. 1층이 없이는 2층이 있을 수 없다. 지금 깨달음을 주장하는 사람들은 선정을 열심히 해야 깨닫는다고 하는데 선정수행은 (즉 “깨달음” 수행은) 3층 누각에서 중간에 있는 2층일 뿐이다. 그래서 그것은 1/3이다. 그리고 그것은 1층이 없으면, (보시, 지계가 없으면) 불가능한 절름발이 2층이다. 또한 선정 수행을 열심히 한다는 것과 3층인 반야지혜를 얻고 보살행을 한다는 것과는 또 다르다. 선정수행은 단지 2층일 뿐이다. 자, 이래도 계속 “깨달음”만 주장해도 되겠는가. 그래도 조금이라도 지각이 있다면 ‘깨달음’ 이전에 보시와 지계, 그리고 보살행을 먼저 주장해야 하지 않겠는가.
김광수 / 한양여자대학교 교수. 서울대학교 치과대학, 동 대학원 졸업(치의학 박사). 동국대 불교대학 대학원 졸업(철학박사). 주요 논문으로 〈시장경제에 대한 불교경제학적 연구〉 〈불교의 가치관을 통해본 심층생태론 비판〉 〈소비사회에 대한 불교의 역할〉 등이 있다. 동국대학교 평생교육원 불교사회경제사상 담당. 정의평화불교연대 공동대표.
김광수 정의평화불교연대 공동대표, 한양여자대학교 & mytrea70@gmail.com