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Kandel in Search of Memory - 뇌과학의 살아있는 역사 에릭 캔델 자서전

Kandel in Search of Memory - The Emergence of A New Science of Mind | PDF | Philosophy Of Mind | Biology

Kandel in Search of Memory - The Emergence of A New Science of Mind

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In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind Paperback – Illustrated, 8 January 2010
by Eric R. Kandel  (Author)
4.7 out of 5 stars    252 ratings
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Nobelist Eric Kandel's account of how his personal quest to understand memory intersected with the emergence of a new science.

In Search of Memory relates the astonishing story of how four different and distinct disciplinesbehaviorist psychology, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and molecular biology converged into a powerful new science of mind. Through its profound insights into thought, perception, action, recollection, and mental illness, this new science is revolutionizing our understanding of learning and memory while simultaneously showing great promise for more effective healing.

The narrative follows Eric R. Kandel through the last five decades, focusing on Vienna, where he became fascinated with memory. With intrepid scientific ardor, Kandel was captivated first by history and psychoanalysis, then by neurobiology, and finally by the biological processes of memory. His resulting, multifaceted perspective was the foundation for his path-breaking research that will continue to dominate modern thoughtnot only in science but in culture at large. 50 illustrations.


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Review
Arresting--indeed, unforgettable.--Howard Gardner

A scrupulously detailed yet magnificently panoramic autobiography.--Sherwin B. Nuland

An enchanting book.--Nancy C. Anderson

Few can interlace their autobiography with the evolution of a scientific paradigm. Even fewer can weave such a story seamlessly. Eric Kandel is one of these.--Yadin Dudai

[A] scintillating mix of memoir, history of science, and fundamental biology without peer. It shows compellingly what first-rate science is and how it is created.--E.O. Wilson, author of The Diversity of Life

Beyond autobiography, the book is also an accessible introduction to contemporary neuroscience, the study of how the brain produces thought and action. Included are brilliant vignettes on the history of neuroscience.

Written with talent and grace, this extraordinary book by one of the greatest scientists of the mind alive will be read with delight by general readers as well as by students and scholars.--Elie Wiesel, author of Night
About the Author
Eric R. Kandel is Kavli Professor and University Professor at Columbia University and senior investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000. He lives in New York City.
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Eric R. Kandel
Eric R. Kandel is Kavli Professor and University Professor at Columbia University and senior investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000. He lives in New York City.


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4.7 out of 5 stars

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Top review from Australia
Zipi Neustadt
5.0 out of 5 stars Highly recommended.
Reviewed in Australia on 26 April 2017
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Very interesting and a layman's path to understand the functioning of our brain. Highly recommended.
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Top reviews from other countries
Ron Wates
5.0 out of 5 stars An engaging mix of factual knowledge and reminiscence
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 10 February 2011
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This is one of the most interesting books that I've read in recent times. In a sense, it does what it says on the tin. It describes, with authority, the early stages in the development of neuroscience. However, it does much more than that.

I think its attractiveness lies in the way it successfully merges approaches which are, by their nature, difficult to combine. For instance, the author combines a description of Freudian psychoanalysis with a 'hard-headed' view of deterministic science; he combines reminiscences of his childhood in Nazi Austria with his Nobel-winning knowledge of neuroscience.

I thoroughly recommend this book to anyone who wishes to gain a sound understanding of the ideas and developments of neuroscience. This is delivered with a feeling of the excitement of being closely involved with the advances in the science and also a knowledge of the people who were involved.
3 people found this helpful
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Sue Ibrahim
4.0 out of 5 stars This is a book which blends autobiography and science beautifully. The autobiographical parts are fascinating in themselves
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 16 October 2014
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This is a book which blends autobiography and science beautifully. The autobiographical parts are fascinating in themselves, but the development of the new science of mind is obviously the key aspect of the book and this is made as accessible as possible (though still quite complex for the lay reader). I found the later chapters a little disappointing as the momentum of the developments seems to tail off and it becomes more hypothetical about what could be achieved, but overall it is well worth reading if you want to understand more about the workings ----
Goff
4.0 out of 5 stars Art & the biology of mind
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 28 February 2013
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The book comes in three sections.
The first is a romp through the history of art at the start of the 20th century; it has been done better by Gombrich.
The second is a primer on recent developments in the biology of the mind, of which the author is a celebrated pioneer.
The third seeks to show how that new understanding of the mind, based on biology, might - I say might - help to explain why we appreciate art. Worth reading, but not convincing. Perhaps those involved in the biology of the mind need the rest of the 21st century to get their act together.
One person found this helpful
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Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars Both an informative history of the 20th century and all ...
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 3 November 2017
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Both an informative history of the 20th century and all the history behind the science of memory. Really well written .
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Charlotte
5.0 out of 5 stars Brilliant Read
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 4 January 2013
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This book is a great read, I have never been particularly interested in autobiographies but Kandel weaves so much science and technical detail into the story it become really enjoyable. It is also nice to learn about some of the history he incorporates into the story from his childhood. A fascinating read.
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In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind
by Eric R. Kandel
 4.12  ·   Rating details ·  4,827 ratings  ·  266 reviews
Nobel Prize winner Kandel intertwines cogntive psychology, neuroscience, and molecular biology with his own quest to understand memory.

Lewis Weinstein
Feb 20, 2012Lewis Weinstein rated it really liked it
Shelves: non-fiction
I'm taking a course at Oxford this summer on "The Brain and the Senses." So this is a little extra homework. The idea of memory, where thoughts come from, etc., is fascinating to me.

And, many years ago, before I was there, Kandel had his laboratory at the Public Health Research Institute, of which I was later CEO.

I'll post more when I get into it.

I HAVE NOW COMPLETED BOTH THE COURSE AND KANDEL'S BOOK.

BOTH WERE TERRIFIC!

The course, offered by Oxford tutor Gillie McNeill, combined descriptions of sensory processes with an explanation of the underlying molecular activity that integrates the incoming perceptions and what's already in memory to create a coherent narrative.

We started by eating a cracker and considering what was involved in our individual perceptions of that event ... taste, smell, sight, feel, sound, and memory of crackers and herbs previously ingested. Quite a bit for the first few minutes of the course.

Kandel’s book offers enchanting glimpses of his life story, the history of brain psychology and science, and a description of the experiments (of Kandel and others) which are moving our understanding of the brain forward at an incredible pace while also revealing just how little we still know.

Kandel’s decision, early in his career, to begin his life’s work with the study of a single cell, set the stage for the way he approached his work. He decided to study the giant marine snail Aplysia as his first means to understand how information was brought into a cell and transferred out to another cell. Learn how that happens, multiply by tens of billions, and you have a working human brain.

These quotes may communicate the excitement of Kandel’s journey (which by the way led to a Nobel prize)...

“the realization that the workings of the brain - the ability not only to perceive but to think, learn, and store information - may occur through chemical as well as electrical signals expanded the appeal of brain science from anatomists and electro-physiologists to biochemists.”

“I was testing the idea that the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory are likely to have been conserved through evolution and therefore to be found in simple animals.”

“We pointed out the importance of discovering what actually goes on at the level of the synapse (the place where signals are passed from one cell to another) when behavior is modified by learning.”

This last quote is almost a synopsis of what the course at the Oxford Experience was about.

It turns out that there is considerable growth and change in the brain connections and that this goes on all the time.

Your brain has changed since you started reading this review.
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India M. Clamp
Nov 24, 2018India M. Clamp rated it it was amazing
“In Search of Memory” spans the gamut from this Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine, Eric R. Kandel. From epithets of Anti-Semitism to meeting his wife and the beautiful shining brain stuff of legend is found within. “Without memory, we would be nothing” and we discover words---like swords “böser jude” delineating the struggles of Jews in Austria and leaving parents behind at 9 years old.

The cerebral cortex is concerned with perception, action, language, and planning. Three structures lie within…amygdala coordinates autonomic and endocrine responses in the context of emotional states.
—Eric R. Kandel

How is a neuron like a signal? Inside this book we explore this and Freud (as usual) has a part in deciphering. In the brain---hard cheese like consistency—each cell is truly unique. Faces and how they are processed by the brain and the reactivity on the parts of facial recognition is an interesting study. We find how our responses gauge our reality at the time and what our brain retains. Information in a neural circuit travels, in what way?

Noting well that this is a book review and not a report---and we take a voyage to Kristallnacht (1938) with Dr. Kandel and the transition of Vienna from being the center of culture to a place of oppression and humiliation. Personally, I can attest and confer being in Vienna (one of the most stunning cities in the world) it’s hard to imagine the horror that occurred. Must read! Savor, buy and share with loved ones. (less)
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Anca
Feb 18, 2015Anca rated it it was amazing
Shelves: my-library
This is one of the most eye-opening books I have ever read. It was not easy reading it as I constanly felt the urge to pay 100% attention in order not to miss anything and to try to understand and decode all the precious information that I had before my eyes. It was more of a study book from which I've learned about history, psychology, biology and genetics.

Reading this book, I've learned that anxiety and depression are disorders of emotion whilst schizophrenia is a disorder of thought. I've learned that mental illnesses are caused by both genetics and environmental factors. I've learned that proteins' synthesis are the basis of long term memory and that Drosophila, better known as the annoying fruit-fly, is a key experimental tool for the scientific studies. I've learned that what we believe to be a conscious action is actually initiated by the unconscious, but it get's to be validated by consciousness.

"Our conscious mind may not have free will, but it does have free wont", Richard Gregory and Vilayanur Ramachandran

This book will remain a reference for me and I know that I will come back to it to refresh my memory, because, as Kandel himself says, practice makes it perfect.
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Gerald
Mar 14, 2009Gerald rated it it was amazing
Shelves: science, nonfiction-secular, wishlist
I'm really enjoying this book so far, especially as I'm considering a career in neuroscience research. Kandel's memoirs are both personal and historical. Reading about Kandel's personal growth to eventually become one of the leading scientists of the field has given me much opportunity to reflect on my own career goals. Also learning about the historical development of neuroscience as a discipline has been an interesting to the field as well (and much lighter to read than Principles of Neuroscience!). (less)
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Morgan Blackledge
Feb 17, 2013Morgan Blackledge rated it really liked it
Warning: this book can be a little dull in the autobiographical sections (which you are free to skim), and a bit challenging in some of the technical parts (particularly if you are new to the nuts and bolts of cognitive neuroscience). But if you're a cognitive neuroscience dork (like me) and you love reading about the history of science (like me), and if you are reading this book on an e-reader, so you can pop back and forth between the text and web based resources e.g. Wikipedia etc. (like me), than this book is amazing!

It's part autobiography of a son of a middle class Viennese toy merchant, who came to America as a child refugee from Nazi Germany, and went on to become a founder of a revolutionary new branch of science, and then was awarded a Nobel prize, and then kept going.

This book is also an account of the 150 year (+) emergence of neuroscience and its confluence with molecular biology, psychiatry, behaviorism and cognitive science (eventually to become its own sub discipline, cognitive neuroscience). Additionally, this book functions as a step by step primer (more or less a condensed text book) on the biological sub straights of learning and memory, beginning with the neuron doctrine, and proceeding up to our current cutting edge, without omitting any important steps along the way.

Lastly, this book serves a tacit function as an advice manual for young students who want to answer big questions (like what is consciousness), but really should begin by looking at small things (like neurons).

I think of this book as the ultimate supplemental reading (or refresher) for any bio psych, or cognitive psych course. It really fills in some of the big blanks and brings the data to life, making it more human and thusly, much more memorable (irony aside), and therefore, much more functional/useable.

If you have a real interest in the mind and brain (like me). And if you love to learn a subject both in the abstract, and from within a personal and historical context (like me), than I think you'll love this book. (less)
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Patricia
Dec 28, 2010Patricia rated it really liked it  ·  review of another edition
A very readable science book for the layperson, explaining the basic neuroscience of memory. The author, a Nobel-prize-winning neuroscientist, weaves three threads together: a memoir about his own life, the history of thought and research on the workings of the brain, and an account of his own research into the biochemistry and physiology of memory formation. It's a tribute to the author's lucidity that I--whose 10th-grade biology class was 40 years ago now--was able to understand a lot of complex, cutting-edge science research. I expected to hit the wall that I always hit in reading an interesting-sounding Scientific American article, where the first paragraph poses a fascinating question, the second paragraph makes me think I'm ever so clever for understanding so much science, and the third paragraph loses me entirely at about the fourth word. But every time Kandel approached what I thought would be that sudden wall in his scientific explanations, he switched neatly back to an episode of his own life, thus leading me through the whole book believing that I was quite clever. Kandel's own early history, leaving Vienna just ahead of complete Nazi takeover, is compelling. He offers lots of insights for outsiders into the scientific research community, and a lot of history of how we came to know what we know about the human brain and consciousness.

I read the book on my Kindle and didn't realize there was a helpful glossary until I had finished the book. (less)
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Laura
Jul 04, 2017Laura rated it it was amazing
Shelves: psychology, read-2017, read-in-english, science, neuroscience, history, non-fiction
A remarkable book about memory, it may also work as an introduction to neuroscience, though, some background in neuroanatomy and related areas may be required.

When I read the synopsis: ''Nobel Prize winner Kandel intertwines cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and molecular biology with his own quest to understand memory. '' I thought the book was going to be very technical and arduous, so I prepared myself for that. However, when I started reading it, I discovered that it was really easy-readable.

Further, I didn't know that it also was an autobiography and I truly enjoyed those parts, because when you want to follow a similiar path, it's good reading about what others have done.

As I said, the book is mixed with his life (marriage, nazi period, Nobel prize), his discoveries, other scientists discoveries and explanations about memory/the brain. Ofyenly, the last was hard to get, not because the concepts were difficult, just because the rhythm in the book changes. Therefore, sometimes you are reading about his life, and then he starts speaking about the brain, its chemistry, anatomy.. etc. I got used to it, but it maybe a little bit disturbing.

I found it weirdly interesting when he talked about psychoanalysis (he was going for that career path. Nonetheless, he decided to go for Neuroscience). Psychoanalysis is not dead for him, he even talks about it getting a bit together with neurology. For me, that's a ridiculous idea, I think they are really opposite, but I am curious, so if anyone knows a book that talks about that idea, I will welcome it.

Great book anyway. (less)
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Ruxandra
Jan 07, 2013Ruxandra rated it it was amazing  ·  review of another edition
After reading this book I feel it is the only one I've read, apart from MAUS, that deserves five stars. (less)
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Ardon Pillay
Jul 11, 2020Ardon Pillay rated it it was amazing
Shelves: learning-and-memory, medicine, favourites
Simply magnificent.

Kandel, who is perhaps one of medicine’s lesser known Nobel laureates, outlines the major advances in neural science over the last hundred or so years, from Ramon y Cajal's seminal work on neurons to the most recent advances in understanding how consciousness works. He is a champion of the reductionist approach for understanding how executive functions and emotions come about.

His exploration of how we know how nerves work is truly a testament to the inherent logic that under ...more
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Robert
Nov 17, 2017Robert rated it really liked it
This is an improbable book by an improbable man. Eric Kandel fled Vienna with his parents and brother when he was nine, just as the Nazis were moving in. The family settled in New York where Eric excelled in school and then went to Harvard to be...an intellectual historian...no, a psychoanalyst...no, a Nobel-prize winning brain scientist.

Here, he weaves elements of his personal autobiography together with elements of his scientific biography. There are many ways to get at the science he presents, but this is a good one, starting with work at the cellular level on learning and moving toward memory and the role of genes in the multiple components of the brain. For a nonscientist this book can be demanding but also astonishing. Kandel's story takes us several important steps toward understanding the interaction of organic features of human life with environmental features (nature v nurture). We end up with no "ghost in the machine" but a mysterious ability to take experience and record it at the molecular level, where memories are stored.

Kandel's life really is his fascination with science, his attachment to his wife, and his generosity toward his scientific colleagues. Once he is clear of Vienna, he has the freedom to explore, examine and verify the underpinnings of what he calls "mind," not "the mind." Along the way he helps elevate biology, previously a descriptive science, to the analytic/synthetic heights of chemistry and physics. This exposition reminds us of our capabilities as human beings while at the same time illustrating the ways in which science outstrips social reality. The things we can do scientifically simply dwarf our abilities to fashion just, liberal societies.

Kandel continues to believe that Freud, originally a neurologist, remains relevant, particularly in the dimensions of understanding the conscious, the pre-conscious, and the unconscious. He frequently cites Freud's speculations about how much more his generation had to learn about the brain and how future generations undoubtedly would advance new paradigms for understanding it. The ultimate problem, of course, is subjectivity: why do certain experiences evoke different reactions in different individuals, all of whom really do see pretty much the same blue and hear pretty much the same note C.

Kandel often mentions his love of music, but he doesn't reach the obvious conclusion: the role of the artist is to fashion a compelling aesthetic subjectivity to which the multitude can have access. Art is the deepest exploration of mind we know. That's why it is so hard to produce. (less)
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Piotr
Oct 05, 2007Piotr rated it liked it
Recommends it for: anyone stuck on a 12 hour flight
One of the biggest questions plaguing behavioral biologists during the 20th century was the localization of the engram, or, a memory trace in the brain. Well, most of them who weren't dualists were looking in the brain. One of the most thorough studies of engram localization was performed by Karl Lashley, who spent a good chunk of his career doing cortical lesions on rodents and primates. he sums up his (mostly) negative results with this quote:

"I sometimes feel, in reviewing the evidence on the localization of the memory trace, that the necessary conclusion is that learning just is not possible...Nevertheless, in spite of such evidence against it, learning does sometimes occur."

That was 1954 or so. We're in the 21st century now, and how far have we come on localizing an engram? Some would claim we know more about memory circuits than any other brain function. Others would claim that memory is a lie, and we can't be sure we really remember anything. Those people usually wear kilts and clutter state university philosophy departments.

Kandel's autobiography is a nice mix of personal history, scientific history, and the the charmingly naïve obsessions which drive many of the greatest scientific discoveries of our time. He describes how he pioneered the use of the invertebrate Aplysia as a model system to study cellular bases of associative learning, in a network of some <1000 neurons. He also chronicles the discoveries of his peers working in other systems such as mammals, and discusses many convergent and divergent themes in the field of synaptic plasticity. The language is by far accessible to anyone with a rudimentary grasp of the English language, so no need to fear a bloated lesson in advanced neurophysiology.

The most interesting aspect of the book is his description of cultural history. I would have actually liked him to go more in depth into this (although others on this site have voiced differing opinions) as heritage is a great analogy to a sort of "cultural memory." This would have strengthened the autobiography as a trans-subject analysis of science, history, and autobiography instead of a memoir. He describes his efforts to reconcile certain moral battles which are still being fought in Europe, and briefly, his approaches to preserving his own culture. (less)
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Adnan Khaleel
Mar 09, 2019Adnan Khaleel rated it it was amazing
Really good book that describes neuronal function from the ground up, and does so in a very easy to understand way. The one thing I did notice is that the book is semi autobiographical and I wasn’t expecting this. It doesn’t detract too much from its central purpose but even so, its a great book on the subject.
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Bria
Jun 05, 2021Bria rated it really liked it
I learned some real cool stuff about molecular biology in the brain, although later on he tended away from really explaining how things work, as the systems he was studying got more complex. All science autobiographies should be like this - the biography parts are minimal and don't distract from the important, science parts. I even understood why people would be into Freud and psychoanalysis! (less)
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Mag
Dec 20, 2009Mag rated it it was amazing
Shelves: neuroscience, non-fiction, science, memoir
A unique blend of memoir and science describing Kandel’s (Nobel prize winner for Physiology or Medicine in 2000) quest for memory both at the personal and scientific level.
Kandel, a 9 year old Jew in Vienna in 1938, starts his book with his memories of Anschluss and Kristallnacht, describes the vividness of these memories and how years later they made him interested in why and how certain memories are remembered while others are lost. Throughout his career, he tackled brain and memory research at different levels from molecular biology to psychoanalysis, his most groundbreaking research being on Aplysia, a sea snail with very simple, yet molecularly big nervous system. All stages of this research are described exquisitely well in the book.

Extremely informative and enlightening on all levels. I could have lived without some parts of the personal account, though. In particular, I had a bit of a problem with the overly self-righteous tone of some of his personal tales.

Link: Kandel’s lecture on memory loss and aging
http://www.iwf.de/iwf/do/mkat/details.aspx?Signatur=C 12884

4.5/5 (less)
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Sarah Jane
Jul 07, 2019Sarah Jane rated it really liked it
Kandel creates a tangible link between “speculative metaphysics” (9) and experimental research. At once, this is a story of Kandel’s self and a story of creating and finding the space where the conceptual self can take shape. Kandel weaves his personal history into the history of biological inquiry into the nature of the mind. His method is ambitious, but, as an initially skeptical reader, I ultimately found it deeply meaningful. Through unifying philosophical, physiological, and his personal conceptions of the mind, Kandel leads us to consider that, perhaps, the space between these divergent ideas is the space in which we can find the utmost clarity on a range of fundamental metaphysical questions.

Kandel ends his story through expressing gratitude for the fact that he had the privilege to explore these questions throughout his life and career. His words are humble but self-aware, at once light-hearted and blunt regarding the uglier parts of his personal history. I finished Kandel’s book grateful to have become acquainted with the honest, bright human voice behind such grand ideas.
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Jimbo
May 13, 2021Jimbo rated it liked it
Shelves: national-academies-comms-awards
This book was a dificult read for me. Nominally it has six sections, but it felt like 3 very distinctive stories. The first centered on Kandel's early life in Vienna, emigration to the US, and education and training. I liked how he weaved his own very distinct memories into his book on the formation of memories. The middle section was the toughest. It went into great detail explaining the biochemistry of nerve action and neuronal growth from stimulus. I have good science education, mostly physics & chemistry, and am interested in the subject, but the scientific material was still difficult to comprehend. The last section drew conclusions from the science, discussed 'recent' biotech developments, and wrapped up Kandel's career including his trips to Stockhom.

Being a former engineer and someone who enjoys the details of science, I wanted to know how the brain changes as memories are formed. From the 3 rough sections, I figured the middle would be my favorite, but it was my least. The illustrations were a life-saver, as it has been almost 30 years since I've taken a biology class. While challenging, this section and detail was necessary to the story Kandel was telling - how the science of the mind went from dualism of mind & body to current neuroscience where the brain's function is known to be a collection, albeit extremely large, of neurons, synapses & biochemical connections. I would fail a test on the scientific details Kandel writes, but feel it made the third main section much more meaningful.

I tend to be less interested in the biographies of scientists than in their discoveries, but Kandel's life is a miracle. The first and third sections work very well together as a coherent autobiography. His distinctive memories from many years ago give hints to the formation and permanence of memories. His biographical details also felt very integral to the 'hows and whys' of Kandel's scientific discoveries. Why did Kandel go into neuroscience? How did Kandel get to study what he did? Knowing his background made his scientific process easier to understand, and his background and scientific career lead directly into the last third of the book.

This book did much better for me as an autobiography of Kandel than it did as a primer on the biochemistry of neuroscience. I'm glad that I powered through the dense scientific section to get to the rewarding final third and to see Kandel's story come full circle in a way. (less)
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Sanjana  Sankaran
Apr 21, 2021Sanjana Sankaran rated it it was ok
This book is really boring unless you are a premed student/have a major interest in neuroscience. It is impossible to read if you have no prior knowledge in the subject as the author just dumps a lot of biology on you. I felt like I was reading a textbook for a lot of chapters. So much of the book was name dropping other scientists the author worked with but name dropping is not much fun when a) you don’t know any of the other scientists and b) you have to read two paragraphs about their research right after the name is dropped.

This book was a combination of the author’s personal and scientific life together but unfortunately I was interested in neither. After reading this book, I think I came out with a genuine hatred for neuron biology and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (a structure I still don’t understand the use of). It is very hard to stay invested when you get chapters upon chapters of information about the biology of a sea slug. (less)
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Konstantin Okonechnikov
May 21, 2017Konstantin Okonechnikov rated it it was amazing
The book provides a perfect explanation how difficult it is to be a real scientist and how to combine so many factors in life and research. A perfect motivation. And also with strong bias in my topic of interest: everything about memory.
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Will Dorrell
Aug 02, 2019Will Dorrell rated it liked it
Nobel Laureate talks about his life and career - gives a broad strokes description of the cellular and molecular basis of memory and the progress it took from zero in the 1950s to hero in 2000. In no small part due to the author.

Enjoyable, occasionally biochemically dense, but usually remarkably lucid (for a scientist). For those of you still unconvinced that abstract concepts like memory can be pinned down to molecules in nerve cells this is an effective antidote.
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Simon Cleveland, PhD
Aug 02, 2021Simon Cleveland, PhD rated it it was amazing
Shelves: science, genetics, nature, brain, cognitive-psychology, history, health
The section on consciousness was particularly interesting.
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Jonathan
Jan 23, 2021Jonathan rated it liked it
Wonderfully illuminating book on the "new science of the mind" and a life journey from Nazi Vienna to Nobel. At times too stuck in the weeds of molecular biology and meandering memoir, but generally outweighed by moments of exciting detail and sweeping perspective. (less)
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John Turlockton
Jul 27, 2019John Turlockton added it
An autobiography rather than detailing the neuroscience of the mind. I don't want to give it a rating cause it's not bad it's just not what I wanted. ...more
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Steve
Jul 11, 2015Steve rated it liked it  ·  review of another edition
This book more-or-less successfully combined an autobiography and a research history into a holistic narrative of the life's work of the author. I would highly recommend it to anyone interested in learning more about how brains enable animals to change their responses to environmental events.

The title captures the main theme of the book as far as the research aspect is concerned: Kandel spent much of his life examining neurons and related biological structures to determine a measurable, experimentally verifiable, biological basis for memory and learning. It was at times thrilling and other times a bit dry to read about lines of experiments to probe the inner workings of cells and how they enable learned responses to stimuli. I believe I would've gotten a bit more out of the book if I had a stronger background in biology (something beyond high-school bio), but it did leave me very interested in learning more about the rise of the empirical study of "mind". Much of these parts of the book will also provide guidance and inspiration to young scholars regardless of discipline (and can be summed up by: work really hard, work with other really smart people, and don't be afraid to move around to find the best place for you to succeed). The importance of the scientific community is also on display in this book: discoveries don't happen in isolation, they take collaborators and competitors to help stimulate fruitful inquiry.

While certainly many more pages were devoted to the Nobel winning science that shaped Kandel's life, a substantial amount of space was spent characterizing the role of Vienna, Judaism, and family in Kandel's life. He is a testament to the importance of strong family relationships: escaping Nazi-held Austria as a child with the help of relatives in America, having a supportive wife who was essentially a single mother to allow Kandel time to his scientific pursuits, and having grown children who recognize the important work their father did and tolerated his absence from parts of their childhood (though still give him some lip about it). Kandel also placed great emphasis on being Jewish and the role faith played in his life - the book isn't preachy, but it doesn't ignore his religious background either. It's impossible to talk about 1930's Vienna without talking about Judaism in any event. As the Nazi movement spread into Austria and Jews were first marginalized and then persecuted, Kandel laments the loss of the intellectual center of Europe at that time (and dutifully highlights the role Jews had in building Vienna's intellectual elite). This is an important point that he would later be able to revisit upon earning the Nobel prize. Invited to celebrate another intellectual win as a native son of Vienna, Kandel took the opportunity to shine a light on the persistent anti-semitic views of too many citizens of Vienna. To be honest, I didn't realize that Holocaust denial or down-play was even possible in Europe in recent times, and I wish Kandel and his collaborators well on their current efforts to address that issue.

Finally, I will end on a note about the tone of the book. I found Kandel to come off as being a little condescending in places, especially when he was writing about the scientific discovery process. Obviously, Kandel is brilliant and is writing from a position of knowledge, but I just felt as though he could have made more of an effort to come across as an equal rather than a superior. Just an opinion, but I don't think it detracts from the book overall. (less)
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Andrew Kosenko
Jul 11, 2019Andrew Kosenko rated it it was amazing  ·  review of another edition
This is a wonderful book. Part biography, part intellectual history, part first-rate survey of neuroscience. Or -perhaps- all biography, all intellectual history, all neuroscience. An intellectually and aesthetically beautiful work of a great mind and a phenomenal scientist. The joy of science, and the dark history of anti-semitism in Vienna, scientific triumphs and deaths of close friends and colleagues, inimitably clear descriptions of complicated scientific phenomena and the stories of their discovery, a child’s poem about sea slugs and a family at the Nobel prize ceremony - it’s all there in a beautiful portrait of one extraordinary scientist’s rich life. (less)
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Yuriy Stasyuk
Jun 10, 2019Yuriy Stasyuk rated it liked it
In search of memory by Robert Kandel

This was a strange and unusual read. Kandel combines a personal autobiography with the history of and an introduction to neuroscience. (With footnotes from the history of the philosophy of mind). If you are here because of Kandel you may like this, if you are looking for a history of neuroscience, some of the nostalgic longing for 20th century Vienna may be distracting - it was to me - and I love history.

Some key takeaways for me:

• There is serious physicalist work happening at understanding the neurobiological foundation of moods, emotions, memories, personality and identity.

• Any long term memory - by definition - changes the mind.

• The brain has a great amount of neuroplasticity, anything that can be learned can be unlearned, and relearned.

• Neuroscience solves Kantian a priori vs Lockian tabula rasa debate in philosophy. "The anatomy of the neural circuit is a simple example of Kantian a priori knowledge, while changes in the strength of particular connections in the neural circuit reflect the influence of experience. Moreover, consistent with Locke’s notion that practice makes perfect, the persistence of such changes underlies memory."

• Declarative vs procedural memories: "What we usually think of as conscious memory we now call, explicit (or declarative) memory. It is the conscious recall of people, places, objects, facts, and events. Unconscious memory we now call implicit (or procedural) memory. It underlies habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning, as well as perceptual and motor skills such as riding a bicycle or serving a tennis ball."

• Emotions begin in the subconsciousness: "a consensus is emerging on how emotions are generated. The first step is thought to be the unconscious, implicit evaluation of a stimulus, followed by physiological responses, and finally by conscious experience that may or may not persist. "

• "Normal anxiety exists in two major forms: instinctive anxiety (instinctive or innate fear), which is built into the organism and is under more rigid genetic control, and learned anxiety (learned fear), to which an organism may be genetically predisposed but which is basically acquired through experience. - Both forms of fear can be deranged. Instinctive anxiety is pathological when it is excessive and persistent enough to paralyze action. Learned anxiety is pathological when it is provoked by events that present no real threat,"

• "Depressed people express a systematic negative bias in the way they think about life. They almost invariably have unrealistically high expectations of themselves, overreact dramatically to any disappointment, put themselves down whenever possible, and are pessimistic about their future. This distorted pattern of thinking… is not simply a symptom, a reflection of a conflict lying deep within the psyche, but a key agent in the actual development and continuation of the depressive disorder."
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Dia
Dec 30, 2008Dia rated it really liked it
Kandel begins and ends his memoir/neuroscience primer with bold declarations of faith, that consciousness itself, as well as (and of perhaps even greater import) the unconscious processes deduced by psychoanalytic investigations, can be accounted for entirely via molecular and cellular activities. The book is therefore a great education and challenge for those who are interested in the problems and possibilities of reductionism. Kandel's work, for which he won a Nobel prize, shows that the simplest forms of learning do have molecular and cellular correlates in simple animals. It seems premature, though, to get excited about reducing higher cognitive abilities to the neural level, and Kandel does acknowledge some major scientific and philosophical problems with reductionism, but mostly he remains optimistic. (Thus I was surprised to read that he once cautioned a colleague [rival?] against pursuing the question of consciousness -- it seems to go against everything he did and all that he explicitly recommends in the final chapter of his book!)

Some of the interesting threads Kandel weaves throughout this memoir include his childhood in Nazi Austria and his later, surprisingly recent, efforts to help Austrians acknowledge past atrocities; the brief histories of neuroscience he gives each time he begins describing a new topic of research he pursued; his unapologetic involvement with the biotechnology industry; and the many brief but vivid and gracious portraits he offers of his colleagues. Thankfully, his writing is clear, as well.

I would have liked to have learned more about Kandel's own experience with psychoanalysis. This is not a tell-all memoir, nor should it be, but some discussion of his own analysis might have helped the reader understand why Kandel remained allied with the tenets of psychoanalysis long after many reductionists would have discarded them. It might also have helped the reader understand why Kandel made some of the career moves that he made, important moves that seem inexplicable as the book now stands; for example, one professor told him to look to the cell for an understanding of the psyche -- and so he did, for the rest of his life. Without some sharing of his own analysis, Kandel deprives the reader of a clear understanding of why he became a reductionist, really -- other than that he just really enjoyed research, and research implies reductionism.

On the other hand, it probably is best that he didn't air his inner dynamics -- and he has plenty to say without all that.

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Jun
Feb 27, 2021Jun rated it it was amazing
Shelves: biology-neural-cognitive-psychology, biography-journalism-memoir, science
In addition to the most conspicuous contents of the book -- the introduction to relatively modern knowledge in neuroscience and its historical development, and of course Dr. Kandel’s life story -- which are intriguing already in themselves, I think it’s worth taking serious notes during reading, of how he chose directions in doing science. Many of his thought processes spark wisdom of a mature scientist who balanced well the pursuit of knowledge and practical career considerations. In this respect this autobiography has done a great job and would be ideal for any young student interested in science, or for anyone who wants to understand what a scientific career and the actual scientific process in the field are like.

As an example, the most important thing in doing biological research is to choose which system to study (e.g. focusing on giant squid axons was crucial in early days of neuroscience), if not which question to ask -- Dr. Kandel detailed both topics throughout the book. As we follow his career, we see how he started with interests in cognitive functions from a psychoanalytic perspective, and ended up studying learning and memory using invertebrate neurons. His story shows us although it is important to be creative and diligent in doing research, it is more important to work in the right direction. I also particularly like some of his observations on the scientific methodologies, such as how psychoanalysis sadly drifted further and further away from experiments and objectivity, and the story about the philosopher Karl Popper's interaction with his colleague on a concrete scientific issue, of whether synaptic signal should be electrical or chemical.

There are some caveats with some of his advices, though. Dr. Kandel took great risk in his career when he took a leap of faith in studying the invertebrate neuron, an unpopular direction warned by his colleagues then, and he considered it an important and successful move. It's true scientific progress requires creativity and exploration, but it's also true that Dr. Kandel came from a well-educated family and was already on a path to success mere by being at NIH. Many scientists with less stellar resume and fewer alternative career options would have much less leisure in taking such risks. I felt that he didn’t stress his privileged position enough, and this story might be somewhat impractical for many. (less)
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Derek Davis
Nov 02, 2011Derek Davis rated it it was amazing
This is a superb study of the science of mind as well as a superb study of Kandel as a human being. It traces his progress from a child escaping the Holocaust to his Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology, and beyond. Starting out in psychiatry, he switched to being a research scientist who followed his own intuitions, rather than professional advice, to slowly unfold the secrets of how memories are formed in the neural system, first in a sea snail, then in mice, finally in humans. Though the pr ...more
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Ashvin
May 26, 2010Ashvin rated it liked it  ·  review of another edition
I'll be honest, I didn't finish it, and I likely won't any time soon. But, I wanted to say a few things about it in case anyone else was interested.

Kandel does a fantastic job of explaining the neurobiology of learning and memory to the layman. He makes it understandable without dumbing it down. If you're interested in that, read this book. This guy is one of the greats. He has a noble prize and co-wrote Principles of Neural Science, the standard neuroscience book that every neuroscientist has. And I'm a neuroscientist.

This book is part autobiography. Sorry, but although I have the utmost respect for him as a scientist, the autobiography part is pretty dull. He left Vienna in time to escape Hitler when he was a child. Other than that, boring stuff.

If you're looking for a fantastic book that mixes biography and science, pick up Genius by James Gleick. It's about Richard Feynman, who's a character and a half. Gleick's other books aren't as good, so don't let that stop you.

Three stars just because I applaud people who explain science well. He does that. (less)
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===
기억을 찾아서 - 뇌과학의 살아있는 역사 에릭 캔델 자서전 
에릭 R. 캔델 (지은이),전대호 (옮긴이)알에이치코리아(RHK)2014-12-05원제 : In Search of Memory (2006년)

556쪽

책소개

뇌에 기억이 저장되는 신경학적 메커니즘을 밝혀내 2000년 노벨 생리의학상을 수상한 우리 시대 가장 위대한 과학자 에릭 캔델의 자서전 『기억을 찾아서』가 새로운 디자인의 개정판으로 재출간되었다. 홀로코스트라는 끔찍한 현실에서 벗어나 세계적 신경과학자가 되기까지 한 과학자의 격동적 삶을 보여주는 동시에 정신과학의 발전사를 알기 쉽게 풀어낸 이 책은 초판 출간 당시부터 최고의 자서전이라는 평을 받으며 전 세계적인 호응을 불러일으켰고, 동명의 다큐멘터리 영화로 제작되기도 했다.

캔델이 스스로 밝혔듯 『기억을 찾아서』는 과학에 대한 배경 지식이 없는 독자들도 무리 없이 즐길 수 있는 뇌과학 입문서일뿐더러 ‘나는 누구인가’에 대한 인류의 오랜 물음에 큰 실마리를 줄 수 있는 책이다. 기억 과정의 연구에 평생을 바친 한 천재 과학자의 지적 여정이 정신과학 분야에 매진한 다른 과학자들의 위대한 노력들과 교차하는 흥미진진한 순간들을 엿보며 독자들은 삶의 태도와 마음가짐을 새롭게 정립할 수 있을 것이다.

목차
한국의 독자들에게 / 추천사 / 들어가는 말

1막
1. 개인적인 기억과 기억 저장의 생물학
2. 빈에서 보낸 어린 시절: 빈, 나치, 크리스탈나흐트
3. 미국에서의 새로운 삶

2막
4. 한 번에 세포 하나씩
5. 신경세포는 말한다
6. 신경세포와 신경세포 사이의 대화
7. 단순한 뉴런 시스템과 복잡한 뉴런 시스템
8. 서로 다른 기억들, 서로 다른 뇌 영역들
9. 기억 연구에 가장 적합한 시스템을 찾아서
10. 학습에 대응하는 신경학적 유사물

3막
11. 시냅스 연결 강화하기: 습관화, 민감화, 고전적 조건화
12. 신경생물학 및 행동 센터
13. 단순한 행동도 학습에 의해 교정될 수 있다
14. 시냅스는 경험에 의해 바뀐다
15. 개체성의 생물학적 토대
16. 분자와 단기기억
17. 장기기억으로의 변환
18. 기억 유전자
19. 유전자와 시냅스 사이의 대화

4막
20. 복잡한 기억으로의 회귀
21. 시냅스들은 우리가 가장 좋아하는 기억들도 보유한다
22. 뇌가 가진 외부 세계의 그림
23. 주의 집중의 비밀

5막
24. 작고 빨간 알약
25. 생쥐, 사람, 정신병
26. 새로운 정신병 치료법
27. 정신분석의 르네상스와 생물학
28. 의식을 이해하는 문제

6막
29. 스톡홀름을 거쳐 빈을 다시 만나다
30. 기억으로부터 배우기: 새로운 정신과학의 미래

옮긴이의 말 / 용어설명
주석과 참고문헌 / 찾아보기

접기
책속에서
첫문장
기억은 언제나 나를 매혹했다.
P. 29 기억은 우리 삶에 연속성을 제공한다. 기억은 과거에 대한 정합적인 상을 제공하고, 그 상은 현재의 경험을 일목요연하게 정리한다. 그 상은 불합리하거나 부정확할 수도 있지만 존속한다. 기억의 결합력이 없다면, 경험은 살아가는 동안 만나는 무수한 순간들만큼 많은 조각들로 산산이 부서질 것이다. 기억이 제공하는 정신적 시간 여행이 없다면, 우리는 우리의 개인사를 알지 못할 것이며, 우리 삶의 찬란한 이정표로 작용하는 기쁨의 순간들을 회상할 길이 없을 것이다. 우리가 우리인 것은 우리가 배우고 기억하는 것들 때문이다.  접기
P. 199 과학자로서 성숙한다는 것은 많은 뜻을 가지고 있다. 그러나 적어도 내게 핵심적인 뜻은 맛을 알게 된다는 것이었다. 미술의 맛을 알고 음악의 맛을 알고 음식과 포도주의 맛을 알듯이 말이다. 어떤 문제가 중요한지 직감하는 법을 배워야 한다. 흥미로운 것과 그렇지 않은 것을 구별하는 미각. 나는 내가 바로 그 미각을 발전시키고 있음을 느꼈다. 또 흥미로운 것들 중에서 실행 가능한 것을 골라내는 미각도.  접기
P. 308 당신이 이 책을 읽고 나서 그 내용을 조금이라도 기억한다면, 그것은 당신의 뇌가 약간 달라졌기 때문이다. 이렇게 경험의 결과로 새 시냅스 연결들을 성장시키는 능력은 진화 과정 내내 보존된 것으로 보인다.
P. 460~461 과학자로서 내가 살아오는 동안 생물학계는 유전자의 분자적 본성과 유전암호에 대한 이해에서 출발하여 인간 게놈 전체의 유전암호를 읽어내고 인간을 괴롭히는 많은 병의 유전적 토대를 해명하는 데까지 거의 흔들림 없이 전진했다. 지금 우리는 정신 기능과 정신장애의 많은 측면들을 이해하기 직전의 자리에 있다. 그리고 아마 언젠가는 의식의 생물학적 기초도 이해하게 될 것이다.  접기
P. 462 연구를 하면서 약간이라도 새로운 방향을 추구해 본 적이 있는 과학자들은 대부분 나와 비슷하게, 새 길에서 만날 어려움과 절망을 아는 사람들로부터 위험에 뛰어들지 말라는 조언을 들었다는 얘기를 한다. 그러나 우리 대부분에게, 앞으로 나아가지 말라는 경고는 타오르는 모험심에 기름을 부을 뿐이다. 내 과학자 인생에서 가장 어려웠던 결정은 안정적인 정신과 의사 생활을 버리고 불확실한 연구자의 길을 선택한 것이었다. 나는 훌륭한 수련을 받은 정신과 의사였고 환자들을 상대하는 것이 즐거웠음에도 불구하고 1965년에 데니스의 격려를 받으며 전업 연구자의 길에 뛰어들었다.  접기
추천글
이 경이로운 책은 신경과학이 믿기 어려운 발전을 이룬 지난 반세기를 처음부터 끝까지 한 호흡으로 탁월하게 서술한다.
- 올리버 색스 (신경학과 교수, 『아내를 모자로 착각한 남자』 저자) 
뇌과학의 선봉에 선 에릭 캔델의 분자생물학적 연구는 감각이 수용한 정보가 어떻게 고착되는가에 대한 인류의 지식을 혁명적으로 발전시켰다. - 제임스 D. 왓슨 (노벨 생리 의학상 수상자, 『이중 나선』의 저자) 
생물학적 연구가 어떻게 이루어지는지, 뛰어난 과학자의 커리어가 어떻게 발전하는지를 이보다 더 상세히 전달한 책은 없었다. 정신을 이해함에 있어 인류가 이룬 진보와 이러한 발견을 이끌어낸 과학자들의 흥분을 이보다 더 정확히 묘사한 책 또한 없었다. - 뉴욕 타임스 
과학사, 기초 생물학, 에릭 캔델의 눈부신 연구인생을 종합한 찬란한 작품! - 에드워드 윌슨 
뇌의 비밀, 달팽이는 안다 - 김상욱 (경희대 물리교육과 교수) 
잊을 수 없는 이 책을 주목하라. 과학에 관심이 있는 모두에게 권하고 싶다. - 워싱턴 포스트 
정말 매혹적인 책이다. - 사이언스 
자서전과 과학 패러다임의 진화를 엮어서 글을 쓸 수 있는 사람은 많지 않다. 에릭 캔델이 바로 그런 사람이다. - 네이처 
군소와 쥐를 비롯해 다양한 동물을 연구하는 과정에서 점차 복잡한 메커니즘의 비밀을 밝혀내는 놀라운 이야기를 만날 수 있다. - 파퓰러사이언스 
그의 책은 값을 매길 수 없는 학문적 경험에 가까이 갈 수 있는 유일한 기회이다. 절대 놓치면 안 된다! - 임상연구저널 (Journal of Clinical Investigation) 
문장은 명쾌하고 스토리는 깔끔하며 독자를 압도한다. - 미국실험생물학협회 학술지 (The FASEB Journal) 
모든 페이지에서 역사와 과학에 대한 열정이 넘쳐난다. - 뉴로필로소피 (Neurophilosophy) 
이 책을 추천한 다른 분들 : 
조선일보 
 - 조선일보 북스 2014년 12월 6일자 '화제의 신간'
저자 및 역자소개
에릭 R. 캔델 (Eric R. Kandel) (지은이) 
저자파일
 
신간알리미 신청

세계적인 뇌과학자, 저술가. 과학적 분석이 불가능하다고 여겨져 온 기억의 신경학적 메커니즘을 밝힌 공로로 2000년 노벨 생리의학상을 수상했다. 그의 연구 성과는 치매나 기억상실 등의 질환을 규명하고 치료할 수 있는 길을 열었다는 점에서 중요하게 손꼽힌다.
1929년 오스트리아 빈에서 장난감 가게 주인의 둘째 아들로 태어난 캔델은 아홉 살 때 나치가 빈을 점령하면서 유대인이라는 이유로 끔찍한 공포와 맞닥뜨린다. 이후 홀로코스트를 피해 가족과 함께 미국으로 망명한 뒤 하버드대학교에서 역사와 문학을 전공했다. 하지만 프로이트의 정신분석에 매료되어 뉴욕대학교 의대에 입학하게 되고, 나아가 인간 정신의 근원을 파헤치기 위해 과학자의 길로 들어선다.
현재 컬럼비아대학교 교수로 있으며, 하워드 휴스 의학연구소의 선임연구원, 모티머 B. 주커먼 마음·뇌·행동 연구소의 공동 소장을 맡고 있다. 지은 책으로 무의식의 세계를 과학, 예술, 인문학을 넘나들며 파헤치는 《통찰의 시대The Age of Insight》와 신경과학 분야 최고의 교과서로 꼽히는 《신경과학의 원리Principles of Neural Science』(공저) 등이 있다. 회고록 《기억을 찾아서In Search of Memory》는 미국국립아카데미 ‘최고의 책’(2007)으로 선정되기도 했다. 컬럼비아대학교 사회의료학 교수인 아내 데니스와 함께 뉴욕에서 살고 있다.
접기
최근작 : <마음의 오류들>,<어쩐지 미술에서 뇌과학이 보인다>,<기억의 비밀> … 총 56종 (모두보기)
전대호 (옮긴이) 
저자파일
 
신간알리미 신청
서울대학교 물리학과와 동 대학원 철학과에서 박사과정을 수료했다. 독일 쾰른 대학교에서 철학을 공부했다. 1993년 조선일보 신춘문예 시 부문에 당선되어 등단했으며, 현재는 과학 및 철학 분야의 전문번역가로 활동 중이다. 저서로 『철학은 뿔이다』, 시집으로 『가끔 중세를 꿈꾼다』 『성찰』 등이 있다. 번역서로는 『물은 H2O인가?』 『로지코믹스』 『위험한 설계』 『스티븐 호킹의 청소년을 위한 시간의 역사』 『기억을 찾아서』 『생명이란 무엇인가』 『수학의 언어』 『아인슈타인의 베일』 『푸앵카레의 추측』 『초월적 관념론 체계』 『동물 상식을 뒤집는 책』 등이 있다. 접기
최근작 : <지천명의 시간>,<철학은 뿔이다>,<성찰> … 총 159종 (모두보기)
출판사 소개
알에이치코리아(RHK) 
도서 모두보기
  
신간알리미 신청
최근작 : <다시 팔리는 것들의 비밀>,<새들이 모조리 사라진다면>,<죽어 천년을 살리라 2>등 총 1,064종
대표분야 : 교육/학습 2위 (브랜드 지수 186,629점), 부동산/경매 4위 (브랜드 지수 124,234점), 과학소설(SF) 6위 (브랜드 지수 138,817점) 
출판사 제공 책소개
참혹한 홀로코스트에서 탈출해 노벨상을 수상하기까지
한 과학자의 격동적 삶과 정신과학의 발전사가 어우러진 역작!

뇌에 기억이 저장되는 신경학적 메커니즘을 밝혀내 2000년 노벨 생리의학상을 수상한 우리 시대 가장 위대한 과학자 에릭 캔델의 자서전 『기억을 찾아서』가 새로운 디자인의 개정판으로 재출간되었다. 홀로코스트라는 끔찍한 현실에서 벗어나 세계적 신경과학자가 되기까지 한 과학자의 격동적 삶을 보여주는 동시에 정신과학의 발전사를 알기 쉽게 풀어낸 이 책은 초판 출간 당시부터 최고의 자서전이라는 평을 받으며 전 세계적인 호응을 불러일으켰고, 동명의 다큐멘터리 영화로 제작되기도 했다.

뇌는 어떻게 기억을 창조하고 저장하는가?
우리가 우리인 것은 배우고 기억하는 것들 때문이다

오스트리아 빈에서 유대인으로 태어나 크리스탈나흐트(1938년 나치 대원들이 독일과 오스트리아의 유대인 가게 수만 곳을 약탈한 사건)를 직접 겪고, 홀로코스트를 피해 미국으로 망명한 에릭 캔델은 고향 빈의 문화, 철학, 역사를 깊이 공부하고자 하버드 대학교에서 역사와 문학을 전공했다. 그러던 중 프로이트의 정신분석에 매료되어 뉴욕 대학교 의대에 다시 입학해 정신과 의사의 길을 걷게 되었고, 이후 인간 정신과 기억의 근원을 파헤치기 위해 의사라는 직업을 마다하고 과학자가 되었다.
어린 시절 나치가 문을 두드리던 소리를 아직도 기억한다는 캔델은, 기억이 없다면 우리는 우리의 개인사를 알지 못할 것이며 우리 삶의 기쁨의 순간들을 회상할 수 없을 것이라고 말한다. 즉 우리가 우리인 것은 우리가 배우고 기억하는 것들 때문이라는 것이다. 기억이 인간의 정체성과 뿌리 깊게 연결되어 있음을 전제한 캔델은 『기억을 찾아서』에서 자신의 삶과 50여 년에 걸친 연구 여정을 보여주는 동시에 인류의 정신과학, 뇌과학, 생물학이 어떻게 발전되어 왔는지를 과학에 문외한인 사람도 이해할 수 있도록 쉽고 자세하게 풀어낸다.
사실 캔델 이전의 정신과학은 프로이트의 그늘에서 벗어나지 못하고 있었다. 캔델 또한 프로이트의 정신분석 이론에서 출발했지만 세포에서부터 하나씩 풀어나가는 독창적인 연구 방법을 도입해 ‘정신의 생물학’이라는 새로운 지평을 열었다. 『기억을 찾아서』에서 캔델은 정신을 탐구하는 생물학의 발생사를 개관하고 현대 생물학의 혁명적 이정표들을 설명하며, 어떻게 행동주의 심리학과 인지심리학, 신경과학, 분자생물학이 수렴하여 새롭고 강력한 정신과학이 되었는지를 상세하게 알려준다. 신경세포(뉴런)를 이해하고, 뉴런 간의 연결인 시냅스를 통해 어떻게 기억이 신경 회로에 저장되는지, 단기기억과 장기기억의 차이는 무엇인지를 명쾌하게 설명하는 그의 연구 여정을 따라가다 보면 우리가 누구인지 밝혀내고자 하는 그의 목표에 누구라도 공감할 수 있을 것이다.

나는 이 책에 두 가지 이야기를 엮어 넣기로 했다. 첫째는 지난 50년 동안 정신에 대한 연구에서 일어난 특별한 과학적 성취의 역사다. 그리고 둘째는 그 50년을 함께한 나의 삶과 과학자로서의 연구에 관한 이야기다. 이 이야기는 내가 어린 시절 빈에서 겪은 일들이 어떻게 기억에 대한 관심으로 이어졌는가를 추적한다. 『기억을 찾아서』는 기억을 이해하기 위한 나의 개인적인 여정이 위대한 과학적 노력들과 어떻게 교차했는가에 대한 서술이다. 나의 개인적 구도의 길이 정신을 세포생물학과 분자생물학을 통해 이해하려는 노력과 어떻게 교차했는가에 대한 서술 말이다. (본문 18쪽)


시냅스 가소성을 통해 기억과 학습의 과정을 밝히고
‘나는 누구인가’라는 질문에 답을 찾아가는 에릭 캔델의 여정

캔델은 히틀러 치하의 빈에서 유대인으로서 느꼈던 공포를 계기로 ‘기억’을 평생의 화두로 삼았다. 그리고 의대 상급반 과정에서 생물학적으로 뇌와 정신에 접근하는 것이 중요함을 깨닫고 미국 최고의 신경생리학자인 해리 그런드페스트를 만나게 된다. 위대한 멘토를 만난 그는 창의력과 도전정신을 앞세워 전도유망한 과학자의 길을 걷는다. 캔델은 다른 과학자들의 반대를 무릅쓰고 가장 단순한 뇌를 가진 군소(바다달팽이)를 실험동물로 택한 뒤 기억과 학습 과정을 세포 단위에서 규명해 내는 데 성공한다.
시냅스 가소성(기억이 저장되는 과정에서 뇌세포가 물리적으로 변하는 성질)에 대한 그의 연구는 인간 본성에 대한 칸트의 합리론과 로크의 경험론이 모두 타당함을 확인시켜 주었다. 파블로프의 세 가지 학습 형태인 습관화, 민감화, 고전적 조건화를 세포 단위에서 재현한 실험은 학습이 어떤 변화를 통해 저장되는지 알 수 있게 했다. 분자생물학적 연구는 기억이 저장될 때 세포 속 DNA가 작용하는 메커니즘을 밝혔으며, 기억이 어떻게 평생 지속될 수 있을까에 대한 연구는 광우병을 유발하는 프리온 단백질의 기능을 발견했다. 선택적 주의 집중에 대한 연구는 우리의 뇌가 세계를 어떻게 인식하고 자아의 위치를 어떻게 표상하는지에 대한 통찰을 제공한다. 마지막으로 캔델은 이러한 연구를 바탕으로 21세기에 정신의 생물학이 나아가야 할 방향과 전망을 제시한다.

우리가 지금 있는 곳에서 우리가 있고자 하는 곳으로 나아가기 위해 문턱을 넘으려면 뇌를 연구하는 방식과 관련한 커다란 개념적 전환들이 일어나야 한다. 한 가지 전환은 기초적인 과정들에 대한 연구에서 시스템 속성들에 대한 연구로의 전환일 것이다. 세포적, 분자적 접근법만으로는 신경 회로나 신경 회로들의 상호작용 속에 있는 내적인 표상의 비밀을 풀어헤칠 수 없다. 신경 시스템을 복잡한 인지 기능과 연결할 수 있는 접근법을 개발하려면, 어떻게 다양한 신경 회로의 활동 패턴들이 하나의 정합적인 표상으로 종합되는지 알아내야 할 것이다. (본문 466쪽)


미지의 세계를 향해 끝없이 도전하는
과학자의 치열한 삶을 잘 보여주는 책!

만약 캔델이 의사로서의 삶에 안주했다면 인류는 현재만큼 뇌를 이해하지 못했을 것이다. 안정적인 삶 대신 미지의 세계를 향해 거침없이 발을 내디디고, 남들과 다른 방식으로 접근하는 그의 삶은 도전 그 자체라고 할 수 있다.
캔델은 자신이 좋아하는 분야에 대해 동료 교수, 연구자, 후배들과 일생 동안 자유롭게 토론할 수 있어서 행복했다고 이야기한다. 스승뿐 아니라 후배 연구원 및 학생들과 격의 없이 대화하며 새로운 것을 배워나가는 과정, 자유로운 연구 분위기는 그가 커다란 과학적 도약을 성공적으로 이뤄낸 원동력이었다. 이는 책 앞부분에 삽입된 서울대학교 생명과학부 강봉균 교수의 추천사에도 잘 나타나 있다. 캔델에게 직접 박사학위 과정을 지도받은 강봉균 교수는 캔델이 항상 웃음을 잃지 않고 젊은 학생, 박사들과 연구 결과에 대한 열띤 토론을 벌였으며, 좋은 결과가 나오면 복도 끝에서도 들릴 정도로 크게 웃으며 좋아했다고 회고한다.
한편 캔델은 한국의 독자들에게 보내는 머리말에서 과감하고 창의적인 도전이 획기적인 발전을 낳는다고 언급한다. 과학 분야의 노벨상 수상자 탄생을 열망하는 한국인들의 마음을 이해하며, 노벨상을 받은 과학자는 과연 어떤 사람이고 어떻게 성장하는지에 대해 자신의 책이 영감을 주게 되기를 기대한다고 덧붙인다.
캔델이 스스로 밝혔듯 『기억을 찾아서』는 과학에 대한 배경 지식이 없는 독자들도 무리 없이 즐길 수 있는 뇌과학 입문서일뿐더러 ‘나는 누구인가’에 대한 인류의 오랜 물음에 큰 실마리를 줄 수 있는 책이다. 기억 과정의 연구에 평생을 바친 한 천재 과학자의 지적 여정이 정신과학 분야에 매진한 다른 과학자들의 위대한 노력들과 교차하는 흥미진진한 순간들을 엿보며 독자들은 삶의 태도와 마음가짐을 새롭게 정립할 수 있을 것이다.

과학하기의 재미는 비교적 알려지지 않은 지역을 탐험하는 데 있다. 미지의 땅으로 과감히 들어가는 사람이 다들 그렇듯이, 나는 잘 닦이지 않은 오솔길을 가면서 때때로 외로움과 불확실성을 느꼈다. 내가 새 길에 들어설 때마다, 그러지 말라고 진정한 호의로 조언하는 사람들이 항상 있었다. 사회에서 사귄 친구들도 그랬고, 과학자 동료들도 그랬다. 나는 일찍부터 불확실성 속에서 편안함을 느끼고 핵심적인 문제들에 대한 나 자신의 판단을 신뢰하는 법을 배워야 했다. (본문 462쪽) 접기
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노벨상수상자 에릭켄들이 직접 자신의 연구성과+그외에도 밝혀진 기억의 메커니즘을 자세히 전문적으로 설명하는책. 분자생물학적 기작도 자세히 설명해 줘서 좋아요
일반인들이 읽기에는 어려울수 있지만 저는 전문적이여서 좋아요  구매
유리메기 2018-02-22 공감 (2) 댓글 (0)
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지금까지 읽어본 기억에 관한 책 중 최고였다. 한 과학자의 삶을 따라가며 기억을 저장하는 메커니즘이 어떻게 밝혀졌는지 간접적으로 체험해 볼 수 있었다. 깔끔한 번역은 그 체험을 더 매끄럽게 만들어준다. 책값이 전혀 아깝지 않았던 책. 추천합니다  구매
오리 2021-02-07 공감 (1) 댓글 (0)
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이 분의 책은 진정한 통섭이 무엇인지 보여준다  구매
열린마음 2016-04-28 공감 (0) 댓글 (0)
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기억에 관한 단순한 호기심으로 읽기 시작했는데 마치 우리의 뇌 속을 세포 하나에서 부터 뇌 전반의 활동에 대해 자세히 들여다 보는 것 같아 흥미롭고 재밌었다. 뇌 연구의 역사를 볼 수 있었던 것도 즐거움을 더했다.  구매
까마귀40 2015-04-29 공감 (0) 댓글 (0)
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기억을 찾아서 * 에릭 캔델* 새창으로 보기
뇌과학의 살아있는 역사, 에릭 캔델 자서전 * 기억을 찾아서 *


어린 시절 나치에 의해 억압받았던 기억을 성인이 된 이후에도 영향을 받는 것에 대한 궁금증으로 정신과학에 관심을 갖게 된 저자 에릭 캔델. 빈에서의 악몽과도 같은 기억이 결국 그를 정신과학에 길로 인도하는 긍정적인 결과를 낳았지만 보통의 사람들이 그럴 수 있는 것은 아니다. 저자의 말처럼 이렇게 좋은 기억을 남기고 그렇지 못한 기억을 소멸하는 것이 가장 좋은 뇌의 역할이지만 안타깝게도 트라우마에 시달리는 경우도 근래에는 흔하게 볼 수 있다. 이런 기억과 관련된 질병에서 벗어나기 위해 정신과학 및 뇌과학에 대한 연구가 필요한 것이다. 직접적으로 이 분야에 대한 연구를 결심하기 이전 그가 학부시절 전문적으로 공부하고 싶었던 분야는 역사학이었다. 빈에서 태어난 이후 도망치듯 미국으로 건너왔지만 빈이라는 곳은 문화적으로 역사적으로 그야말로 다양한 가치를 지닌 곳이기에 빈을 중심으로 한 논문을 저술할 만큼 역사학에 뜻을 가지고 있었다. 하지만 앞서 말한 유년 시절의 기억이 여전히 그의 삶에서 쉽게 사라지지 않고 오히려 뚜렷하게 기억되는 것을 구체적으로 알기 위해 프로이트의 정신분석학에 관심을 갖게 되었다고 한다. 지금은 심리학쪽에서 프로이트 이론을 다루지만 당시에는 의학쪽에서 다루는 영역이라 의과대에 들어갔지만 그와 관련된 수업 중 뇌과학에 대한 관심이 커지고 정신이론이나 철학적 관점에서 기억에 다가가는 것이 아니라 세포연구를 시작으로 한 생물학적 관점에서의 뇌과학으로 접근하게 되었다.

 

훈련된 자기 성찰이나 창조적인 통찰은 정신과학을 정초하는 데 필요한 체계적인 지식 축적으로 이어지지 못할 것이었다. 그 정초를 위해서는 통찰 이상의 것, 즉 실험이 필요하다. 그러므로 정신을 연구하는 사람들은 실험과학인 천문학, 물리학, 화학의 놀라운 성과들에 자극을 받아 행동을 연구하기 위한 실험적 방법들을 고안하기 시작했다. p.60

 

프로이트 또한 신경세포들을 통한 정신과학 분야의 연구를 지속적으로 하길 원했지만 그때는 지금보다 더 연구직으로서의 삶이 경제적으로 더 불안정했기 때문에 진료소를 개원했을거라고 저자는 말한다. 정신분석에서 머물지 않고 뇌과학으로의 창조적이고 점진적인 연구가 가능했던 것은 그런드페스트라는 인물덕분이었다. 나중에 차차 등장하게 될테지만 에릭 캔델이 하버드에 다닐 수 있도록 지원금을 지원해준 캄파냐 뿐 아니라 그런드페스트 역시 그의 인생을 변화시킨 인물 중 하나다. 구체적으로 연구상황에 대해 좀 더 알아보면 저자가 '군소'에 대한 연구결과를 접하면서 시작된다. 솔직히 책을 읽기 전까지 군소가 무엇인지 몰랐다. 혹 집단이나 범위를 말하는 한자어인가 싶었는데 고대의 학자들은 바다토끼라고 불렀다는 바다달팽이었다. 이 바다달팽이가 뇌과학을 연구하는데 무슨 관련이 있냐면 포유류의 뇌를 이루는 세포는 1,000억개이다. 근데 군소는 약 2만 개의 세포로 이뤄진데다 군소의 세포들 중 일부는 동물계에서 가장 크기 때문에 현미경이 아닌 맨눈으로도 관찰이 가능하며 학습에 의해 행동이 바뀔 때 특정 세포에서 일어나는 변화를 연구할 수 있는 등 여러 장점을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 이 연구를 위해 당시에 군소를 연구하는 사람이 미국에 없어 국립보건원을 떠나게 되었다. 이후 오랜기간 방문하지 않았던 빈을 방문하게 되는데 어린시절 자신이 기억했던 부분과 다른 점을 발견하면서 기억의 왜곡을 경험하게 되고 파리에 도착해서 본격적으로 신경세포에 각각의 자극(민감화, 습관화,고전적 조건화)을 통해 학습화된 자극에 반응하지 않는 다는 것을 알 수 있게 된다.  쉽게 말하자면 우리가 어떤 기억에 의해 행동하고 이에 대해 장애를 얻게 될 때 그것이 정신분석인 이론이 아니라 뇌의 특정 부분이 자극 혹은 손상된 결과이며 이를 실험을 통해 증명하게 된 것이다. 프로이트의 이론을 접하면서 심리학, 신경세포에 의한 뇌과학에 관심을 갖게 되었지만 결과적으로 정신분석이 아닌 정반대의 환원주의적 접근법을을 통해 학습 및 기억에 관한 세포생물학의 원리들을 발견한 셈이다. 쥐의 뇌에서 해마부분을 꺼내어 확장된 기억연구가 시작되었고 실험의 대상은 군소에서 생쥐들에게로 옮겨졌다. 맨처음 고양이 척추에서 얻었던 것에서 이제 또다른 변화가 찾아온 것이다.  물론  그의 연구전반에 걸쳐 군소를 통해 얻게된 그의 연구가설및 관련 내용은 계속 이어진다. 2막부터 4막까지가 그가 본격적으로 분자생물학자로서의 뇌과학을 연구, 전문적인 뇌과학의 이론과 실험결과들에 대한 내용이 등장한다. 여기서부터는 섣불리 요약해서 전달하거나 리뷰라기 보다는 그야말로 과제물이나 시험전 총정리에 가까워 말을 아낄 수 밖에 없다.  물론 책에서는 어려운 설명뒤에 일상에서 쉽게 접하는 사례로 쉽게 풀이해주어 이해를 돕는다. 그치만 결코 쉽지 않다.


​ 5막에서는 뇌과학 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과물을 정신장애 및 기억장애 등의 질병을 다루는데 적용하는 과정을 담고 있었다. 마지막 6막은 저자가 노벨상을 수상하기 까지의 에피소드와 정신과학을 포함, 과학자로서의 당부가 담겨있다. 요약하자면 저자가 서문에 밝힌 것처럼 창의적인 도전의 중요성 만큼은  얼마전 읽었던 장하석 교수가 말했던 부분과도 일치하는 부분이다. 근래 자연과학분야에서의 노벨상 수상자들의 자서전이 다양하게 출간되고 있는 것만 봐도 노벨상에 대한 염원이 얼마나 대단한지 느껴지는데 실제 교육현장에서도 이에 걸맞는 변화가 이뤄지길 바란다.

 

책의 처음부터 끝까지 내가 강조하는 것은, 독창적인 문제에 대한 과감하고 창의적인 도전이 획기적인 발견을 낳는다는 점입니다. 더 나아가 나는 개인의 유년기와 교육 경험이 과학에 대한 접근법과 기나긴 인생행로에 미치는 영향의 중요성을 지적합니다. - 한국의 독자들에게-

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리제 2014-12-29 공감(10) 댓글(0)
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기억을 찾아서 새창으로 보기
기억과 무의식 세계에서 에릭 캔델 만큼 자주 거론되는 이름은 드물다. 그만큼 노학자의 뇌의 신경세포에 관한 기억과 무의식 연구는 태산과 같은 업적으로 신경과학의 분야의 기틀과 체계를 세워놓았다. 여기 에릭 캔델의 ‘기억을 찾아서’는 시대를 함께하며 체험한 정신 연구에 대한 과거 50년의 기록이자 과학자로서의 그 자신의 연구에 관한 이야기를 담고 있다.


작가의 삶은 독일어권 세계에서 가장 중요한 문화 중심지 빈에서 시작된다. 정신분석의 창시자 프로이트를 비롯해서 비트겐슈타인과 칼 포머 등 현대 철학의 창시자들이 모두 그곳에서 활동하였다. 하지만 그가 보낸 시대는 히틀러의 광기가 전세계를 피폐하게 만들던 시기와도 일치한다. 그래서 미국으로 이주하였고 그곳에서 의학을 공부하던 에릭 캔델은 또다시 매카시의 광풍과 조우하게 되고 그 광기는 그에게 기회로 다가오게 된다. 생물학적인 폭넓은 시각과 전기공학에 대한 탄탄한 기본 지식을 겸비한 노벨 생리의학상을 받은 그런드페스트가 공산주의 낙인으로 좌천되면서 그에게 시간의 여유가 생기였고 그 틈을 에릭 탠델이 차지할 수 있었던 것이다. 신경세포가 어떻게 작동하는가를 이해하는 일에 중요함을 강조한 그런드페스트의 생각은 캔델의 기억을 연구에 근본적인 영향을 끼쳤기 때문이다.


신경 회로들의 고정된 시냅스 연결을 형성하여 우리가 지각하는 세계의 정확성을 보장하는 지각과 학습에 의해 그 세기가 달라지는 시냅스 연결들을 가지고 있는 기억의 신경 회로로 나눈 프로이트의 전제는 캔델의 다양한 연구들로 인해 도전을 받는다. 학습에 관계된 시냅스 세기는 정보처리 능력을 재설정할 만큼 클 수도 있고, 두 뉴런 사이의 특정 시냅스 연결들이 다양한 형태의 학습에 의해 강화되거나 약화될 수도 있으며, 단기기억의 지속은 시냅스가 약화되거나 강화되는 시간의 길이에 의해 결정된다는 사실을 발견하였다. 즉, 스냅스는 경험에 의해 다양하게 바꾸어진다.


해리 그런드페스트가 “뇌를 한 번에 세포 하나씩 연구할 필요가 있다.”고 말한 지 20년 후 기억의 세포학적 토대를 탐구하기 시작하였고, 군소를 기억 저장의 분자적 토대를 탐구하기 위한 대상으로 삼으면서 분자와 단기기억에 몰입하게 된다. 캔델과 그의 친구들은 군소를 뉴런과 시냅스로 환원하여 학습이 감각뉴런과 운동뉴런 사이의 기존 연결의 세기를 일시적으로 변화시킴으로써 단기기억을 산출한다는 것을 발견한다. 그리고 장기기억 형성이 새 단백질들의 합성에 의존한다는 사실도 발견하게 된다.

그를 통해서 기억 형성에 대한 분석을 더 심화하여 뉴런 속 분자들의 미로에 뛰어들어 기억 연구에 분자생물학을 적용하게 된다.


‘기억을 찾아서’를 읽어가며 진실한 과학자의 생생한 삶을 읽을 수 있었고, 작가의 과학에 대한 열정과 과학과 관련된 폭넓은 학구열에 감동받을 수 있었다. 무엇보다도 과학계의 평등한 사회적 구조에서 선후배 관계없이 동지애로 서로를 북돋우는 모습은 정말 부럽고 한국에서도 문화로 정착되었으면 하는 아쉬움이 컸다. ‘최선의 과학 공동체는 놀라운 동지애와 공동의 목표 의식을 가진다.’라는 그의 생각은 그의 놀라운 연구결과와 명성을 통해서 증명된 작가의 사명이자 시대의 소명이 아닐까 싶다. 기억을 찾아가는 그의 행로가 나에게는 어려웠지만 달콤한 희열을 주는 시간이었다.

 

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nunobgc1 2014-12-29 공감(8) 댓글(0)
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<기억을 찾아서> 뇌과학자의 자서전 새창으로 보기
 

우리들에게도 언젠가의 어떤 기억은 오랜 세월을 흘렀건만 지워지지 않는 경우가 있다. 좋은 기억 보다는 끔찍한 공포의 순간들이 더욱 그러한데, 이 책의 저자인 '에릭 캔델'은 그런 기억이 그의 진로를 결정하게 되는 계기가 된다.


오스트리아에서 살았던 어린 시절의 기억, 그는 9살에 나치가 빈을 점령하면서 유대인이라는 이유로 굴욕을 당하게 되는데, 그래도 그의 아버지가 전쟁 중에 나치에 가담했기에 수용소로 끌려가지는 않았지만 그가 겪은 나치 치하의 1년의 생활을 끔찍한 공포로 남게 된다.
폭도들의 "유대인을 끌어 내려라!" 하일 히틀러!", " 유대인을 쳐부숴라!" ...

학교에서는 급우들이 유대인이라고 조롱과 모욕를 하고 학대를 하기도 한다. 그들은 나치를 피해 미국 망명을 하지만 그가 겪은 빈에서의 마지막 1년은 그의 삶을 결정하는 원인이 된다.

그는 맨처음에는 역사학자가 되려고 한다. 그래서 오스트리아와 독일의 연구에 관한 논문, 나치 집권에 대한 독일 작가들의 반응을 다룬 논문 등을  쓰기도 한다. 그러나 프로이트의 정신분석에 매료되어 정신과 의사가 되지만 의사 보다는 인간 정신의 근원을 파헤치기 위한 과학자의 길을 선택하게 된다. 그의 연구는 '기억'을 화두로 자신의 삶을 살펴보면서 50여 년간 연구를 하게 된다.

그에게 오스트리아 빈의 어린 시절은 공포의 기억이었지만 미국에서의 삶은 과학의 천국에서 연구를 할 수 있는 일생의 행복을 느낄 수 있는 시간들이었다.



이 책이 특별한 이유는 뇌과학자의 살아있는 역사를 적어 놓은 '에릭 캔델'의 자서전인 동시에 '에릭 캔델'의 삶이 과학자로서의 삶이었기에 그의 일생을 통해서 살펴보는 뇌과학 전문서의 역할을 함께 한다.

기억을 이해하기 위해 신경세포를 이해하고, 뉴런들간의 연결된 시냅스를 통해 어떻게 다른 종류의 기억들이 신경 회로상에 저장되는지, 단기 기억과 장기 기억의 생물학적 차이는 어떻게 다른지 설명을 하는 등과 같은 전문적인 내용들의 설명이 곁들여지기 때문이다.



그런 의미에서 이 책은 과학자의 길을 걷는 사람들에게는 안내서와 같은 책이기도 하다.



과학자들에게 전하는 메시지를 살펴보면,

과감하게 도전하라, 목표에 현실 보다는 이상을 찾아 몸을 던져라.

좋아하는 것을 하라.

동료 과학자들과의 교류 등에 관한 내용들을 담고 있다.

이 책의 1막은 어린시절부터 미국에서의 새로운 삶, 그리고 의대에서의 활동을 다루고 있으며,

2막에서는 본격적으로 정신분석을 연구하는 과정에 관한 내용을 담고 있다.

프로이트는 위에서 아래로 나아가는 정신구조 이론을 연구했지만, 컬럼비아 대학의 해리 그런드페스는 그와는 반대인 아래에서 위로 나아가는 신경계의 신호들을 연구하였다.

저자의 연구내용을 보면, 뇌가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하려면 뉴런들의 이야기를 듣은 법을, 모든 정신적 삶의 토대에 있는 전기 신호를 해석하는 방법을 연구한다.



그는 50년을 가르치고 연구를 했지만 여전히 그런 연구들이 재미있다고 말한다. 2000년에는 노벨 생리의학상을 받았다.



이 책에는 앞에서도 썼듯이, 2가지 이야기가 담겨 있다.

하나는, 지난 50년 동안 정신에 대한 연구에서 일어난 특별한 과학적 성취의 역사를,

둘째는, 그 50년을 함께한 저자의 삶과 과학자로서의 연구에 관한 이야기이다.



그래서 어려운 뇌과학에 관한 내용들이 담겨 있어서 과학자들을 위한 전문 서적이라는 생각을 갖게 되면서도 '에릭 캔델'의 삶을 조명한다는 점에서는 과학자의 자서전을 읽는 의미가 더해지기에 그 어떤 독자들이 읽어도 무난한 책이라고 할 수 있다.

 

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라일락 2014-12-27 공감(4) 댓글(0)
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모든 정신과정은 생물학적이다. 새창으로 보기 구매
  저자 에릭 캔델은 유대인으로 빈에서 태어났으나 나치가 빈을 점령한 이후 홀로코스트를 피해 부모님과 미국으로 망명하여 어린 시절을 거쳐 하버드 대학에서 공부를 했다. 그러나 빈에서의 기억이 평생 삶의 기본 바탕이 됨을 스스로 느끼며 인간 정신의 근원을 파헤치고자 정신분석을 공부하고 의사가 되려했었고, 다시 세포부터 연구하고 실험하며 기억을 근원을 밝혀가는 과학자가 되었다. 시대의 학문적 흐름을 따라가며 뇌와 기억에 대해 연구하여 기억이 저장되는 신경학적 메커니즘을 밝혀내며 2000년에 노벨 생리의학상을 받았다. 
  

  
‘나는 역사가가 되려고 하버드 대학에 입학했고 정신분석가가 되려고 그곳을 떠났으나, 결국 역사학과 정신분석학을 다 버리고서, 정신에 대한 참된 이해에 이르는 길은 뇌의 세포적 경로들을 거쳐야 한다는 나의 직관을 쫒았다. 나의 직감, 나의 무의식적 사고 과정, 그리고 당시에는 까마득히 멀게 들렸던 주위의 경고가 나를 이 삶으로 이끌었고, 나는 이 삶을 한없이 만끽했다.’(473쪽) 
  
 
  이 책은 노벨상 수상 기념으로 쓴 자서전인데 세 가지 측면으로 바라보며 읽을 수 있다. 먼저, 에릭 캔텔의 연구과정에 대해, 그리고 수 십 년간 뇌와 기억 그리고 정신의학에 관한 학자들의 연구에 대한 정리, 마지막으로 에릭 캔델 개인의 가족사와 유대인이라는 정체성을 유지해 가는 과정이다. 그래서 에릭 캔델의 개인적 이야기뿐만 아니라 생물학과 정신의학이 서로 밀접한 영향을 주고받기까지의 여러 학자들의 주장과 현대 정신의학에 이르기까지의 바탕이 되었던 연구과정들을 살펴볼 수 있다.
  

  
‘유기체의 환경과 학습은 기존 경로들의 효율성을 변화시키고 따라서 새로운 행동 패턴을 표출시킨다. 우리들이 군소에서 발견한 것들이 이 견해를 뒷받침했다. 가장 단순한 형태의 학습에서, 학습은 미리 준비된 풍부한 연결들 중에서 몇몇을 선택적으로 강화한다.’ (229쪽)
  
‘우리는 뇌 속 시냅스의 개수가 고정적이지 않다는 것을 최초로 확인할 수 있었다. 그 개수는 학습에 의해 바뀐다. 더 나아가 장기기억은 해부학적 변화가 유지되는 만큼 지속된다. (중략) 단기기억 변화와 장기기억 변화의 메커니즘은 근본적으로 다르다. 단기기억은 시냅스 기능의 변화를 일으켜 기존 연결들을 강화하거나 약화한다. 반면에 장기기억은 해부학적 변화를 필요로 한다.‘ (243쪽)
  
‘인간의 뇌에만 고유하게 존재하는 단백질은 놀라울 정도로 극소수이고, 인간의 뇌에만 고유한 신호 전달 시스템은 전혀 없다. 생각과 기억의 기반을 이루는 생명까지 포함해서 모든 생명은 똑같은 구성 요소로 되어있다.’ (266쪽)
  
‘장기기억 형성을 위해 유전자가 켜져야 한다는 사실은 유전자가 단순히 행동의 결정자인 것이 아니라 학습과 같은 환경적 자극에 반응하기도 한다는 것을 명백히 보여준다.
새 시냅스 말단들의 성장과 유지는 기억이 영속하게 한다. 그러니까 당신이 이 책을 읽고 나서 그 내용을 조금이라도 기억한다면, 그것은 당신의 뇌가 약간 달라졌기 때문이다. 새 시냅스 연결들을 성장시키는 능력은 진화 과정 내내 보존된 것으로 보인다. 예컨대 더 단순한 동물들에서와 마찬가지로 인간에서 신체 표면 감각의 피질 지도는 감각 경로들에서 온 입력의 변화에 반응하여 끊임없이 교정된다.‘ (308쪽)
  
‘생명공학 회사들의 등장은 기억상실의 고통이 경감되리라는 희망을 품게 했고 뇌를 연구하는 과학자들에게 새로운 직업이라는 진로를 열어주었지만, 다른 한편으로 인지 향상과 관련된 윤리적 문제들을 야기했다. 정상적인 사람의 기억력을 향상시키는 것은 바람직한가?’ (368쪽)
  
‘학습된 공포와 선천적 공포가 근본적으로 구별된다. 세포학과 유전학을 결합한 접근법으로 우리는 학습된 공포를 제어하는 중요한 신경 회로를 찾아낼 수 있었다. 이 발견은 외상 후 스트레스 장애와 공포증 등에 수반된 학습된 공포를 억제하는 약물의 개발로 이어질 수 있다.’ (384쪽)

‘어떻게 특정 뉴런들의 점화가 의식적 지각의 주관적 요소로 이어지는 지에 대하여 우리는 가장 단순한 사례에 대해서조차 아직 아는 바가 없다. 심지어 어떻게 뇌 속 전기신호와 같은 객관적 현상이 고통과 같은 주관적 경험을 일으키는지에 대한 적절한 이론을 가지고 있지 않다. 
네이글에 따르면 과학은 방법론을 크게 바꾸지 않는 한, 주관적 경험의 원리들을 확인하고 분석하는 것을 가능케 하는 방법론적 변화가 없는 한 의식을 감당할 수 없다.’ (417)쪽
  

‘1980년대 이후 정신과 뇌를 결합하는 방식은 점점 더 명확해졌다. 그 결과 장신의학은 새 역할을 받아들였다. 정신의학은 현대 생물학 사상의 자극제인 동시에 수혜자가 되었다. 현재 우리는 각각의 모든 정신 상태는 뇌 상태이며, 각각의 모든 정신장애는 뇌 기능 장애라고 이해한다.’ (464쪽)
  
‘우리가 지금 있는 곳에서 우리가 있고자 하는 곳으로 나아가기 위해 문턱을 넘으려면 뇌를 연구하는 방식과 관련한 커다란 개념적 전환들이 일어나야 한다.’ (466쪽)
   
  복잡한 이 시대의 많은 사람들은 정신적인 문제들을 가지고 있다. 효율적으로 학습하는 것에서부터 정신병에 이르기까지 다양한 문제들은 일반 사람들도 뇌 과학과 정신의학에 관심을 갖도록 하고 있다. 
  
  주변에는 집중력, 항우울증, 항공항장애 등 정신관련 약을 복용하고 있는 사람들이 많다. 정신적 과정은 생물학적인 문제인 동시에 화학적 문제라는 것이 밝혀지면서 생명공학 관련 기업들이 탄생하였고 새로운 약들이 개발되면서 정신관련 치료제의 사용이 증가하게 된 것 같다. 
  
  그러나 저자도 책에서 이야기하고 있듯이 아직까지 인간의 의식과 기억을 비롯하여 정신 과정이 정확히 밝혀지지 못한 상태다. 그리고 현재까지의 방법과는 다른 획기적이고 새로운 연구 방법을 개발해야만 한 발 앞으로 나아갈 수 있으리라는 말에 공감한다.
  
  또한 뿌리와 정체성을 유지해가기 위해 노력하는 유대인들의 모습과 과학자인 에릭 캔델도 자신이 타고난 핏줄과 역사에 대해 함께 하며 고민하고 유대인을 위해 그가 할 수 있는 일들을 하는 것을 보며 우리 민족과 우리나라의 현재 상황을 생각해보지 않을 수 없었다. 우리의 정치, 사회, 철학, 문화와 학문의 깊이가 깊어지고, 그것을 후손들에게 면면히 전달할 수 있게 되는 날을 기대해본다. 








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신명 2018-01-24 공감(3) 댓글(0)
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기억을 찾아서 새창으로 보기
학교에서 영어 단어와 수학 공식을 외우거나 사회에서 고객과 거래처의 얼굴을 기억해야 하는 등 우리는 일상에서 늘 기억해야할 순간을 만나게 된다. 보통 기억력은 머리의 좋고 나쁨의 문제로만 생각하는 경향이 있지만 의외로 기억의 달인들은 일상생활에서 반복하여 연습하는 노력을 게을리 하지 않는다.

 

사람의 뇌는 시간이 지남에 따라 쉽게 기억할 수 있는 것과 그렇지 않은 것으로 나눠진다. 이전에 외웠던 것이 나중에 외운 것을 지우기도 하고 나중에 외운 것이 먼저 외운 것을 지우기도 한다.

 

‘휴대폰을 어디에 뒀지?’ ‘분명 전에 만난 사람인데 누구더라….’ ‘앗차, 어머니 생일을 잊어버렸네!’ ‘내일이 시험인데 언제 다 외우지?’ 누구나 일상에서 중요한 일을 깜박해서 속상해 한 경험이나 욀 자료가 많은데 시간이 부족해 쩔쩔맨 경험이 있다. 무언가 잊어버린 일로 당황할 때마다 기억력이 나빠졌다고 자책하기도 한다.

 

이 책은 뇌와 신경쇠포, 기억과 무의식 연구에 평생을 바쳐온 세계적 신경과학자이며, 현재 컬럼비아 대학교 교수이자 하워드 휴스 의학연구소의 선임연구원, 컬럼비아 대학교 의대 부속 신경생물학 및 행동 센터의 초대 소장을 맡고 있으며, 뇌에 기억이 저장되는 신경학적 메커니즘을 밝혀낸 2000년 노벨 생리의학상 수상자 에릭 캔델의 자서전이다.

 

저자는 오스트리아의 유대인 가정에서 태어나 나치의 홀로코스트를 피해 미국으로 망명한 과학자다. 하버드대에서 역사와 문학을 공부하던 중 프로이트의 정신분석에 빠져 뉴욕대 의대에서 의사의 길을 걷다가 사람 정신과 기억의 근원을 파헤치기 위해 과학자로 돌아선 독특한 이력의 소유자다. ‘기억’을 화두로 삼아 평생 그 풀이에 매진해 온 그의 지론은 ‘기억은 인간의 정체성과 뿌리 깊게 연결돼 있다’는 것이다.

 

저자는 1938년 11월 아홉 살 때 누군가 문을 쾅쾅 두드리던 소리를 아직도 기억한다. 나치 경찰관들은 당장 짐을 꾸려 떠나라고 명령했다. 열흘 뒤 돌아온 집은 엉망진창, 값진 물건은 다 없어졌다. 오스트리아 빈에서 보낸 마지막 해에 겪은 충격과 공포는 불도장처럼 소년의 뇌에 새겨졌다.

 

어릴 적 나치에게 당했던 공포를 지금도 기억한다는 그가 뇌과학자로 기억을 평생 화두로 삼았다고 하는 것은 어찌 보면 당연하다고 할 수 있다. 저자는 “기억이 없다면 우리는 우리의 개인사를 알지 못할 것이며 우리 삶의 기쁜 순간들을 회상할 수 없을 것”이라고 말했다.

 

이 책에서 저자는 “당신이 이 책을 읽고 나서 그 내용을 조금이라도 기억한다면, 그것은 당신의 뇌가 약간 달라졌기 때문이다. 이렇게 경험의 결과로 새 시냅스 연결들을 성장시키는 능력은 진화 과정 내내 보존된 것으로 보인다.”(p.308)고 말했다.

 

이 책은 ‘나는 누구인가’라는 질문의 답을 찾아가는 여정이 담긴 자서전이다. 위대한 과학자의 삶을 통해 의식의 생물학적 기초도 이해하게 될 것이다. 뇌 과학에 관심 있는 분들에게 읽기를 권한다.

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Amazon.com: The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present: 8601200475029: Kandel, Eric: 도서

The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present

The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present

Written by Eric R. Kandel

Narrated by James Anderson Foster

4.5/5 (12 ratings)
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Description

A brilliant book by Nobel Prize winner Eric R. Kandel, The Age of Insight takes us to Vienna 1900, where leaders in science, medicine, and art began a revolution that changed forever how we think about the human mind—our conscious and unconscious thoughts and emotions—and how mind and brain relate to art.

At the turn of the century, Vienna was the cultural capital of Europe. Artists and scientists met in glittering salons, where they freely exchanged ideas that led to revolutionary breakthroughs in psychology, brain science, literature, and art. Kandel takes us into the world of Vienna to trace, in rich and rewarding detail, the ideas and advances made then, and their enduring influence today.




Amazon.com: The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present: 8601200475029: Kandel, Eric: 도서


The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present Hardcover – 27 3월 2012
기준 Eric Kandel (Author)
별 5개 중 4.6    247개의 평가

A brilliant book by Nobel Prize winner Eric R. Kandel, The Age of Insight takes us to Vienna 1900, where leaders in science, medicine, and art began a revolution that changed forever how we think about the human mind—our conscious and unconscious thoughts and emotions—and how mind and brain relate to art.
 
At the turn of the century, Vienna was the cultural capital of Europe. Artists and scientists met in glittering salons, where they freely exchanged ideas that led to revolutionary breakthroughs in psychology, brain science, literature, and art. Kandel takes us into the world of Vienna to trace, in rich and rewarding detail, the ideas and advances made then, and their enduring influence today.
 
The Vienna School of Medicine led the way with its realization that truth lies hidden beneath the surface. That principle infused Viennese culture and strongly influenced the other pioneers of Vienna 1900. Sigmund Freud shocked the world with his insights into how our everyday unconscious aggressive and erotic desires are repressed and disguised in symbols, dreams, and behavior. Arthur Schnitzler revealed women’s unconscious sexuality in his novels through his innovative use of the interior monologue. Gustav Klimt, Oscar Kokoschka, and Egon Schiele created startlingly evocative and honest portraits that expressed unconscious lust, desire, anxiety, and the fear of death.
 
Kandel tells the story of how these pioneers—Freud, Schnitzler, Klimt, Kokoschka, and Schiele—inspired by the Vienna School of Medicine, in turn influenced the founders of the Vienna School of Art History to ask pivotal questions such as What does the viewer bring to a work of art? How does the beholder respond to it? These questions prompted new and ongoing discoveries in psychology and brain biology, leading to revelations about how we see and perceive, how we think and feel, and how we respond to and create works of art. Kandel, one of the leading scientific thinkers of our time, places these five innovators in the context of today’s cutting-edge science and gives us a new understanding of the modernist art of Klimt, Kokoschka, and Schiele, as well as the school of thought of Freud and Schnitzler. Reinvigorating the intellectual enquiry that began in Vienna 1900, The Age of Insight is a wonderfully written, superbly researched, and beautifully illustrated book that also provides a foundation for future work in neuroscience and the humanities. It is an extraordinary book from an international leader in neuroscience and intellectual history.

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Review
Advance praise for The Age of Insight
 
“Eric Kandel has succeeded in a brilliant synthesis that would have delighted and fascinated Freud: Using Viennese culture of the twentieth century as a lens, he examines the intersections of psychology, neuroscience, and art. The Age of Insight is a tour-de-force that sets the stage for a twenty-first-century understanding of the human mind in all its richness and diversity.”
—Oliver Sacks, author of The Mind’s Eye and The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
 
“In a polymathic performance, a Nobel laureate weaves together the theories and practices of neuroscience, art and psychology to show how our creative brains perceive and engage art—and are consequently moved by it. . . . A transformative work that joins the hands of Art and Science and makes them acknowledge their close kinship.”
—Kirkus Reviews (STARRED)

“A fascinating synthesis of art, history, and science that is also accessible to the general reader. A distinctive and important title that is also a pleasure to read”
—Library Journal (STARRED)

“Engrossing … Nobel-winning neuroscientist Kandel excavates the hidden workings of the creative mind. Kandel writes perceptively about a range of topics, from art history—the book’s color reproductions alone make it a great browse—to dyslexia. … Kandel captures the reader’s imagination with intriguing historical syntheses and fascinating scientific insights into how we see—and feel—the world.”
—Publisher’s Weekly

“A fascinating meditation on the interplay among art, psychology and brain science. The author, who fled Vienna as a child, has remained captivated by Austrian artists Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka and Egon Schiele, each of whom was profoundly influenced by Sigmund Freud and by the emerging scientific approach to medicine in their day … [calls] for a new, interdisciplinary approach to understanding the mind, one that combines the humanities with the natural and social sciences.”
—Scientific American

“Eric Kandel’s book is a stunning achievement, remarkable for its scientific, artistic, and historical insights. No one else could have written this book—all its readers will be amply rewarded.”
—Howard Gardner, Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education
 
“Eric Kandel’s training as a psychiatrist and his vast knowledge of how the brain works enrich this thoroughly original exploration of the relationship between the birth of psychoanalysis, Austrian Expressionism, and Modernism in Vienna.”
—Margaret Livingstone, Professor of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
 
“This is the book that Charles Darwin would have produced, had he chosen to write about art and aesthetics. Kandel, one of the great pioneers of modern neuroscience, has effectively bridged the ‘two cultures’—science and humanities. This is a task that many philosophers, especially those called ‘new mysterians,’ had considered impossible.”
—V. S. Ramachandran, author of The Tell-Tale Brain


“Eric Kandel has created a masterpiece, synthesizing brain, mind, and art like no one has before.”
—Joseph LeDoux, NYU, author of The Emotional Brain and Synaptic Self

“[This book] offers not only a stunning organic (in every sense of the word) view of fin de siecle culture but also opens new vistas in bioesthetics. It explores the often shocking neurology of the beautiful. And it shows how artist and scientist interlace in the common quest to discover the innards of reality. ‘I don’t render the visible,’ said Paul Klee, ‘I make visible.’ He echoed Edna St. Vincent Millay’s ‘Euclid alone looked on beauty bare.’ Eric Kandel is of that company.”
—Frederic Morton

“Nobel laureate Eric Kandel’s path-setting exploration of the connections between neuroscience and the painters Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka establishes a new frontier in the study of this all-important historical period. The shift toward a biological conception of self, which began in Vienna over a hundred years ago, has since decisively shaped our understanding of human nature.”
—Jane Kallir, director, Galerie St. Etienne

“With infectuous enthusiasm and limitless reverence for his multiple subjects, Kandel deftly steers the reader through a vast and inviting territory of science, the creative process, the mind, emotion, eroticism, empathy, feminism, and the unconscious. Years in the making, this highly readable book presents a magisterial study of brain, mind, and art.”
—Alessandra Comini, University Distinguished Professor of Art History Emerita, Southern Methodist University
About the Author
Eric R. Kandel is University Professor and Kavli Professor at Columbia University and a Senior Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Kandel is founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, and recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on memory storage in the brain. He is the author of In Search of Memory, a memoir that won a Los Angeles Times Book Award, and co-author of Principles of Neural Science, the standard textbook in the field. He was born in Vienna and lives in New York with his wife, Denise.

Eric R. Kandel
Eric R. Kandel is Kavli Professor and University Professor at Columbia University and senior investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000. He lives in New York City.

별 5개 중 4.6

미국의 상위 리뷰
lisaleo (Lisa Yount)
별 5개 중 3.0 more about penguins...
미국에서 2019년 1월 26일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
I found the first part of this book very interesting. It described two fascinating movements, developing in parallel and interacting with one another to some extent (including in ways not visible at the time), in Vienna at the start of the 20th century: one in medicine, especially psychology, headed by Sigmund Freud, and the other in art, headed by Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, and Oskar Kokoschka. I would have loved to pursue these developments and know more about the culture that spawned them.

After that, however, the book takes an abrupt turn into brain biology—not surprising, in fairness, since author Kandel is a Nobel Prize-winning expert in neurobiology—and there it stays. First, Kandel examines exhaustively how the brain processes visual information to create what we think of as reality. (Obviously the other senses contribute to that picture as well, but Kandel does not discuss them.) He then builds on this to consider how the brains of viewers react to art, and he shows how Klimt, Schiele, and Kokoschka, among others, instinctively drew on those hard-wired patterns to make viewers respond emotionally to their work.

How much you like this book will depend on how interested you are in that subject matter. Kandel explains his material clearly and is not overly technical; I believe that the book would be understandable to anyone who is used to doing science reading at the level of, say, Discover magazine or maybe Scientific American. However, I found it very dry, lacking the description of personalities and milieu that made the first part so intriguing. Somewhere in part 2 (of five) I gave up, concluding, as an apocryphal little boy is supposed to have said of a child’s science book that he got as a Christmas present: “It told me more about penguins than I wanted to know.”
간단히 표시
20명이 유용하다고 평가했습니다
==
Philip J. Salem
별 5개 중 5.0 A wonderful synthesis
미국에서 2020년 8월 2일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
Vienna is one of my favorite cities, and this work highlights the confluence of ideas and expressions that flooded the city in 1900. Kandel weaves a good tale and inserts neuroscience into the mix as well.

A challenge in such a work is writing for a naive reader. Should the writer describe more or less about a subject? How much knowledge can the writer assume the reader already brings to the text? I am sure some will find some portions have too much detail while others will want more. This will always be a bigger problem when attempting a synthesis such as this. I think the author found a good balance between information and redundancy. Worth every reading minute.
3명이 유용하다고 평가했습니다
---
Hashimoto
별 5개 중 5.0 Where did this come from?!
미국에서 2019년 8월 26일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
A masterpiece. As a student of visual artificial intelligence (classification and segmentation) I was blown away by section 16. I frequently go back a reread it like a reference. I also love rereading the section on Klimt, after a glass of wine.
8명이 유용하다고 평가했습니다
---
Bookie
별 5개 중 5.0 Surprise! Surprise!!
미국에서 2014년 7월 8일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
I am a retired historian, sociologist and philosopher of science who has followed the work of Eric Kandel since 1984, beginning with a sabbatical year attending the neuroscience lectures of Kandel and his colleagues in the basic medical course offered at the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons., and subsequently sitting in on the graduate course on neurobiology and behavior offered in his department.

This is an excellent, but surprising, book. Its excellence has been documented by the many reviewers who agree with my five star rating. On the other hand, I would argue that a number of the book's negative reviews were written by persons who overlooked its very significant surprises, clearly stated in the book's closing chapter.

Foremost among these is a very clear rejection of that form of reductionism known as eliminative materialism; the view that the "mentalese" vocabulary of folk psychology is fated to be replaced by the lexicon of a "mature neuroscience."

"For every parent discipline such as psychology, the study of behavior, there is a more fundamental field, an anti-discipline -- in this case, brain science – that challenges the precision of the methods and claims of the parent discipline. Typically, however, the anti-discipline is too narrow to provide the more coherent framework or the richer paradigm needed to usurp the role of the parent discipline, whether it be psychology, ethics or law. The parent discipline is larger in scope and deeper in content and therefore cannot be wholly reduced to the anti-discipline, although it ends up incorporating the anti-discipline and benefitting from it. This is what is happening in the merger of cognitive psychology, the science of mind and neural science, the science of the brain, to give rise to a new science of mind.” p. 505

Further, whereas Kandel, in a personal conversation early in 1985, held to a firm and somewhat threatening distinction of "studies of science" and "studies of scientists," severely denigrating the latter, in 2012, he opens the door for a well-informed sociology of science:

"Rather than seeing a unified language and useful set of concepts connecting key ideas in the humanities and the sciences as the inevitable outcome of progress, we should treat the attractive idea of consilience as an attempt to open a discussion between restricted areas of knowledge. In the case of art, these discussions might involve a modern equivalent of (a Viennese salon) … artists, art historians, psychologists, and brain scientists talking with one another … in the context of new academic inter-disciplinary centers at universities." p. 506

The passages I've quoted seem to pull the rug out from under many of Kandel's critics. Far from an imperialist neuroscience of art, he seeks to promote a tolerant conversation involving neuroscientists, artists and historians and philosophers of art.

In the spirit of such conversation I might ask Kandel to clarify the nature, and direction, of the vectors of influence connecting Viennese painters at the turn of the 20th century and Harvard neuroscientists in the decades following WWII.
간단히 표시
27명이 유용하다고 평가했습니다
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Phil G
별 5개 중 3.0 Mixed bag
미국에서 2016년 5월 6일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
There is so much that is richly instructive and insightful In this book - especially in the breadth and depth of Kandel 's knowledge and understanding about the brain and the mind. But he is less than convincing in the argument he makes about the relationship between the art he examines and the ideas he wants to attach to it. There are of many moments in the book where I found myself learning about how the brain and the mind work as well as about what he sees in the artwork. But there also many others where I felt as though I were slogging through a jungle at night, and I needed a stronger flashlight. Could be my eyes at fault, of course. But too often I felt like the illumination and the direction were insufficient to task.
12명이 유용하다고 평가했습니다
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Alexandre
별 5개 중 2.0 Not Really what it says it is
영국에서 2022년 4월 5일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
I got tjis book on recommendation from a fellow artist and was really interested in reading more perspectives about the Vienna workshops and art deco era, but it was a huge disappointment. It is really a book that would interest psychologists or neuro-biologists more than artists who are already familiar with the history and movements surrounding this period. I think it lack much of this insight in favour of a neurobiological standpoint, to the detriment of both the subject matter and the engagement of its audience.
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AndyS
별 5개 중 5.0 Thank You!
영국에서 2015년 3월 20일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
This is without doubt the most beautiful book I have ever read. The way it sees the exploration of visual perception and signal processing in the brain and all of psychology as the key endeavor of all visual arts since the cave paintings, the way it finds in works of art, an illustration of every principle of psychology, every step in the chain of neural processing or every gear train in the mechanics of our minds, it is simply stunning. If you ever found yourself beached on a desert Island with only book for company, this is the volume you would want to have. About you and about humanity. And such a gemstone of the bookshelf, with its individually cut pages, all the beautiful paintings enriching each page and the hard cover binding, I can only truly recommend this.
6명이 유용하다고 평가했습니다
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Richard Good
별 5개 중 5.0 Excellent
영국에서 2019년 11월 1일에 검토됨
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libertine
별 5개 중 5.0 A wonderful and insightful read
영국에서 2016년 6월 3일에 검토됨
검증된 구매
A wonderful and insightful read, illustrates how creativity and innovation does occur in vacuum and shows how different disciplines inform development of each other.
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The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain from Vienna 1900 to the Present
by Eric R. Kandel
 4.21  ·   Rating details ·  1,517 ratings  ·  155 reviews
A brilliant book by Nobel Prize winner Eric R. Kandel, The Age of Insight takes us to Vienna 1900, where leaders in science, medicine, and art began a revolution that changed forever how we think about the human mind—our conscious and unconscious thoughts and emotions—and how mind and brain relate to art.
 
At the turn of the century, Vienna was the cultural capital of Europe. Artists and scientists met in glittering salons, where they freely exchanged ideas that led to revolutionary breakthroughs in psychology, brain science, literature, and art. Kandel takes us into the world of Vienna to trace, in rich and rewarding detail, the ideas and advances made then, and their enduring influence today.
 
The Vienna School of Medicine led the way with its realization that truth lies hidden beneath the surface. That principle infused Viennese culture and strongly influenced the other pioneers of Vienna 1900. Sigmund Freud shocked the world with his insights into how our everyday unconscious aggressive and erotic desires are repressed and disguised in symbols, dreams, and behavior. Arthur Schnitzler revealed women’s unconscious sexuality in his novels through his innovative use of the interior monologue. Gustav Klimt, Oscar Kokoschka, and Egon Schiele created startlingly evocative and honest portraits that expressed unconscious lust, desire, anxiety, and the fear of death.
 
Kandel tells the story of how these pioneers—Freud, Schnitzler, Klimt, Kokoschka, and Schiele—inspired by the Vienna School of Medicine, in turn influenced the founders of the Vienna School of Art History to ask pivotal questions such as What does the viewer bring to a work of art? How does the beholder respond to it? These questions prompted new and ongoing discoveries in psychology and brain biology, leading to revelations about how we see and perceive, how we think and feel, and how we respond to and create works of art. Kandel, one of the leading scientific thinkers of our time, places these five innovators in the context of today’s cutting-edge science and gives us a new understanding of the modernist art of Klimt, Kokoschka, and Schiele, as well as the school of thought of Freud and Schnitzler. Reinvigorating the intellectual enquiry that began in Vienna 1900, The Age of Insight is a wonderfully written, superbly researched, and beautifully illustrated book that also provides a foundation for future work in neuroscience and the humanities. It is an extraordinary book from an international leader in neuroscience and intellectual history. (less)
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Hardcover, 656 pages
Published March 27th 2012 by Random House
ISBN1400068711  (ISBN13: 9781400068715)
Edition LanguageEnglish
Other Editions (15)
The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present 
Das Zeitalter der Erkenntnis: Die Erforschung des Unbewussten in Kunst, Geist und Gehirn von der Wiener Moderne bis heute 
L'età dell'inconscio: Arte, mente e cervello dalla grande Vienna ai nostri giorni 
Век самопознания. Поиски бессознательного в искусстве и науке с начала XX века до наших дней 
La era del inconsciente : La exploración del inconsciente en el arte, la mente y el cerebro
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Adrian
Apr 27, 2012Adrian rated it it was amazing
Best book about bridging the two cultures: art(humanitarian) and science. The author already has a Nobel prize, so you know you are in good hands. We should invent a new award for books like these actually. It is even better if you read the book in Vienna as you can also see some of the paintings in the Upper Belvedere and visit the other 2 museums (Josephinum and Freud) that had a big role in Kandel's life and in the early history of the ideas behind this book. Will try to read it again after I read some of the books included in its gigantic bibliography. Well done! Put it on the same shelf with Gombrich and Arnheim. I would also recommend to read this book following Kandel's autobiography: In Search of Memory, as the two books intersect in countless ways. I almost think he intended to write a 1000 pages book to cover both subjects: his life and the Vienna influence on modern research (especially in medicine, biology, psychology, literature, art). The influence of the Vienna Circle on the physics and mathematics of the 20th century is left aside maybe because the author is not an expert on these topics. When you look back and see that you had people like Godel, Wittgenstein, Klimt, Freud, Jung (for a brief period) and others living in the same city, you can only wonder how the world would have looked like without the two wars? (less)
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E. G.
Mar 23, 2015E. G. rated it really liked it
Recommended to E. G. by: Maria
Shelves: north-america, own, non-fiction, science, art-and-artists, philosophy-psychology-sociology, 4-star
Preface

--The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present

Acknowledgments
Notes
Bibliography
Illustration Credits
Index
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Kunal Sen
Aug 15, 2013Kunal Sen rated it it was amazing
My year ended on a high note, by finishing this most remarkable book – Eric R Kandel’s The Age of Insight – The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain from Vienna 1900 to the Present. The timing of this book was remarkable for me because it happened on the same year when my primary focus was to find a bridge that I can use to cross at will between my two passions – science and art. Right after I wrote a blog on this topic (Artists without Science), my Art Historian friend Arjun Gupta recommended the book to me. I immediately grabbed it and started reading, but quickly realized that it is not a book that I should read quickly, during my long daily commute, but rather cherish as a good bottle of wine, slowly, deliberately, and take my time to explore the art that the author uses to illustrate his point. (There was also a practical side to it – the book was too heavy to be carried around).

Let me start with the author. Eric Kandel is a neuroscientist who has been doing some of the most remarkable work in his field, and during a time where there is a revolutionary explosion of new ideas, theories, and experimental results that are changing our view of the mind in the most fundamental ways. Kandel’s work on the mechanism of memory also earned him a Nobel Prize in the year 2000. What makes Eric Kandel unique is not only his scientific authority, but also his deep understanding of the history of visual arts, and his knowledge and understanding of one of most remarkable time and place when it comes to modernist art – Vienna around the turn of the last century.

Kandel starts the book with a detailed recounting of Vienna around 1900. It was a remarkable place and time when a number of brilliant people came together, each passionately involved in understanding the human mind, but from entirely different perspectives, and most unusually, they actually talked and exchanged ideas. There were philosophers like Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, Kurt Gödel, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, musicians like Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schonberg, and Alban Berg, architect Otto Wagner, writer Arthur Schnitzler, and artists like Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, and Oskar Kokoschka. A common theme that connected these individuals were the evolving understanding that much of what happens in our mind is below the level of conscious thought. The new scientific ideas prompted the artists to look deep inside and explore and expose what is hiding deep within our minds.

Such interactions, between people of different disciplines does not happen all that often, but it shows the fantastic creative potential when thinkers cross the line and take a look at what others are doing. We are incredibly lucky to live in one such period, when suddenly the walls between a number of different domains of knowledge are starting to collapse. Many age old philosophical questions are now being revisited as scientific problems. We are making remarkable progress in understanding mysterious phenomenon such as consciousness. We are connecting our sense of morality with the biology of evolution. This book does a remarkable job of connecting our sense of visual aesthetics with structures in our brain, the complex interactions between different parts of the brain, and our evolutionary history. It shows how successful artists “discover” these properties subconsciously, and learns how to exploit them to create the desired emotional effect on the audience. It also shows how the mind of the beholder, and not just the artist, that is at play here.
In the rest of the book he carefully pick up different aspects of visual aesthetics and connects them with what we know today about the brain and the mind. It is a fascinating journey, beautifully illustrated with various artistic examples. Many of these pieces were familiar to me, but the book provided an entirely new perspective of looking at them. That to me is the essence of a great book and a great idea -- it makes you look at familiar things in novel ways.

The author does not claim that we understand it all. These are just scientific possibilities at this point, were some ideas are more rigorously explored than others. But just as the brilliant neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran also points out in his book The Tell-Tale Brain – a Neuroscientist’s Quest for What Makes Us Human, it opens the door that these speculative ideas can finally be explored experimentally. This is a huge step from purely conjectural thoughts where there is no way to check if the idea can actually stand on it legs.

It is just as important to realize that obtaining a deeper understanding of why a certain piece of art work emotionally does not steal away from the pure enjoyment. In fact I believe, from my own subjective experience, it could sharpens one’s ability to enjoy art, and thus make the pleasure even more pleasurable. It is no different than our understanding of why human society, as an evolutionary entity, needs the emotion of “love” to tie us together as social units, makes it any more difficult for us to fall in love. We humans have a natural tendency to romanticize certain things as magical, as if beyond understanding. However, we have seen again and again in history, things don’t have to be magical to be fascinating. There was a time, not too long ago, when sunrise and sunset were seen as magical. Today we know with all certainty how it works. But knowing all that, sitting on a sea shore, the sunset looks no less amazing or romantic. In fact, knowing that the sun is one of the billions of stars around us, and the fact there are more starts in the known universe than there are all the grains of sand on earth, makes it even more amazing.
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Randol Schoenberg
Jul 29, 2012Randol Schoenberg rated it it was amazing
This is an incredible book, a real tour de force in explaining in layman's terms some of the most amazing and important recent developments in neuroscience, biology and psychology, at the same time relating them to the artistic achievements of Klimt, Schiele and Kokoschka in Vienna 1900. If there is a flaw, it is Kandel's avoidance of any discussion of music, and especially of Schoenberg, who also painted artworks that fit much better into his thesis than those of Klimt, Schiele and Kokoschka. The book would have benefited from a reading of the Schoenberg-Kandinsky correspondence. After all, it does not make sense to discuss the influence of the unconscious on art without quoting Schoenberg ("art belongs to the unconscious"). Nevertheless, the book is fascinating to read. And naturally on the science side, Kandel, a nobel prize winner for his work in neuroscience, is unparalleled. His goal is to make the science accessible and to open a dialogue between the sciences and humanities. In fact, the science is tough for someone unfamiliar with the biology of the eye or brain, but after 500 pages, even a layman will feel like he/she understands a bit how things really work inside our heads. Recommended for anyone who wants to understand the human brain and behavior, or enjoys good art, or both. (less)
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Robert
May 29, 2020Robert rated it it was amazing
Eric Kandel's book, The Age of Insight, is a brilliant study of the interrelationship between what we think of as the theory of mind and the theory of art as mediated by the science of the brain, a topic for which he won a Nobel prize in biology/physiology.

Kandel, born in Vienna and emigrated to the US as a boy, opens the book with an assessment of the painters Klimpt, Kokoshka, and Shiele and the psychologist Freud, all of whom were part of Vienna's remarkable cultural life circa 1900.

Freud is foundational to this study in that he proposed we live our lives only dimly aware that beneath consciousness lies a very active unconscious, which manifests itself not only in dreams but in everyday life. His theorizing coincided with and supported Viennese modernism/expressionism, an attempt to depict the dramas of interior life as opposed to the realistic scenes of exterior life. The artists in question are shocking in many ways because, Kandel argues, they were exploring realities hitherto hidden from the arts. He goes further when he makes the scientific case for ways in which Viennese expressionism reflected what we were coming to know as the biology of the brain. In some ways, Kokoshka et al ran ahead of science, in fact. Freud's theorizing, after all, lacked technical support for decades in the form of MRIs, etc., which could pinpoint areas of the brain engaged by representations of feeling as opposed to representations of physical fact.

Kandel is generous in acknowledging the leading figures in the arts and sciences he cites as he makes his larger argument. For a wholly-consumed scientist most of his life, his appreciation of painting in particular is impressive. He does not advance Vienna 1900 as a be-all-and-end-all in the world of western culture, but he makes a solid case, and he adds to this case a very sophisticated survey of relevant scientific advances, covering brain biology, creativity, memory, vision, and language.

In conclusion, Kandel calls for a continuation and deepening of the dialogue between the arts and sciences. Many on the humanistic side of the discussion might wonder who would be an appropriate scientific counterpart. Kandel definitely is one such figure; he cites dozens of others. This is a hopeful and encouraging book, albeit a challenging one. It's not light reading. But it's informed by genius. (less)
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Erin
May 28, 2012Erin rated it did not like it
By far, this is one of the worst books I have ever read. I thought I was getting an interesting piece on how the brain reacts when viewing art..instead I got a hero worship guide to some of the most questionable people in art & science. This book really shows how dangerous it is that a few wealthy elite can virtually take over the arts and sciences in a city and use that wealth and influence to propagate garbage. The "artists" the author worships are literally perverts..one,a man who not only enjoyed painting himself masturbating, but was later arrested and served jailtime for molesting at least one underage model. The author defends him by saying "It was her word against his! No proof!"...except it WAS proved in a court of law. The second "artist" is a man who paid female models to masturbate or engage in lesbian acts for him to draw for his own private enjoyment later. The author claims this was so liberating for women...because we all know women engage in paid sexual activity to be liberated, not out of desperation. This same artist's public work contained women dressed in garments made of swirling sperm & ovum and other such nonsense. I don't consider any of this art...the true definition of art is that it raises you up or invokes deep emotion.... it also requires talent. the author also enjoys the same hero worship of Freud and darwin, two perfect examples yet again of how connections really perpetuate those who deserve no place in history. Freud was a nutjob who never used the scientific method to back up any of his work..instead he projected his own thoughts and feelings on to his patients. Darwin was a eugenicist who believed he could create his own master race by breeding his children and that of his friends together...in fact, it was Darwin's works of eugenics which inspired both Hitler and early Planned Parenthood, including the forced sterilization of thousands of American black and retarded women. Funny how those facts have been largely forgotten. All in all, it's hard to take this author seriously... his own bias renders him unqualified for this subject. (less)
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Susan
Feb 10, 2015Susan rated it it was amazing
Actually three books in one. The first is Vienna 1900 and includes a fine introduction to Freud as well as three artists – Klimt, Kokoschka, and Schiele. (The latter can be quite off-putting, but is a good example for some of the points made later in the book). The largest part of the book is devoted to understanding how the senses and brain perceive and interpret art and includes a truly phenomenal overview of about a century of brain research. The third book is more philosophical and explores creativity and consciousness. Extremely well written and illustrated, for anyone interested in psychology, perception, or neuroscience (less)
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Annie
Jun 28, 2014Annie rated it it was amazing
Shelves: faves, read-in-2015, science, reviewed, art-artists-and-art-history
This is, quite honestly, the best book I have read this year. It will probably be the best book I read all year too. It combined so many of my interests (art, psychology, neurology, art criticism, and art history) and was written so beautifully and convincingly that I enjoyed every page of it. I picked it up from the library because I was researching Klimt, and this was just a whimsical find. I need to give in to flights of whimsy more often. I think I have a greater appreciation for Freud and his contributions to psychology now than when I had to take a developmental psychology in college, quite honestly. I can't sing this book's praises highly enough.

I would read anything else this author wrote; Mr. Kandel has definitely made a fan. (less)
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Marzie
May 06, 2012Marzie rated it it was amazing


This promises to be a long, dense read but I already am fascinated after the first two chapters....
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c e c e l i a
Apr 17, 2022c e c e l i a rated it really liked it
never actually finished this but shhhh
was the centre of my personal statement <3

(removing things from my currently reading... goodreads u need to let me dnf stuff pls)
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Jeremy
Jul 27, 2012Jeremy rated it really liked it
I'm almost finished with this book and I recommend it. It's not as good as his previous book, In Search of Memory, but how can it be? That was his life's work. This one is about the scientific and artistic accomplishments of turn of the century Austria, and how they contributed (or relate) to neuroscience developments. Kandel did as good a job as he could linking the two subjects: Austrian history and modern neuroscience. But they are two different subjects. If you like them both, it's a good read. If you're interested in learning more about Freud, modernist painting, and how the brain interprets faces and meanings from what you see, then it's up your alley. If only one of these subjects interest you, then parts of this book may bore you.

Update: the neuroscience in the last chapters is very interesting. This isn't one of those books that just rambles. So I do appreciate that.

Also, the illustrations are supposed to be in color, which doesn't show up on the kindle, being black and white. Not only that, but the kindle illustrations are pathetically low resolution, low quality scans. Seriously, they could do better than that. (less)
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Carol
Oct 14, 2012Carol rated it it was amazing
Because I have listened to Eric Kandel several times when he discusses what neuroscience knows about human brain behavior when a specific area of the brain has been damaged, I anticipated this book would follow that scientific endeavor. However, Kandel (a recipient of the 2000 Nobel in physiology) centers this book on understanding the unconscious as well as the conscious in art and begins with art in Vienna in the early 20th Century. He addresses what those artists were portraying as they shifted from 3 dimensional to 2 dimensional art as they interacted with psychiatrists in the small community of Vienna during that period; but he is also most insightful in the research done on the consciousness of the beholder. The book only lagged when he gave a total scientific description of which section of the brain energizes for each act of perception, awareness, empathy, creativity, etc. Unless one is educated in the activity of the brain, one probably doesn't actively question what section of the brain is activated during each activity of the day. The rest of the book is spellbinding as well as awesome. (less)
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marcia
Dec 30, 2019marcia rated it it was ok
Shelves: art, nonfiction, history, 2019, 21st-century
The Age of Insight is neuroscientist Eric R. Kandel's attempt to connect art with science using the works of Viennese artists such as Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele. The first half is excellent and I cannot recommend it highly enough. Kandel gives an overview of the city at the turn of the 20th Century, of artists and scientists who were encouraged by their environment to create extraordinary work. As someone is fascinated with Vienna from a cultural perspective, this is exactly what I read this book for. The second half is where the book loses steam. The language is too technical and the connections he makes are weak. While it's interesting to learn about the scientific basis behind art principles, his claims lack nuance as he's merely cherrypicking data to suit his narrative. Moreover, I don't think it's possible to come to any definitive conclusion while focusing on such a narrow scope of art. (less)
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Frank Spencer
Apr 10, 2012Frank Spencer rated it it was amazing
This book has a good combination of information about neuroscience and about art. The author uses three artists who worked around the time of Freud in Vienna to show how our brains process art and how processes outside of our conscious awareness are at work all of the time. He hopes that the new advances in neuroscience will allow more cooperation between those working in several fields to develop a theory of how we respond to art. There are implications for how we help people to cope and manage their reactions to their environments. As a boy growing up on a farm in Vermont in the 1950's my experience varied from the experience of those born in Vienna in the 1850's. The descriptions in the book of how processing units in the brain(areas, cell assemblies, chemicals) work together and inhibit one another is very good. (less)
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Ci
May 04, 2016Ci rated it it was ok
Neuroscientist Eric Kandel’s ambitious tome “The age of insight” aims to link the development of the unconscious between science and art. The linking bridge is the brain biology and works from three fin-de-siècle Viennese painters: Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, and Egon Schiele. Even with all its polite caveats, this tome is a reductionist attempt that only partially achieved its goal. It is insightful, up to a point. But that point has been enthusiastically passed as the author overreaching for the cellular explanation on how do we experience art.

Its merit lies in reminding us how different that human eyes see from that a mechanic process, how much “top-down” processing of memory, cultural knowledge, expectations and moods influence what we see in our mind’s eye. The author reminds us that art, in its essence, stimulates us to see the world from a different viewpoint, provoking reactions from extracting what he termed “the emotional primitives” (elements in visual art that elicit emotions). The author largely succeeded to reduce the three painters’ selected work into such “emotional primitives” from the visual elements. He uses extensive examples from Klimt’s decorative elements of fertility symbols, the color and lines of Kokoschka, and the subjective matters in Schiele. (Klimt’s decorative smoothness makes good book covers, Kokoschka may not, and the grotesque in Schiele repels.)

As the author boldly asserts “an understanding of the biology of the brain will most likely contribute to a broader cultural framework for art history, aesthetics, and cognitive psychology”. Ambitious indeed.
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Rob Boone
Jun 29, 2012Rob Boone rated it it was amazing
This is one of the most fascinating things I've read, and it's remarkably well-written. By exploring early 20th century Vienna (Klimt, Freud, Kokoshka), Kandel explores all of us. The book is primarily about our relationship to art, but ultimately, it's about our striving, if you subscribe to the belief that art is the highest point in the pyramid of human achievement. What we strive for defines us more accurately than any other measure, and Kandel explains quite well how what we currently strive for began in this nearly perfect city.

Incidentally, it also bumped Vienna up a bit on my to-visit list. (less)
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Alejo
Dec 29, 2013Alejo rated it it was amazing
A century after the conversation between neuroscience, art an psychology began a few questions have been already answered and this book presents them in a fascinating way.

The most interesting thing about this book though, is the possibility of contemplating the vastness of the mysteries of the brain and to take a sneak peek at the new questions posed by this conversation that scientists and thinkers are challenged to tackle in the years to come.

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Monica Davis
Sep 26, 2014Monica Davis rated it it was amazing
Shelves: favorites, non-fiction
A well structured treatise on the conceivable (perhaps necessary) convergence of disciplines from the arts and sciences to reach a more comprehensive understanding of the human mind. In the context of the subjects the author has chosen, he offers illustrations and case studies as examples to supplement his compelling arguments. Kandel's “Insight” gives one pause to reflect on and gain a deeper appreciation of not only art forms, but the world in general. (less)
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Karen
Apr 16, 2013Karen rated it it was amazing
I read this book a few months ago before I traveled to Vienna. It was an excellent introduction to Vienna at the turn of the last century. In addition, "The Age of Insight" also provides a rich historical guide to major thinkers in neuroscience. Be sure to read the last chapter, "Knowing Ourselves: The New Dialogue Between Art and Science." That chapter alone is worth the price of the book. (less)
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Robert
Sep 24, 2012Robert rated it it was amazing
An amazing book that bridges science with the arts; beautifully illustrated and challenges the reader to understand the connection between the rational and emotional parts of our brain. A real tour de force.
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Bob Haar
Dec 08, 2012Bob Haar rated it it was amazing
Wow. Bought this book after reading it. Very rare for me.
flag3 likes · Like  · 1 comment · see review
John Hassmann
Dec 03, 2021John Hassmann rated it it was ok
There was lots of meandering around topics and weak argumentation. It seemed like this was a chance to make some radical new claims about aesthetics and the brain. It ended up being a very diligently researched, but dull restatement of what lots of prominent academic juggernauts have said. There was a lot of cool findings restated from Freud, Jung, Gombrich, Van Gogh, Ramachandran, Zeki and so many others but ultimately nothing new synthesized. It was a more conservative survey of lots of topics, it seems, than an innovative effort to create something new, which is what a book should try to do. There was more to be milked on this topic and it disappointingly wasn’t. Nonetheless, I learned some cool things that I hadn’t before and Kandel is obviously a smart dude. The ideation was just sort of haphazardly strewn about and not concerted, which made it hard to follow. (less)
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Vincent
Jun 26, 2012Vincent rated it it was ok  ·  review of another edition
Shelves: brain-and-cognitive-science, history
Eric Kandel deserves a lot of praise. Not only did his pioneering work on the neurobiology of memory pave the way for our modern understanding of mind, he has also untiringly pursued the integration of neuroscience and psychiatry. Moreover, he has always resisted going along with the widespread dismissal of Freudian thought in neuroscience, and kept an open mind with regard to psychoanalysis. For all his work, Kandel deserves praise.

But not for this book.

While I enjoyed his depiction of coffeehouse Vienna, where a new understanding of humanity was translated into medical practice, psychological thought and artistic expression, the book is mostly a failed attempt at integrating neuroscience and art. Failed, because the discussion of art is too limited in scope. Failed, because much of the neuroscience is superfluous. Failed, because these two strands only meet in a superficial, trivial fashion - it hardly ever becomes clear how the neuroscience of art perception is anything more than the neuroscience of perception, let alone how neuroscience could influence art, or the theorizing about it.

Moreover, despite Kandel's eminence in the field, his neuroscience is oversimplified. This is not just due to the popular nature of the book, it really seems like Kandel wants to shoehorn empirical data into his framework of how minds work. A naive reader might be forgiven for thinking that neuroscientists have no problem distinguishing conscious from non-conscious processes, that the social brain is a clearly delineated system and that brain lateralization holds the key to understanding creativity. However, none of this is the case and Kandel is most definitely overplaying the implications and certainty of the research he discusses.

This book could have been interesting, if it had been a more earnest attempt to bridge the gap between art and science. Spending more time on accurately portraying the state of neuroscience, having art historians weigh in on the claims about Vienna 1900 and focusing more on those areas where neuroscience and art theory can inform each other, might have made for a more enlightening read. (less)
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Leanne
Sep 16, 2018Leanne rated it liked it
I agree with other reviewers that this is really two books: First, the intellectual explosion that fin-de-siecle Vienna saw resulting from the tremendous excitement of Darwin’s theory of evolution; and second what brain science can tell us about how we appreciate art. That is, how biology informs our aesthetic judgements.

The first part is really a tour de force. in fact, I would say it is required reading for anyone traveling to Vienna or anyone with any interest in the arts and intellectual ferment of that time.. Has any place in time seen quite that number of intellectual and artistic giants as Vienna 1900? From Godel and Freud to Wittgenstein, Klimt, Otto Wagner, Mahler, etc etc etc… Kandel’s book goes a long way in not just describing this city of dreams but in explaining how science opened up a new world.

The second part of the book, I had real trouble with. I hesitate to argue with a Nobel Prize winning neurobiologist and yet even if I grant him that every single scientific fact he uses in the book is correct, his conclusions do not follow because for it to be selected in the way he describes, all cultures would share the same basic predilections—and this is simply not true. Human beings may be hard wired to see faces in some manner --but it was really mainly in the West that the nude, for example, became so prevalent and not all cultures understand portraiture in the same way—not at all. How to explain the appreciation of asymmetry in Japanese art or the rise of the landscape with its moving point of view in Chinese art? With no examples from other periods or traditions of art, it is hard to understand why he drew the universalist conclusion that he did, when he only connected Viennese art with science. (less)
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Janne
Aug 07, 2013Janne rated it it was amazing
Shelves: 2013
It took me a while to read this whole book: I had to intersperse it with lighter fare, but it was totally worth the weight of the hardcover book on my chest. The first half of the book was my favorite. In it Kandel narrates the history of the artistic and scientific world in the Vienna of the turn of the 20th century. With his neuroscience background, Kandel tries to explain how our brain respond to visual art, and how great artists have an intuitive understanding of that. Also, during that exciting time, Freud's ideas are becoming more spread and artists and scientists strive to incorporate those ideas into their own work. The second half is more scientific, describing experiments and theories of how vision works and how the brain responds and interprets visual stimulation. A very exciting enlightening book. (less)
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Stephen
Jul 26, 2015Stephen rated it it was amazing
One of my favorite books of recent times. Kandel is a neurologist, and a great writer. His neurology books are thus terrific. I was suspicious of this book: a general theory of art and in particular, an analysis of Viennese Expressionism? My suspicion was linked to those artists being some of my favorites ever. Well, it turns out Kandel has an amazingly sensitive eye for art and also avoids any sense of reductionism. He uses Gombrich a lot here. This book is colossal. Brilliant art history, brilliant science and beautiful reproductions. Learned a lot about Klimt, Schiele and Kokoshka. (less)
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Mark
Mar 29, 2013Mark rated it liked it
Not clear what the point of this book is. The chapters reviewing early Vienna psychologists (Freud) and artists (Klimt, Schiele) are interesting but I find myself asking why? Where is all this going...I think that this is ill-conceived. He is clearly interested in Austrian Art and his intellectual roots in Vienna around 1930s. but, then he tries to realte all this to modern cognitive and neuroscience and the links are either not there or tenuous. So, it all does not seem well motivated or indeed coherent. (less)
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