2019/05/04

How to Read the Bible for All It's Worth, Fourth Edition




How to Read the Bible for All It's Worth, Fourth Edition

Audible Audiobook – Unabridged

Gordon D. Fee (Author), Henry O. Arnold (Narrator), & 2 more
4.5 out of 5 stars 650 customer reviews


Understanding the Bible isn't for the few, the gifted, the scholarly. The Bible is accessible. It's meant to be comprehended by everyone from armchair listeners to seminary students. 


A few essential insights into the Bible can clear up a lot of misconceptions and help you grasp the meaning of Scripture and its application to your 21st-century life. 
More than three quarters of a million people have turned to How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth to inform their understanding of the Bible. 
This fourth edition features revisions that keep pace with current scholarship, resources, and culture. 

Changes include: updated language; Scripture references now appear at the end of a sentence or paragraph, helping you follow the Bible as you would any book - without the numbers; a new authors' preface; updated list of recommended commentaries and resources covering everything from translational concerns to different genres of biblical writing. 

How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth is used all around the world. In clear, simple language, it helps you accurately understand the different parts of the Bible - their meaning for ancient audiences and their implications for you today - so you can uncover the inexhaustible worth that is in God's Word.






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Showing 1-10 of 650 reviews

DjGarland

5.0 out of 5 starsOne of the First (and Best) Books You'll Read in Seminary or Bible CollegeFebruary 18, 2015
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
Excellent book. These authors were professors of mine in seminary. This fourth edition is more readable than the third edition but it is not a "simple" read. For my small group, I created a summary outlined of the key chapter points and then created learning activities to which we applied the learnings made in the book. This is an important book for anyone who truly wants to know HOW to read the Bible intelligently and for those who have experienced the Scriptures being used legalistically or inappropriately. 


It will help you know how to study (exegesis), interpret (hermeneutics) the Scriptures in an intelligent manner for yourself. If you are a layperson, it would be helpful to have a knowledgeable person to discuss the book with (like a pastor) so you can ask questions about what you are reading.

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TimB

4.0 out of 5 starsAn excellent resource for grasping the challenges of interpreting all of ScriptureOctober 6, 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
This is a great book with plenty of helpful insight for introducing exegetical methodologies and hermeneutical principles. I am using it as a textbook within a first year hermeneutics course and find it helpful as supplementary reading. 


Here are some specific points:
1. Note that this edition is different than some of the previous editions. I'm not sure when the content changed. But, this is quite different in both pagination and content. So, it will be almost impossible to use two different versions in the same class.
2. The language is quite nuanced and oftentimes complex. Many of my students are non-native English speakers and find the book difficult to follow. So, it's important to keep in mind that although it is written for use by non-academics, it is still a very academic book.
3. Unless you are teaching your course as a genre-based course, this book is difficult to integrate into curriculum except as supplementary reading. It doesn't list general principles but specific points to consider in interpreting each genre. This is both a strength and a challenge to a teacher in integrating the textbook well.
4. By the authors' own admission, there are many principles explained throughout the book that are then used within the book to illustrate points that are oftentimes contentious even within evangelical circles. So, in some of the finer shades of hermeneutics, it is important to remember that the authors are still interpreters among many others. This applies especially in discussions about cultural relativity.

But, again, in summary, this is an excellent resource for grasping the challenge of interpreting all of Scripture.

25 people found this helpful

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Amazon Customer

5.0 out of 5 starsThe authors give excellent guidance in urging us to understand the world in ...February 3, 2016
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
As a retired pastor I read and learned much from this book. It is for those who want an easy-to-understand scholarly book which uses common sense in learning how to properly interpret scripture for yesterday and today. The authors give excellent guidance in urging us to understand the world in which each book is written and cautions us in making inappropriate applications for today's world.


The authors are convinced that the Bible is God's word, and as such, should be trusted to the point of obedience. 
The book rightly distinguishes the New Testament from the Old Testament and urges us to learn from the Old Testament about how to properly interpret and follow the New Testament. We must be "New Testament Christians". This book will benefit those who read with a desire to comprehend its contents - which will likely require a note-taking approach as opposed to those looking for a quick read. In other words, approach this book as if you are in a college classroom and you will become much more skilled and accurate in your understanding and applying God's word. I highly recommend it for the "serious" reader.

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Richard Smith

4.0 out of 5 starsA bargain at $3.95 if you want to better understand your Bible!July 22, 2014
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
The Kindle formatting could be a bit better especially with graphs and examples, but that may be why the price is only $3.95! A super bargain in my book!:) (Update 11/21/14 - based on the book preview, the formating has been fixed, but now the price is up to $12.99 - still reasonable for the most Biblically sound, while not overly academic, book on hermeneutics.)


In summary, Fee and Stuart book serves as a bridge between academics and lay people on the subject of understanding and applying scripture. Because of the excellent structure of the book, people can read the book with Fee and Stuart's opinions, and then form their own ideas. The breath of their knowledge will definitely help one interact with the Bible better.
Ok first the facts: my seminary professor forced me to do a book critique on this book. At first I hated it, especially because I had the third edition. I took my teacher to task three times and had to stop reading the third edition. Then-hooray-I found out the fourth edition was published and even though the content isn't all that different; at least I didn't have to deal with ten year old scholarship and the TNIV notations. I made it through the first three chapters, and it was mostly clear sailing after then!:) This book is a book on hermeneutics (understanding what scriptures meant back then and applying it correctly to your life) of the various types of writing types found in the Bible so that people can understand their Bibles better in their devotional and study times. This book bridges the gap between scholarly hermeneutics textbooks and the general public. While it is tough to wade through at times, it is probably the best popular hermeneutics book, because of its easy chapter structure.The book would be best for people who have tried to understand the Scriptures but need some extra help. The best idea in the book is to read books of the Bible in one sitting. A close second is to consider whether the type of literature one is reading can be applied in one's life. The best advice I can give is for your first reading of this book, skip the sections that attack doctrines that you hold dear and move on so you can learn from their scholarly opinions.
The outline: Bible study starts with a good Bible translation uses the latest scholarship, is egalitarian, and uses the best Hebrew and Greek manuscripts like the NIV or NRSV. Read a book through a few times, then break it into sections and paragraphs for concentrated study. A passage should generally mean what it did to the original hearer; unless it is prophecy, and then it can be forward-looking as well. Some culturally-relative things that applied then are not useful now.
The Epistles are generally letters that arise from a certain event. Old Testament narratives are non-allegorical and written on three levels: the universal plan of God, the covenant formed with Israel, and the individual narratives. Acts is a mostly non-normative story of the Holy Spirit-led mission to the Gentiles that shows the practice of the Early Church. In the four Gospels, Jesus used parables, metaphors, similes, and proverbs in different contexts to teach people things, especially about the "already here, but not yet" Kingdom of God. The key to understanding parables is to identify who the audience was and what they would have understood from it. These can be translated into culturally relevant language, to get an equivalent response. Old Testament laws and covenants are important because of their relationship between God and Israel, while only those commandments repeated in the New Testament (like the Ten Commandments and morality codes) apply to Christians. The Prophets were sent to specific people at a specific time, to usually warn Israelites when they were not following God's Law revealed to Moses. Psalms are different types of generally metaphorical poetic songs of worship from humanity to God that can be used today in similar situations. Read the books of Wisdom Literature in full to find theological truth. Revelation is an apocalyptic warning to Christians for a future time grounded in Old Testament imagery.
Doctrines this writer thought might in error included Stuart and Fee's biases toward the anti-properity/health Gospel, egalitarianism, and the NIV Bible. I believe in a God who is my Shepherd and I shall not want, and wants me to have good things. I can figure out when "humanity/women is/are in view" and I'd rather have the original pronouns. Everyone has a favorite translation- mine is the NKJV- I think the Greek textus receptus is better with about a thousand similar books compared to the three very early but contradictory books of the critical text. Some rules, like "personal applications of the scriptures must have occurred to the original hearers," and no "proof texting," without considering a whole chapter, book and /or Bible theology, reduce chances of a scripture getting misinterpreted. But, they seem arbitrary. Personal revelation is discounted while plain meaning is trumpeted to rightly guard against misinterpretation. But scripture (Deut. 29:29, Ps 25:14, Eph. 3:5, 1 Cor. 2:10) indicates that there is personal revelation and the Holy Spirit isn't limited to teaching the original plain meaning. Fee and Stuart make good points about how people emphasize certain scriptures and not others, especially in 1 Corinthians. But they have their own opinions about scriptural verses, like the story of the rich man going through the eye of a needle, which many others, including Jews by birth, would dispute.


To understand their biases here's a quick biography on them both: Dr. Gordon Fee received his Ph.D. in New Testament Studies from the University of Southern California. Fee taught at Wheaton College and Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary and is at Regent now. Fee is an ordained Assemblies of God minister and pastored several churches. He is a member of the "Board of Reference" for "Christians for Biblical Equality." Fee has published more than 15 books, including many New Testament Commentaries like Philippians, 1 Corinthians, 1 and 2 Timothy and 1 and 2 Thessalonians. Fee is the retiring editor of the New International Commentary on the New Testament. In 1985 Fee wrote the book The Disease of the Health and Wealth Gospels. Fee is a member of the Committee on Bible Translation, which produces the New International Version Bible (NIV). Douglas Stuart is the current Old Testament Professor at Gordon-Conwell, an independent evangelical seminary. He is the Senior Pastor of Linebrook Church, an independent church, where he describes himself as a conservative Baptist minister. He has written Old Testament Commentaries on Hosea, Ezekiel, Malachi, and Jonah, a book on Old Testament exegesis and many articles for popular Christian and Hebrew magazines. He is active in the Evangelical Theological Society.

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Mark mayo

5.0 out of 5 starsGordon Fee and Doug Stuart have gotten together for one ...March 7, 2015
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
Gordon Fee and Doug Stuart have gotten together for one of the most helpful, user friendly books on hermeneutics that is out there. This is one of the books in my library that I have read over and over again. I have the 2nd edition in paperback and the 4th edition kindle! Being a pastor, I use this for our mid-week classes. This book will enhance your reading, comprehension and appreciation for God's Word!

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Quazzie

4.0 out of 5 starsHighly RecommendedSeptember 17, 2015
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
Great book, and a must read if you want to better understand that bible and how to read it.
My only complaint, and the reason I didn't give it 5 stars is that the author(s) tend to be a little "wordy". I got the impression that they wanted to show everyone how many big words they knew. It can make the book a little hard to read, but with the Kindle you get the option to look up words automatically.

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sergey kulik

4.0 out of 5 starsbut so far very good criticism and out of the box thinkingJuly 7, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Not done yet, but so far very good criticism and out of the box thinking. Very helpful in removing the bias we all grew up in. Very common for different denominations in telling what God should do or mean in his word. This book is a good tool if you are interested in somehow having an explanation of different denominations and why the different doctrines. It does not solve the problem but shows you how we can still accept our differences in love.
It is a quick read, but also slow if you want to take the time and examine the passages it lists. I recommend taking your time and examining the passages.

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EG Evans

5.0 out of 5 starsVery good, practical approachFebruary 6, 2018
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Dr. Fee and Dr. Stuart have given us a well written, extremely approachable template for practical biblical interpretation and study (or, if you prefer, exegetical hermeneutics). This book and it's wisdom prove valuable to the formal student of the Word as well as the layman. The authors give very good, practical wisdom for understanding the biblical writings from literary, textual, historical, and rhetorical viewpoints. This work should be well read and dog-eared, along with their other companion volume, "How To Read The Bible Book By Book." Highly recommended.

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AmericanFighter03

4.0 out of 5 starsGreat explanations and great guidelinesFebruary 21, 2018
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
This book is a must read for anyone who wants to read and understand the Bible accurately (along with Kleins Introduction to Biblical Interpretation) This book has helpful introductory guidelines for biblical interpretation and makes a helpful distinction between exegesis and hermeneutics and the content versus the function of a passage.

Regardless of the faith tradition and cultural background one comes from, this book offers a moderate yet accurate method for interpreting the Bible accurately. I feel that much disparity within Christianity is a result of stubborn dogma as a result of poor biblical interpretation. This book helps to correct much of that.

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zeaglem

5.0 out of 5 starsGreat Bible Study ResourceAugust 8, 2017
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
This is a reference I wish I had found long time ago--when I first started reading the Bible in greater depth and detail. The comments and suggestions by the authors were clearly written and easy to apply by the new beginner in Bible Study. I have the book in electronic format
but I also bought the hard copy so it would be easier to take with me on trips. I have also learned that a hard copy is easy to use in my daily study through the logical organization pattern that the authors have established. Highly recommend this to new and old Bible readers and students.

Shalom//Fraine Zeitler
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How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth

by
Gordon D. Fee,
Douglas K. Stuart
4.11 · Rating details · 9,565 ratings · 342 reviews
Your Guide to Understanding the Bible

Understanding the Bible isn’t for the few, the gifted, the scholarly. The Bible is accessible. It’s meant to be read and comprehended by everyone from armchair readers to seminary students. A few essential insights into the Bible can clear up a lot of misconceptions and help you grasp the meaning of Scripture and its application to your 21st-century life.

More than half a million people have turned to How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth to inform their reading of the Bible. This third edition features substantial revisions that keep pace with current scholarship, resources, and culture. Changes include:
•Updated language
•A new authors’ preface
•Several chapters rewritten for better readability
•Updated list of recommended commentaries and resources

Covering everything from translational concerns to different genres of biblical writing, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth is used all around the world. In clear, simple language, it helps you accurately understand the different parts of the Bible—their meaning for ancient audiences and their implications for you today—so you can uncover the inexhaustible worth that is in God’s Word. (less)

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Paperback, 287 pages
Published November 9th 2003 by Zondervan (first published 1981)








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How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth

by
Gordon D. Fee,
Douglas K. Stuart
4.11 · Rating details · 9,565 ratings · 342 reviews
Your Guide to Understanding the Bible

Understanding the Bible isn’t for the few, the gifted, the scholarly. The Bible is accessible. It’s meant to be read and comprehended by everyone from armchair readers to seminary students. A few essential insights into the Bible can clear up a lot of misconceptions and help you grasp the meaning of Scripture and its application to your 21st-century life.

More than half a million people have turned to How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth to inform their reading of the Bible. This third edition features substantial revisions that keep pace with current scholarship, resources, and culture. Changes include:
•Updated language
•A new authors’ preface
•Several chapters rewritten for better readability
•Updated list of recommended commentaries and resources

Covering everything from translational concerns to different genres of biblical writing, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth is used all around the world. In clear, simple language, it helps you accurately understand the different parts of the Bible—their meaning for ancient audiences and their implications for you today—so you can uncover the inexhaustible worth that is in God’s Word. (less)

GET A COPY
Kobo
Online Stores ▾
Book Links ▾


Paperback, 287 pages
Published November 9th 2003 by Zondervan (first published 1981)
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Nov 27, 2013Amy Lynn rated it it was amazing
In all honesty, the only reason that I read this book is because it was required for a class. I'm glad that I read it and am thankful to have kept it as a reference. My only regret is that I wasn't made aware of it sooner. Having read it much sooner would have saved me decades of headache and heartache in sorting through all the twisted theologies currently parading through the modern church today.

This book is about the bible and its original intention, and how to read it in that context. Fee and Stuart emphasize repeatedly the common mistake that many individual Christians(and most churches) make in twisting the scriptures - particularly the Old Testament - into somehow being about the present age, which it isn't! They further explain how the Old Testament is misinterpreted in the present day by many legalistic doctrines to be a moral standard and judgment on present day living. It isn't and was never intended to be.

Furthermore, Fee & Stuart clearly point out the flaws of the KJV/NKJV by exposing translation errors that essentially change the meaning of the original text by encouraging what is known as "proof-texting" which simply means taking verses out of context to suit ones own meaning, i.e. "name it and claim it" theology, so-called end-times "the sky is falling" rescue-ism of Dispensational theology, taking Revelation literally rather than as the figurative narrative from Genesis to the ascension of Christ, the egoism of Calvinism, etc., etc.

This book is for anyone who is a critical thinker, whether Christian or not, who wishes to understand more fully the bible as it was meant to be read and understood: in the original context and as addressed to the original reader, and why. If you are a dogmatic and rigid Christian unaccustomed to and uncomfortable with examining your belief system, or if you are a dogmatic and rigid atheist who refuses to believe in spite of evidence, then this book will likely irritate you. Even so, I highly recommend it! It challenged me, answered many questions that I've had for more than two decades in a logical and meaningful way, and has helped to reshape my view of God the Father from a moralistic micromanager of mankind to that of a living Creator intent on redeeming the world and not just a narrowly limited few.

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Aug 24, 2010Jason Evans rated it liked it
On Sunday nights, our little group has started taking a book of the Bible each week and discussing it. Going through the the books in written order, we talk about the book’s history, intent and what its implications are for us today. We decided to do this because several in our group have a precarious relationship with Scripture. Some of of us have very little exposure to it previously. For others it’s intimidating. And some are simply deciding what their relationship to the Bible is.

With this in mind, I was anxious to read Fee and Stuart’s How to Read the Bible for All its Worth. The book provides an overview of how to understand the the tools, terminology and effective approaches to reading and understanding the Bible.

Approachable?
Gordon Fee taught at Regent College, which is known for providing a theological education for lay persons. With this in mind, I was curious as to whether or not this book was really useful to the lay person. The book does requires familiarity with Scripture. I wouldn’t recommend this to someone who does not have previous exposure to Scripture and Christian thought without a dialog partner.

Bias?
While potentially an unfair expectation, I was interested in whether the authors are able to direct the reader in how to study while allowing the reader to develop their own conclusions This is not necessarily a bad thing, but there are several doctrinal issues that the authors clearly couldn’t avoid speaking to. And not always convincingly in my opinion. It may very well be that directing the study of Scripture can’t be done without directing some of the outcomes. Still, should the reader be told what his or her conclusion ought to be if honest study is the goal?


Brevity?
Considering how much has been written on any given book of the Bible, can such a short book cover the subject of biblical study fairly? The authors actually do a superb job of covering the “basics” of reading the Bible. Their explanations are concise, provide examples and is, usually, easy to follow. The fact that the book is so comprehensive while so pithy is certainly a testament to the writers’ expertise.

The authors’ confess in the preface that they are admittedly scholars and write as such. Still, it is a comprehensive book for most looking for an introduction to the Bible, how it is assembled and how it ought to be read. I wonder if it is fair not to provide more significant information on differing opinions. But the authors write with conviction and reading the Bible in a manner that does effect our living is often a challenge. I appreciated that Fee and Stuart actually encouraged the reader to respond to Scripture not just in thought but in living as well. (less)
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Jan 29, 2013Timothy Berg rated it it was amazing
Shelves: exegesis
This is hands-down the best treatment of hermeneutics (or bible-study or exegesis) that I've ever come across. It is written at the popular level (no Greek, Hebrew, or degree with multiple letters required) yet treats the issue far better than a great many more technical works. The authors have a singular commitment to "authorial intent" as the goal of historical exegesis. This commitment and the clear and relevant way in which they demonstrate the principles of exegesis as applied to the different genres of scripture (they identify eight; epistles, Old Testament narratives, acts, gospels [including a separate chapter on parables], law, prophets, wisdom, and revelation) sets the book apart, and makes it the first I would recommend to anyone seeking to understand the bible.

Note that while Stuart is a Southern Baptist, Fee is a Pentecostal, and both are egalitarians. It seems like less than a coincidence that a great many of the "examples" of exegetical difficulties presented thus touch on women in ministry and tongues. A reader coming to the book with a conservative fundamentalist theological grid may find the authors' conclusions on these and similar issues difficult to stomach. However, they treat the issues fairly, and from the standpoint of solid exegesis of the texts at hand, if not always in light of extended reflection on other pertinent texts in the New Testament.

For a more technical presentation of the exegetical method taught here, see "old testament exegesis" and "new testament exegesis" by these two authors respectively.
The book is exceptional, and I highly recommend it. (less)
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Jan 14, 2019Claudio rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Li em 2016... Muito bom.
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Oct 11, 2011Lananorris rated it it was amazing
I think this is the best and most important of all the books ABOUT the Bible. We are supposed to read and understand and love the word of God, but it is hard sometimes to do all of those things with a work of literature that was written thousands of years ago and half a world away. I think that most Christians tend to think that since the Bible is a book apart from all other books that it should not be read in the same way that we read other works of literature. While we should revere God's word we are instructed within its pages to handle it properly. There is more to reading the Bible than simply reading and memorizing our favorite stories and passages. Dr. Fee reminds us that we are to read God's word and then shape our lives to it; instead, many times we read God's word to support our opinions, our politics and our lifestyles. There are many pet doctrines out there which were first formed in the mind and then the Bible has been forced into the mold of the that doctrine. The Bible can stand up to the closest scrutiny. It will surpass any other religous works when judged by the same standard with which we judge any other ancient work. The Bible is worth the time and study to learn how to read it and interpret it properly. Most of the criticisms of the Church can be traced back to human interpretations (or misinterpretations) of the Word of God. (less)
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May 05, 2009Craig Toth rated it it was amazing
I recommend this book for any who need to learn how to read the Bible more precisely.* It was a great help for me, as it will be for you—particularly if you are accustomed to the all-too-common habit of "proof-texting"—i.e., lifting verses out of context and applying them according to one's own predetermined ideas.

*Note: The fact is, many Christians--even Christians who can quote verses all day long--do not know how to read the Bible well. Too many engage in "proof-texting" (see above). Reading the Bible a lot, and being able to quote a lot of verses, does not eliminate the need for paying close attention to the text--and the context (literary, social/historical, etc.)--when one reads scripture. Get this book and learn how to read the Bible with the respect it deserves! (less)
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Mar 24, 2018Lynda Dietz rated it it was amazing
I bought this book because it was the required reading for a twelve-week course I was enrolled in, and even though my reading felt like a race to the finish toward the end of the course, I’m so glad to have it in my possession. This book seems to cover it all, and then some.

The class and this book were eye-opening confirmation that justified much of my uneasiness with people who say, “it’s in there; you’re just not spiritual enough to find it,” or “trust me, everyone thinks XYZ passage means this, but God showed me [and only me] what it really means.”

In one of the first sections, right there on page 23, it says, “Interpretation that aims at, or thrives on, uniqueness can usually be attributed to pride . . . a false understanding of spirituality . . . or vested interests.” Instead, interpretation should be done with careful examination of what's actually authoritative (rather than simply an example mentioned), taking into consideration the word meanings at the time of the authors, the historical context, and the literary context.

I knew to read in context, and that many people take a single verse for their purposes without considering what’s around it for interpretation, but yet I was guilty of shallow examination of verses I thought I knew—the “easy” ones that seemed pretty clear-cut.

I think one of the things that’s shifted so much of my thinking is that everything— everything—deserves closer examination. Just because a particular passage doesn’t seem troublesome doesn’t mean it is as straightforward as I might think it is. I think we all probably have our “pet” verses, and we desperately want them to mean what helps us to feel better.

Something I enjoyed in the reading was that there was not one single Bible translation that was held up as the ONLY valid one to read. Each version is broken down into categories from literal translation (word for word) to dynamic equivalent (phrase for phrase) all the way to free translation (concept for concept). The idea that more than a handful of translations are useful to attack a passage from various angles allowed me to see how each one could be a study aid in its own way.

I appreciated that How to broke down the various genres, and outlined the necessary factors in how to interpret what they’re saying. Even though I knew Song of Solomon and the Psalms were poetry, I never thought about the fact that their imagery was similar to how we’d write song lyrics. Duh. Of course they would be. But somehow, when we see the word “Bible,” the normal rules fly out the window and we seem to feel that different rules should apply, because it’s not the common man’s poetry.

I felt that gave a good guideline for being able to pull a meaning for me, today, out of something that was spoken to someone else long ago, and to apply it properly. The book focused heavily on exegesis and doing it well.

Even the appendix is so thorough that its commentary recommendations take into consideration what may be better for the general reader in comparison to the advanced student, which is so helpful when trying to figure out which books may be over my head, or just right for me.

Overall, this book was so chock-full of information that I plan on rereading it as soon as I can manage it. (less)
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Jun 27, 2018Gary B rated it really liked it
Shelves: read-2018
I'd seen this book for years on the shelves of our local Christian bookseller. I've picked the book up a few times, and put it down. Finally I succumbed!

Overall it's a helpful introduction to effective ways to study all types or genres of Bible books. Technically this can be classified as exegesis and hermeneutics. Exegesis is the study or explanation of biblical texts as they would have been understood by the original readers whereas hermeneutics is the interpretation or application of those texts into the modern readers context.

Even though I've read the book in one hit, it's one to come back to as I'm reading that particular genre. (less)
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Jan 05, 2018Elizabeth rated it really liked it · review of another edition
This was required reading for my Old Testament survey course in college in 2000. Hard to believe that so much time has passed since then (writing this in Jan. 2018), but I still turn to this book frequently and find it helpful. Not surprisingly, nearly every book that I have read since then about rightly handling Scripture quotes and/or cites Fee and Stuart at some point. In my mind, this is a classic primer on the subject.
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Dec 07, 2013Angela Blount rated it really liked it
Shelves: faith, non-fiction, books-i-own
4 1/2 Stars

All in all, this has been a deeply valuable reference for learning to read the Bible--and to explain to others how they can better understand it themselves and find relevant life application. On a deep study level, I'm impressed with how much its expanded my ability to discern the full historical and literary context of commonly misused/misunderstood passages and verses. I'd long understood that most abuses of biblical quotation and interpretation centered around either proof-texting, or a simple lack of thorough reading (not reading the verse before and after the verse in question, never mind taking the time to read the full paragraph or chapter it's actually found in.) But this book's orderly approach to gaining better perspective was enlightening to degrees that reminded me just how much I don't know I don't know. I came away awed by how many different genres make up the entirety of the Bible—I'd only been taught a few, and the scope of it had previously eluded me. Hence one of my favorite takeaways:

*“One of the most important aspects of the human side of the Bible is that, in order to communicate his Word to all human conditions, God chose to use almost every available kind of communication: narrative history, genealogies, chronicles, laws of all kinds, poetry of all kinds, proverbs, prophetic oracles, riddles, drama, biographical sketches, parables, letters, sermons, and apocalypses.”

How To Read Your Bible For All Its Worth is strongly academic, yet structured well enough to walk laymen through some progressive comprehension on the basis and basics of biblical interpretation. I don't recommend reading this book out of order, as the chapters generally build on each other. The first chapter is especially crucial to understanding where to begin with your reading/interpreting and why. There is a reasoning and a method to their suggestions, and it is blessedly orderly:

Exegesis: the careful, systematic study of the Scripture to discover the original, intended meaning. This is basically a historical task.

Hermeneutics: the study of the methodological principles of interpretation. It is used in the narrower sense of seeking the contemporary relevance of ancient texts.

*"The reason one needs to learn -how- to interpret is that, whether one likes it or not, every reader is at the same time an interpreter. That is, most of us assume as we read that we also understand what we read. … We also tend to think that -our understanding- is the same thing as the Holy Spirit's or human author's -intent-. However, we invariably bring to the text all that we are, with all of our experiences, culture, and prior understandings of words and ideas. Sometimes what we bring to the text, unintentionally to be sure, leads us astray, or else causes us to read all kinds of foreign ideas into the text."

It's difficult to rate a book like this, given its instructional/textbook-like feel and function. It is a bit dry at times, though the authors certainly make a go at humorous insertions to hold their reader's attention. At a few points I worried their wording choice was on the needlessly convoluted side—yet, it's hard to argue with the voice and perspective of theological professors who certainly know this material better than I could hope to. The main detractors that bothered this reader were their structural layout in the chapter explaining the four gospels, in which they didn't—for whatever reason—opt to tell us about the gospel authors. (I didn't mind looking that up myself, but it seemed exegetically relevant.) And their approach to chapter 13 (the Revelation) which seemed to shy away from the fantastical part of the imagery. Ultimately I was hoping for more depth into the numerous pools of interpretation for that book, but I can somewhat understand why they kept things brief with a book so full of unknowns.(less)
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May 24, 2012Bart Breen rated it it was amazing
It's not enough to just read the Bible ... you need to learn how ....

Some people will get very upset with the title, because after all, for the true believer, all you need is the Bible itself, right?

Well, no. For one thing the Bible itself tells you that you need the Holy Spirit to help understand, so there is that.

But you also need to study to show yourself approved, meditate and approach it in a humble matter. The Bible was written over 2,000 years ago and in some portions even far longer. It is possible, just possible mind you, that there have been changes in language and culture that require some work on the reader's part to understand what is being said the same way a hearer of that message would have understood it in their day.

That is where this book comes into play. This is both a good introductory text for the student who wants to enter into the realms of textual, historical, redactive, literary etc criticism. It is also written to be at the level of the average layman who wants to understand more for their own study and growth.

Evangelical Christians often get very nervous about this type of book. They see much that has served to diminish the Bible over the years as coming from the "liberal" religious, academic camps as seeking to diminish what the Bible plainly says.

As delicately as I can state it ...... Evangelicals need to get over it and enter the field themselves. If the Bible is true, it must be true enough to stand tough scrutiny. The opinion of this reviewer is that it does stand that scrutiny, but as a student of the Bible you must expect over time that your understanding will change and grow. That is called discipleship and growth. It's a good thing!

This book, better than most, comes to the Bible and maintains an attitude of respect toward the text itself consistent with what Evangelicals believe with regard to inspiration while introducing the student or curious Christian as to how to study the Bible and get more out of it that you ever did before.

Where great commentaries give you fish, this book teaches you how to fish and feed yourself intellectually and spiritually from the Bible.

Don't be threatened by it. It is a good thing!

This is very worthwhile book for those who see the Bible as spiritually unique and also helpful for the student who simply wants to know how to understand it better. (less)
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Dec 18, 2012John Kaess rated it it was amazing
I have read a lot of books about how to study the Bible. I used this book the past 6 months to teach the Adult CE class at my church on How to Study the Bible. This is by far the best book i've read on this topic. Practical. Accessible. Insightful. I recommend this as a must read for all believers.
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Feb 27, 2013Michael Boling rated it really liked it
Authors Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart have provided the evangelical community with a salient and veridical overview of hermeneutical principles that, when applied, are of great import to the study of Scripture. How to Read the Bible for All It's Worth is replete with concepts applicable to every believer, regardless of their level of theological acumen. Layman and seasoned theologians alike will find this book to be one that has lasting value as they exegete God's Word. In the current theological milieu, a conspectus of the proper application of hermeneutics is sorely needed and in this regard, Fee and Stuart have answered the call.

The main purpose of this book is providing the interpreter with a compendium of concepts on how to properly interpret Scripture through the dual concepts of exegesis and hermeneutics. Of particular relevance is the authors' assertion that "one does not have to be an expert to learn to do the basic tasks of exegesis." This statement ameliorates the perception that hermeneutics is a task solely for the clergy thus providing an impetus for all believers to engage this discipline. Prior to delving into the intricacies of hermeneutics proper, Fee and Stuart provide copious reasons for the pursuit of the interpretation of Scripture. This foundational understanding is essential as it provides a synopsis of the role of the interpreter and the numerous challenges they will face when attempting to mine the depths of Scripture. Fee and Stuart make no illusions that establishing generally accepted guidelines for interpretation is difficult and unlikely. The reality that various interpretations will dominate the theological landscape is clearly addressed.

The historical and eternal aspects of Scripture are duly noted in the opening chapter of the text, with particular attention given to the methodology utilized by God to communicate to mankind. The need for the interpreter to have a lucid understanding of the characters in Scripture and the geographical and cultural milieu in which they lived is brilliantly outlined. Additionally, the necessity to utilize Bible dictionaries and encyclopedias to understand historical context is given some consideration by the authors with additional discourse on biblical commentaries provided in the appendix.

Discussion of the various translations was perhaps one of the more turbid and opinion laced elements of this work. The seeming dismissal of the New American Standard Bible (NASB) and the comment that if one "regularly reads only the NASB/NASU, then you are committed to an interpretation of the text that may not be what Paul intended" was parochial and dubious. Such comments give the impression as an effort to promote one particular translation of Scripture over another as evidenced by the statement the "TNIV reflects the best exegetical option." Such conjecture, while hardly deleterious to the work en bloc, could have been omitted in favor of a discussion of the purpose and reasoning behind the various major translations and the inherent benefits and pitfalls subsumed therein. If brevity was a concern, the reader could have been directed to scholarly works such as F.F. Bruce's The Canon of Scripture or Norman Geisler's From God to Us for additional insight on the history and purpose of translations.

Fee and Stuart conclude their prolegomena with a substantive overview of language and the issue of historical distance. The importance of addressing these issues cannot be overstated and the authors' treatment of difficulties such as euphemisms, word plays and elements of grammar/syntax abound with relevant examples. The continued effort at promoting the NIV in lieu of providing the reader with meaningful commentary on hermeneutical methodology was overreaching and biased contributing little to the topic.

The discussion of genre dominates the book. Fee and Stuart expend considerable effort, and rightfully so, discussing the epistles, the Old Testament narrative, the book of Acts, the Gospels, the Parables, the Law, the Prophets, the Psalms, Wisdom literature and the book of Revelation. Particular attention is given to hermeneutical issues surrounding the epistles. The inherent pitfalls involved in interpreting the genre of the epistles are clearly addressed in the statement "the ease of interpreting the epistles can be quite deceptive."

Fee and Stuart coherently emphasize the need for contextualization when studying the epistles. The tendency to misconstrue metaphors and first century cultural issues necessitates the need for an understanding of historical context before engaging in the interpretation of specific elements of a pericope. In this regard, Fee and Stuart appropriately aver that difficult passages should be approached holistically as it is the "big view that counts." Indicative of this approach is the integration and application of issues relevant to the first century church to current theological conundrums. The extent the authors elucidate techniques of interpreting misinterpreted passages in the epistles is commendable and one of the highlights of their work.

Hebrew narrative as revealed in the Old Testament is the next topic broached by Fee and Stuart. This rather lengthy discussion is necessitated by the prevailing "failure to understand both the reason for and the character of Hebrew narrative." Indicative of this failure is the propensity to treat large sections of Old Testament narrative as allegory resulting in forced interpretations and rejection of the historically accurate nature of the Scripture. While Fee and Stuart's treatment of Old Testament narrative is not as thorough as that provided in works such as "Introduction to Biblical Interpretation" by Klein, Blomberg and Hubbard, it is nevertheless a commonsensical and worthwhile approach. Of particular note is the authors' contention that "narratives are precious to us because they so vividly demonstrate God's involvement in the world and illustrate his principles and calling." This statement articulates, perhaps even more than the discussion of the intricacies of narrative, the need for interpreters to properly evaluate historical genre.

While the same pattern used for the exegesis of Old Testament is applicable to the study of Acts, the authors provide a separate treatment of this book since the majority of believers acknowledge that Acts serves as the "pattern for Christian behavior or church life." The hermeneutical analysis of Acts shares similarities with the analysis of the epistles, especially in the area of modern application of first century issues and concerns. The relevancy of actions taken by the early church fathers to the modern church has often overstepped the bounds of scriptural exposition leading to misinterpretation of Luke's intended purpose. While Fee and Stuart provide copious principles for interpreting Acts, their exposition of Acts can be encapsulated in their following assertion:

"Unless Scripture explicitly tells us we must do something, what is only narrated or described does not function in a normative (i.e. obligatory) way - unless it can be demonstrated on other grounds that the author intended it to function in this way."

This evinces the overall pattern and approach for interpreting Scripture that should be utilized by all interpreters. Even though this statement was included in a discussion of Acts, it is nevertheless representative of the approach necessary for interpreting all Scriptural genres.

The importance of a lucid perspicacity of the gospels, particularly in relation to the parables of Jesus, is addressed next by Fee and Stuart. The discussion of vertical and horizontal thinking was interesting, yet was mired in comparative word counting and percentages of agreement. A redeeming aspect was the treatment of the conceptualization of the understanding of the "kingdom of God" as both a present and future event; an oft overlooked foundational element of the gospel accounts. While Fee and Stuart's treatment of this topic pales in comparison to that of George Eldon Ladd's A Theology of the New Testament, their cursory overview is nevertheless constructive and informative. The importance of understanding the "kingdom of God" cannot be overemphasized and its inclusion in this book is commendedable.

The parables are some of the most beloved portions of Scripture and also perhaps among the most misunderstood and misinterpreted. This is explicated in the statement "parables are not allegories - even if at times they have what appear to us to be allegorical features." This statement is at the crux of how to exegete parables. Fee and Stuart accurately identify that the hermeneutical task in reference to parables lies in recapturing the "punch of the parables in our own times and our own settings." All elements of the exegesis of parables are subsumed within this concept. The ability of Fee and Stuart to provide a terse yet substantive overview of the benefits and methods of interpreting parables is commendable.

Contemporary application of the books of the Law has, for many, been absent from their spiritual repertoire. Formulating an understanding of the complexity and sheer number of religious laws outlined in the Torah is difficult and elusive to most believers. This is unfortunate, as the books of the Law possess considerable relevance to the holistic study and understanding of Scripture. As noted by the Fee and Stuart, "even though the Old Testament laws are not our law, it would be a mistake to conclude that the Law is no longer a valuable part of the Bible." It is from this standpoint that Fee and Stuart engage the understanding and application of interpreting Old Testament law. A systematic understanding of the intent of the Law will illuminate the necessity of the discussions between Jesus and the Pharisees revealed in the gospel accounts. Fee and Stuart substantively examine the historical context of the law, in particular, the comparison of the Law of Moses to that of the Code of Hammurabi and other ancient codes of conduct. An awareness of the intention and influence the law had on ancient Israel will only enhance the understanding of the Biblical narrative; a position which Fee and Stuart repeatedly asseverate.

One of the more intriguing sections is that addressed to the study of prophetic genre. Emphasis on the necessity of engaging historical context is again provided by Fee and Stuart as the initial means by which to approach the message of the prophetic books. While the discussion of the types of prophetic oracles is noteworthy, the statement that secondary meaning or sensus plenior "is a function of inspiration, not illumination" is the fulcrum upon which exegesis of prophecy rests. The tendency to search for double meanings in prophecy has resulted in far reaching interpretations unintended by either the author or God.

The Psalms are not commonly thought of as containing exegetical difficulties. However, they are a "special kind of literature" and "require special care in reading and interpreting." They are best understood as a collective outpouring of communication with God much akin to that found in a diary. Combined with a view of the historical context of ancient Israel, exegesis of the Psalms can provide the reader with an invaluable perspective in dealing with the vacillation of life. The literary and functional aspects of the Psalms are covered in great detail by Fee and Stuart resulting in a comprehensive evaluation and dissection of this genre.

Proverbs, Job and Ecclesiastes, better known as wisdom literature, contain teaching that when "taken out of context can sound profound and seem practical, which often results in misapplication." Interpretation of these texts must be accomplished in the same comprehensive manner as any other pericope; a point duly noted by Fee and Stuart. While the books of wisdom are replete with inveterate insight, the overall context of wisdom literature should never be overlooked. Fee and Stuart provide a reasoned argument for a holistic understanding of wisdom texts. The multifarious aspects of Proverbs are adequately discussed including practical guidelines for understanding "proverbial wisdom" ; however, only a cursory overview is provided for Job and Ecclesiastes; two books whose messages are exponentially more difficult to assess. A one page assessment of Job and Ecclesiastes is wholly insufficient. Conversely, the commentary provided for the Song of Solomon, though terse, sufficiently addressed the significance of the necessity of fidelity and faithfulness in marriage.

Apocalyptic literature is satiated with symbolism and approaching such texts should not commence without a "proper degree of humility." Revelation, perhaps more than any other book in Scripture, presents a bevy of challenges for the interpreter. Fee and Stuart do a venerable job of outlining apocalyptic genre without pursuing any particular interpretive agenda. Additionally, they avoid theological interludes in favor of focusing on the methodology of interpreting apocalyptic works. Their statement that "John's larger concern is that, despite present appearances, God is in control of history and the church" is the capstone of this section. While interpretation of Revelation may continue to be elusive for the reader, Fee and Stuart remind the interpreter of the overarching approach to difficult pericope in Scripture: "If there are some ambiguities for us as to how all the details are to work out, there is no ambiguity as to the certainty that God will work it all out."

How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth is a concise enchiridion of the dynamic nature of hermeneutics. Ultimately, the intent of this work is to present the interpreter with the hermeneutical tools by which to discern "between good and not-so-good interpretations - and to know what makes them one or the other." Though other works of this genre are more comprehensive in scope, Fee and Stuart have written a lucid and intellectually remunerative guide to interpretation. Their extensive treatment of the genres of Scripture is beneficial to all believers, regardless of their level of theological acumen. This book avoids turbid theological meanderings in favor of providing the reader with basic hermeneutical tools necessary to understanding Scripture. In the sphere of hermeneutical discourse, its brevity is admirable, however, in terms of comprehensiveness, there are better works available. For the lay theologian, this book is more than adequate, but for the more seasoned theologian, it is merely a supplement to more voluminous expositions. (less)
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Oct 27, 2018Tyler J. Collins rated it it was amazing
Shelves: mnu-ministry-books
Fee and Stuart's book "How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth" is a MUST READ for all Christians. Their guidance on how to read the Bible with understanding is a safeguard against many of the common misinterpretations of passages of scripture which pervade Christian culture. In addition, they give their readers the tools to glean a much richer meaning of the text and to apply it to their lives well.
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May 03, 2018Patrick rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
First of all, it talks about just about every book of the Bible possible. It gives you a little historical context and background on the books. It talks about the different pitfalls that can happen in reading these books and interpreting them. The good news is that the book is very user friendly, it's very easy to read, and would be great for anyone who wants further perspective on how to read various passages and books in the Bible. It gives a lot of strong argument on reading passages in the context in which they were written, and not reading into the text or adding to it. This was actually one of two books for my interpretation class, and I thoroughly enjoyed reading it, and would recommend it to anyone. I'll give this one five stars. (less)
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Jan 10, 2019Josh rated it liked it · review of another edition
Solid, in-depth book that doesn't simply take into account the historical and literary contexts of Scripture but thoroughly breaks down different genres and individual books of Scripture. While this read might be hard, even "technical", for some it truly provides meaningful ways in which an individual can read the Bible with clarity and for all its worth.
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Sep 13, 2016Darren Clark rated it it was amazing
Shelves: hermeneutics-and-reading-the-bible
Wow, for a an easy to read book on how to properly understand and interpret the various genres of the books in the Bible Fee and Stuart's 'How to Read the Bible for all its Worth' is indeed worth a read. Fee and Stuart have written in a style that avoids getting bogged down in overtechnical issues which means the average Christian ought to be able to engage with this book. Yet Fee and Stuart do a marvellous job of showing the reader how each genre of the Bible functions in its own right and then providing clear guidance on how to engage with these genres. I heartedly recommend this book for any reader of the Bible who wants to begin to read it with more ability to understand it nuances. (less)
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Sep 18, 2016Nicole rated it really liked it
What was really great about this book is the simplicity of it and the willingness to tackle some of the larger issues that the church at large struggle with. There is a companion book entitled How to read the Bible book by book, and it is well worth it to have alongside reading this book.
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Aug 20, 2010Pamela Tucker rated it it was amazing
I read this book through last year, but it is a book that should be reread and even used as a reference. Everyone has a need to interpret the Bible and this book helps with tools that will help as some read but will not understand everything they read. One thing that people forget while reading is they spent laborious days interpreting the Greek and Hebrew into what now is known as the Bible. Learning to think Contextually is an area most do not consider while reading the various genres. Hermeneutic questions will arise as one studies further into the word. This should be a vital study itself when trying to understand the Bible. This is just like the cover says "A practical approach to Bible study in an easy-to-understand style. (less)
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Feb 09, 2015Adam rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
This book was fantastic. It opened my eyes to a lot of important issues in exegesis. It covers the different genres in the Bible, like epistles, narratives, poetry, etc., but also covers the Mosaic law, the Gospels, Psalms, and Revelation separately. I wanted to single out a chapter that was more helpful than others, but I couldn't because they're all great. I suppose my only reservation is the chapter on Bible translations which, while helpful, reads a lot like a long advertisement for the NIV 2011.

I will for sure be keeping this book as a reference tool. It also has an appendix of commentaries in the back. Great stuff! If a 5th edition comes out, I'll definitely buy it. (less)
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Aug 13, 2013Mindi rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
This is an excellent book that was recommended to me by my pastors. Although I have read the Bible through many times, the basics of interpretation were pretty much a mystery to me. These authors are very clear about exegesis and hermeneutics. I have friends who are literally afraid of any church that does not preach expositionally because they believe that is how the scriptures are distorted. I believe that whether the Bible is preached topically or expositionally that an understanding of exegesis and hermeneutics is imperative and would spare the body of Christ a great deal of grief. I highly recommend this book. (less)
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Oct 26, 2013Muoki Musau rated it it was amazing
Fantastic from start to finish. I encourage all Christians, whether "seasoned veteran" or "newbie," this book will profoundly - yes, profoundly change how you think about the Bible, and how to read it with greater awareness and understanding. Of course, for those who believe, the Holy Spirit illuminates our understanding, but we also have the responsibility to increase our understanding through the tools available to us. And Drs. Fee and Stuart give an excellent primer to beginning the journey of sound Biblical study. This is excellent for all believers (and non-believers, too!).(less)
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2019/05/03

Amazon.com: A New History of Christianity in China (Audible Audio Edition): Daniel H. Bays, Christine Marshall, Audible Studios: Books



Amazon.com: A New History of Christianity in China (Audible Audio Edition): Daniel H. Bays, Christine Marshall, Audible Studios: Books



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A New History of Christianity in China Audible Audiobook – Unabridged
Daniel H. Bays (Author), Christine Marshall (Narrator), & 1 more
4.0 out of 5 stars 9 customer reviews
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A New History of Christianity in China, written by one of the world's the leading writers on Christianity in China, looks at Christianity's long history in China, its extraordinarily rapid rise in the last half of the 20th century, and charts its future direction.
  • Provides the first comprehensive history of Christianity in China, an important, understudied area in both Asian studies and religious history
  • Traces the transformation of Christianity from an imported, Western religion to a thoroughly Chinese religion
  • Contextualizes the growth of Christianity in China within national and local politics.
  • Offers a portrait of the complex religious scene in China today
  • Contrasts China with other non-Western societies where Christianity is surging.

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Audible Audiobook
Listening Length: 9 hours and 16 minutes
Program Type: Audiobook
Version: Unabridged
Publisher: Audible Studios
Audible.com Release Date: April 15, 2013
Language: English, English
ASIN: B00CD93SRI
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ZAI-NOX

3.0 out of 5 stars3.5 Stars. Possibly one of the best academic books about the history of Christianity in China.August 15, 2018
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
The problem that plagues most books about Christianity in China and its history is that they tend to be authored by unprofessional authors, published by non-scholarly presses or have a religious, political, and cultural bias. This book is one of the few academic books written by a scholar, Daniel H. Bays that specializes in Chinese Christianity and global Christianity. This book has both strengths and weaknesses but I'll make a list of them to better illustrate them.

The positives.
1. The book gives a concise overview of the history of Christianity in China from the Tang Dynasty to the present day.
2. The book is written in a balanced and scholarly fashion but yet is highly readable.
3. The book has many attractive photos and illustrations.
4. Each chapter has numerous endnotes that illuminate the text.
5. Has a appendix near the end that gives the history of Orthodox Christianity in China.
6. Has a extensive bibliography for further study.


Now the negatives.
1. The book is very slim. It's about 200 pages of actual text. As a result, the book is shallow in many aspects and the thin size of the book hardly justifies the high price.
2. Sometimes has uneven coverage and focus. The book constantly changes to different topics at quick succession making one become dazed rather fast. More than half the book is devoted to Chinese Christianity from 1860 to modernity. Leaving the periods before woefully short and rather devoid of detail.


3. Some of the sources the author uses are not academic and are questionable in reliability. Like Martin Palmer's book used for chapter 1. Palmer's book has been called a 'New Age Fantasy' by David Wilmshurst, a scholar of Nestorianism in China and of the Church of the East. Another bad source is 'Jesus in Beijing' by David Aikman. The author has no credentials and his views are questionable. His book is published by Regnery a vanity press that specializes in politically conservative nonsense. Again, some bad sources that don't belong in a academic book like this.

That is what the strengths and weaknesses of the book are in my opinion. So this book can be used as a primer to Chinese Christianity but maybe for more advanced readers. Despite the negatives, this book is highly informative, scholarly, clear, and very enjoyable to read. I really do recommend this book to students, scholars or anyone else interested in Chinese or Christian history.


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Zackabba

4.0 out of 5 starsChapter seven describes Christian interaction with events such as “the Great Leap Forward” of 1958 to 1959August 8, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase


A New History of Christianity in China. By Daniel H. Bays. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. 241 pp., n.p. paper.


Daniel Bays, emeritus professor of Calvin College’s Asian Studies Program in Grand Rapids, Michigan, sets out in this history to narrate the development of Christianity in China from its inception in the early 7th century. He attempts to guide the reader on a journey through the story of Chinese Christianity, beginning with the rise of Nestorians during the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 618-907) and ending with the surge of Christian presence at the beginning of the 21st century. Bay’s unique contribution to this field of scholarly study—and his main aim in the book—is to illustrate the process of “Chinese Christians [being] first participants, then subordinate partners of the foreign missionaries, then finally the inheritors or sole “owners” of the Chinese church” (p. 1). This is Bay’s overarching thesis in his book.
Until “the Golden Age of Missions” (as explained in pp. 92ff), a main tension presented throughout the book is whether the Christianity will continue to thrive in spite of government action. The so-called “Nestorian stele” (pp. 7-8) may describe Christianity’s earliest beginnings (circa. 635), but it certainly does not foreshadow its later difficulties. Most of Bay’s book, however, focuses on the 17th century onward, one factor being that the historical record of Chinese Christianity is very slight in the years before this. And, as he notes early on, Christianity would not truly become an established religion in China until after the sixteenth century (p. 6).


Bays himself states that chapters three to six constitute “[t]he heart of the book” (p. 2). These chapters highlight the period between 1800 and 1950 AD, from the beginnings of Protestant Christianity in China to the state of both Protestant and Catholic Christianity by the mid-20th century. Chapter three begins with a story of Robert Morrison’s venture into China, as its first Protestant missionary, from 1807 till his death in 1834. During these years, as a result of war “between the British and the Qing over the mounting scale of the illegal opium flow into China” (p. 47), a treaty system developed. This could be called a “turning point” in Chinese-Christian history, a way for China to be opened up to foreign influence—such as Western Christianity. The “Taiping movement” (p. 53), however, would have no dealings with this “treaty system,” setting up rebellion from 1850 till 1864. The period of 1860 till 1902 was marked by an increase in both foreign missionary presence (e.g. Hudson Taylor [pp. 68-69]) and missionary societies within China (p. 67). By the end of this period there were 7-8 times as many Catholics as there were Protestants in China (p. 77). The Chinese converted during this time mainly due to three “incentives”: “1) material incentives; 2) sociopolitical incentives; and 3) spiritual incentives” (p. 77). Despite attempted Westernization, Chinese believers in this period still “remained thoroughly steeped in their own culture” (p. 78).
A key period in the history of Christianity in China are the years from 1902 till 1927, which Bays terms the “Golden Age of Missions” (p. 92). This is due in large part to the “Boxer Rebellion” at the end of the last century, in which many Northern Chinese believers were killed (p. 85). The martyrdom of these believers sparked a movement of voluntary missionaries to China (p. 93). A major figure in this period (and beyond) was Marcus Cheng. This fundamentalist evangelist would eventually become a part of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and conversely denounced by the “anti-rightist” movement in 1957 (p. 167-168). Chapter six illustrates the rise of many different Christian leaders and movements, from Watchman Nee (pp. 132-134) to the self-entitled “Jesus Family” (pp. 131-132). Chapter seven describes Christian interaction with events such as “the Great Leap Forward” of 1958 to 1959, during which “the majority of churches still open were shut” (p. 177). Finally, in chapter eight Bays explains the condition of the church from 1966 till the present, concluding that “Chinese Christianity will probably make a mark on the world, but not in the kingdom of nation-states” (p. 205). He ends with an appendix describing Eastern Orthodoxy’s historical presence in China.
There is much to commend in Daniel Bays’ book, not the least being his ample use of references for further reading. Virtually no one resource is referenced more than twice in the same chapter—and, thankfully, many of them are recent books. These range from general resources for study in Chinese-Christian history (such as Standaert’s Handbook of Christianity in China, volume one [p. 38, fn. 2]), to biographies of Chinese Christians (e.g. Jonathan Spences’ biography on Hong Xiuquan [p. 64 fn. 27]). Furthermore, Bays notes throughout his book what topics still need to be further explored by scholars. For example, while describing the work of 16th century Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (p. 21), he drops in the name of a man named Alessandro Valignano. While Ricci has many biographers, Valignano—an important influence on Ricci—is, as he notes, “an understudied figure, in my view” (p. 38, fn. 9). Further study is encouraged on this influential figure. Curiously, however, he references a group called “the Little Brothers of St. John the Baptist” at least three times in this volume (pp. 141, 150, 171), yet does not once give a source for his descriptions of this group (which is unfortunate, considering that this particular reader was interested in delving deeper into deeper study of this group). Fortunately, a lack of resources is by no means a normal pattern in this history.


Bays’ also appropriately (being a scholarly guide) lets readers in on a number of current scholarly issues. For example, in the midst of describing the (then) newly established People’s Republic of China, he notes that “[s]cholars have recently been taking a fresh look at the multiple and complex challenges faced by the new regime” (p. 159). No reader is left behind concerning current scholarship. An overall positive of Bays’ volume is its ability to synthesize vast amounts of information into a readable narrative without bogging the reader down into irrelevant details. Even a document as seemingly plain and ambiguous as “Document 19” at the forefront, for instance, is cited as “the most authoritative exposition of [government religious policy] down to the present” in China (p. 190). One of the biggest helps to the narrative flow is the author’s descriptions of his own experiences researching in China, describing, for example, his experience of worship with Chinese Christians in Shanghai on “Easter Sunday, 1985” (p. 183). In this way Bays effectively draws his audience into the sights and sounds of China, a feat harder to pull off with “armchair” description.


Simply put, it is hard to find many flaws with Bays book. His writing is detailed, concise, and fairly readable—albeit the average reader might want a dictionary at hand for some words (e.g. “surreptitiously” [p. 43]). I personally would have liked to see more history on pre-Jesuit China (i.e. Christianity in China before the 16th century), but his mere one chapter on this earlier period is understandable considering that few existing resources shed much light on this time. Futhermore, one wishes Bays would have addressed some “contemporary details” (p. 204) in greater detail. For example, the author deplores the Bible-smuggling that has been occurring over the last several years by several Christian organizations (p. 204). He is right to note that almost none of these organizations let their donators know that China has its own “TSPM-related Amity Press” that “has printed over fifty million Bibles in the past several years” (p. 204). However, readers are left unsure as to what the exact form these Bibles come in—that is, whether their content has been possibly modified in any way or not. There are no resources given for his claims at this point, which is unfortunate considering the importance of this topic.
Books abound about missionaries such as Hudson Taylor and Francis Xavier, as well as books on specific periods of Chinese-Christian history. But not many give a wide-scope history of Christianity in China that is both scholarly and accessible like Daniel Bays’ New History of Christianity in China. A comparable book covering as much historical range is Christians in China A.D. 600 to 2000 by Jean-Pierre Charbonnier (as noted by the author on page 2). Highly recommended!

Zack T. Melvin
Bethlehem College and Seminary, Minneapolis, MN

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Kris Erskine

2.0 out of 5 starsAudio version not goodJanuary 10, 2014
Format: Audible AudiobookVerified Purchase
Very good book that Bays has written, and an important edition to the literature... which is not a lot. And for that, I'd give the book, writing, and research, five stars. BUT, the audio version of this book is most difficult to endure. At times I wondered if it was a computer generated voice. Often not the proper tone of voice, and often inflection in the wrong places. I seriously did have to come back to amazon to verify that it was an actual woman, not a computer.

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Eirene K. Wee

4.0 out of 5 starsA New History of Christianity in China (Blackwell Guides to Global Christianity)September 30, 2011
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Daniel Bays' update has long been awaited, especially as he now includes developments beyond the paradigmatic Deng era! He provides a carefully researched and balanced accounting of the development of Christianity in China. I was particularly appreciative of his inclusion of new considerations among scholars concerning long-held assumptions attributing relics to certain religions while not jumping into endorsing conclusions that still lack conclusive evidence. It would have been better if he had allowed himself some latitude to comment on the theological implications of historical developments, and new discoveries but I accept that this would perhaps have strayed from the focus of this work.

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DFB Orlando

5.0 out of 5 starsAn invaluable updated historyDecember 21, 2013
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
At last there is a good current history of Christianity in China. Daniel Bays is one of the best qualified to write such a history, and brings insights drawn from wide ranging study and research.

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Carolyn Iga

5.0 out of 5 starsexcellent!October 22, 2014
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
Daniel Bays gives a great comprehensive history crossing into various streams and even sects of Christianity in China. There were surprising amounts of early influences in this "atheist" nation.

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kanon

5.0 out of 5 starsgood bookApril 12, 2015
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase
Liked it very helpful. It gave a good overview of Christians in China. I would recommend this book to people

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May 05, 2013Alexander Chow rated it it was amazing


Prior to the publication of this book, Daniel Bays' de facto magnum opus has been Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. This was an ironic fact since that was a book he edited which had a valuable number of new studies on Chinese Christianity, when the field was in its infancy. Prior to even that book, there has been a dearth of up-to-date histories on Christianity in China. The last major work was Kenneth Latourette's 1929 classic, which has just been reprinted, History Of Christian Missions In China. For nearly forty years, bookshelves have been in wont for a new history that takes into account the changes in Christianity through two World Wars, a civil war, the Cultural Revolution, the Tiananmen Square protests, etc., until today. Jean-Pierre Charbonnier's work, Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000, was recently translated into English. But Charbonnier's focus is a bit more on Catholic Christianity and, today, the fastest growing religion in China is Protestant Christianity. At last, the authority of Christian history in China has put out his well-anticipated book.

To be sure, it is a thin book -- much thinner than Latourette's or Charbonnier's -- but it is also a heavy book, that carries with it great depth from decades of academic research and experience. Like any good history, it begins the story with China's first encounter with Christianity from the Persian empire in the 7th century, and progresses chronologically through the different phases of encounters. 


His last chapter focuses on the history from the Cultural Revolution to the 21st century, with some nice discussions about the so-called "cultural Christians" and urban Christianity. He ends his final chapter as he begins his first -- with an insightful comments about Christianity as a world religion. While many would be content with the book as-is, Bays goes a bit farther and includes a very nice appendix giving a brief history about Eastern Orthodoxy's developments in China. Although this reviewer would have preferred to see a more integrated look at Orthodoxy intermingled with subjects of the other chapters, this appendix brings to light an important, yet often forgotten piece of history.

Bay's new history, in the short time that has already been in print, is already making headlines as the definitive guide to the history of Christianity in China for years to come. (less)
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Jun 24, 2017Mingzhi rated it it was amazing
Shelves: dissertation, church-history, history, politics
It is indeed a great scholarship done by Prof. Bays (Calvin Seminary; PhD University of Michigan), a sequel of his edited book "History of Christianity in China" written 20 years ago. This new volume is rather comprehensive, but with good breadth and right depth, quite easy to consume the information presented. Good introduction for someone interested in learning about the history of Christianity in China, including both Catholicism and Protestantism. I regret, however, that Prof. Bays left out one important development in this book, which is the development of Reformed Christianity in China. However, contemporary issues related to Christianity was probably something not of priority for this book. Overall a very good read, and informative for a book on an expansive subject, written in mere 200 pages. Hopefully a second edition would correct the number of typos I found in the book. (less)
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Jun 17, 2017Michael Carlson rated it really liked it
A very good and comprehensive guide to the long and complicated history of Christianity in China, from its inception in the 400s, through its return with the Mongols, and then, the better known story of Christianity's reemergence in the 1580s through various (Western) missionaries.
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Jan 09, 2015Lauren Albert rated it liked it
Shelves: history-asia, religion
A dry but interesting look at the history of Christianity in China. I would have liked more attention paid to early centuries though I realize there are less sources. The contrast between Protestant groups and the Catholics is essential to understanding the history. Catholics had to choose between loyalty to the Pope and loyalty to the government--they were almost always seen as traitors or potential traitors. Protestants were better able to "blend" in.
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Jan 05, 2016Matt Tyler rated it really liked it
Shelves: 2016
Enlightening.

This book is dry, though once I got passed chapter 1 it ended up being significantly less dry than I thought it would be. My understanding of Chinese Christianity, the history of missions in China, and the various strands of churches in China was deepened. The last few paragraphs of the final chapter puzzled me somewhat. However, I would recommend to anyone who is interested in a history of Christianity in China.
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Dec 27, 2011Lance rated it liked it
Shelves: history, religion
This book holds a nice and brief overview of the relationship between the West and China, played out through various forms of Christian missions. The details and bibliographies are very helpful to anyone researching this topic. The first chapter on Nestorian missions was particularly fascinating, showing a possible connection between early Christianity and Bhuddism.
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Mar 28, 2016Brent Pinkall rated it it was amazing
A good, well-researched, comprehensive history of Christianity in China. I recommend reading a Chinese history book (such as Ropp's "China in World History") alongside this book so that you can better understand Bays' references to historical events and periods.
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Nov 26, 2014Lisa rated it liked it
Shelves: academic-history
Very concise history and useful, but not super easy to read. Was hoping to assign it to undergraduates, but it will need a study guide to be easy for them. Still, it seems to fill a hole in the scholarship, in under 150 pages....

2019/05/02

(4) Namgok Lee ‘다시 개벽’ 운동에 심정적으로나 정서적으로 공감한다.

(4) Namgok Lee



요즘 내가 잘 알고 또 좋아하는 분들이 열어가고 있는 ‘다시 개벽’ 운동에 심정적으로나 정서적으로 공감한다.
내 개인적으로 말하면 1980년대를 전후(前後)해서 표현은 그렇게 안했지만 개벽운동으로 전환했다고 말할 수 있다.
사회주의의 몰락이 예견되는 가운데 그 왜곡된 변화들을 보면서 그리고 결정적으로는 내 개인이 어떤 사건과 만나면서 겪었던 내적 고뇌가 그렇게 만들었다.
그럼에도 개벽운동가라고 자기 정체성을 밝히지 않은 것은 ‘개벽’이라는 단어가 새로운 세기에 어울리지 않은 종교나 신비주의 그리고 넘어서야할 닫힌 민족주의(특히 열등감에서 나오는 지나친 과거 역사 미화)와 주로 연관되는 것처럼 보였기 때문이다.
‘다시 개벽’운동에 대해서 심정적으로 공감하면서도, 그것이 21세기와 어울리지 않는 종교성이나 역사 해석 등을 주로 하는 관념적 운동으로 흐르는 것은 경계해야 한다고 생각하고 있다.
나는 개벽 운동이 현실적이고 보편적인 운동이 되려면 ‘각자도생의 이기적 경쟁’을 넘어서는 동기에 의한 생산력이 경제의 토대로 자리잡을 수 있는 전망이나 힘을 가질 수 있어야 한다고 생각한다.
'돈'을 벌기 위해 '경쟁'에서 이기기 위해 일하는 지금의 시스템은 결코 자유롭지도 않고 행복을 주지도 않는다.그러나 그 시스템(자본주의)이 생산력을 증대시켜 왔기 때문에 자본주의를 부정하는 시도들은 실패하였다.
지난 한 세기의 세계사적 실험에서 사회주의는 무릎을 꿇었다.
자기가 좋아하는 일을 '자발적으로 전념(몰입)하여 그것이 기쁨으로 되는' 동기가 생산력의 원천으로 될 때 새로운 생산관계가 가능해질 것이다.
요즘 빠른 속도로 확대 심화되고 있는 이른바 4차 산업혁명은 ‘제도’와 ‘의식’만 뒷받침되면 즐거운 생산을 가능하게 할 것이다.
내가 1980년대에 감동적으로 만났던 ‘물질이 개벽되니 정신을 개벽하자’는 원불교의 정신은 새로운 동기에 의한 생산력과 시스템을 갖출 때 비로소 개벽의 역사를 쓸 수 있을 것이다.
제대로 연구를 해 본 적은 없지만, 원불교의 대종사이신 소태산 박중빈 선생께서 초기에 ‘협동조합’을 하신 뜻을 떠올리게 된다.
우리가 잘 보고 있지만, 세계자본주의는 많은 심각한 모순에도 불구하고 여전히 세계의 보편적 시스템으로 되고 있다.
그 배경에는 그것을 넘어설 수 있는 시스템(제도)을 전망하지 못하기 때문이다.
그것을 넘어서는 것, 나는 그것이 우리 시대 ‘개벽’의 바탕이라고 생각한다.
나는 원불교의 존경하고 신뢰하는 벗님들께도 이런 제안을 드린 적이 있다.
내가 ‘다시 개벽’ 운동에 심정적으로 적극 공감하면서도, 그것이 관념화 추상화된 운동으로 흘러 일시적인 유행으로 그치지 않기를 바라는 마음이 간절하다.
Comments
  • 김경일 적극 공감합니다
    문제는 이기적 경쟁의 동기를 어떻게 자리이타적 공생의 동기로 바꿀 수 있는가가 문제인듯 합니다

Namgok Lee - 다음 글은 1992년 불교사회연구소 <서원과 연대 창간호>에 “새로운 세계를 향한 우리의...

(4) Namgok Lee - 다음 글은 1992년 불교사회연구소 <서원과 연대 창간호>에 “새로운 세계를 향한 우리의...



다음 글은 1992년 불교사회연구소 <서원과 연대 창간호>에 “새로운 세계를 향한 우리의 인식과 실천 방향"이라는 주제로 실은 글의 일부입니다.
많이 긴 글입니다.
------------
3. 새로운 문명의 길
(인류는 새로운 문명으로 전환을 통해서만 자유의 확대와 진정한 행복의 길을 가게 될 것입니다)
18세기 중엽 영국에서 시작된 산업혁명과 그 후 계속된 과학기술혁신은 생산력의 비약적 향상을 가져 왔고, 이러한 바탕 위에서 무한히 전개될 인간의 능력과 그 결과로 나타날 높은 생산력이야말로 인간의 자유와 행복을 확대하는 확실한 전제가 될 것이라는 신념을 보편화하면서 산업문명의 새로운 시대가 열렸습니다. 근대 산업문명의 탄생과 확산은 인간의 삶과 세계의 운동 방식을 획기적으로 변화시키는 일대 비약을 의미하였으면, 오늘에 이르기까지 이 세계의 지배적 질서로 되고 있습니다. 이 문명의 토대 위에서 세계자본주의의 자기 전개 과정에 따라 민족 문제와 계급문제 기타의 사회문제들이 야기 되었으며, 또한 이 문명의 기본틀 안에서 그러한 문제들을 해결하기 위한 엄청난 희생과 노력이 자유와 평등의 제단 앞에 바쳐졌습니다.(세계대전을 비롯한 무수한 전쟁과 혁명 등)
이 시대에 있어서 사회진보의 중심고리는 사회구조의 변혁이었으며, 그 핵심은 높은 생산력을 보장하는 생산관계, 그러한 생산관계를 뒷밭침하는 체제(제도)를 위한 투쟁이었습니다. 오늘의 지배적인 경향도 크게 보면 여기에서 벗어나지 않습니다.
그러나 오늘에 와서 근대 이후 지금까지 세계를 지배하고 이끌어온 산업문명 그 자체에 대한 근본적인 의문이 제기되고, 그것이 점점 더 심각해 짐에 따라(실제적 삶의 영역에서) 근대 이래의 문명에 대한 안티테제로서 새로운 문명을 지향하는 그런 요구와 노력들이 점차 커지고 있다는 점에 우리는 주목하지 않을 수 없습니다. 이러한 지향이 앞으로 나타날 새로운 질서의 맹아인지에 대해(그것이 앞으로 질적으로 새로운 문명으로 발전할 것인지에 대해) 확언하기는 아직 어렵다할지라도, 분명한 것은 이러한 지향이 현대 세계의 제 조건이 근본적으로 제기하는 문제를 반영하고 있다는 사실입니다.
현대 세계가 당면하고 있는 문제의 핵심은 근대 이래 진보(자유의 확대)의 근본 조건으로 생각되어 온 인간 능력의 무한한 전개와 생산력의 무한한 확대라는 바로 그 점으로부터 발생하고 있습니다. 엄청난 속도로 발전해 온 인간의 행위능력과 그다지 변치 않는 인간의 가치이념체계 사이의 괴리는 무한한 생산력(대중의 무한 소비추구와 이윤동기와 서로 연관되어 끝없이 순환한다)의 추구가 이제 인류를 포함한 전체 생태계를 파멸시키는 방향으로 움직이는 반(反)생산력으로 될 가능성을 크게 하고 있습니다. 또한 이러한 괴리는 더 많이 소유(소비)할수록 더욱 심화되는 인간소외(물신에 의한 지배)라는 근본문제를 낳고 있습니다.
현대의 이러한 근본문제들은 인간이 자연과 사회를 개조하는 능력에 비해 자기 자신을 개조하는 능력이 지나치게 못미친다는 사실로부터 나타납니다. 만일 이러한 문제에 대한 근본적인 해결의 노력을 방기한 채 지금까지의 문명을 지속시켜 나간다면, 인류는 스스로의 힘에 의해서 스스로를 멸망시키는 최초의 존재가 될지 모릅니다.(가장 큰 반론은 인간의 능력 즉 과학기술의 발전에 의해 해결할 수 있다는 입장입니다)
그것보다는 오히려 토인비가 확신을 가지고 예견한대로 예견되는 멸망을 피하기 위해 일부 부유한 국가에 의한 대다수 가난한 나라와 민족들에 대한 세계 독재체제의 수립이 이루어질 가능성이 높습니다.(벌써 그러한 징후들은 도처에서 발견됩니다)
진정으로 세계의 진보와 평화, 자유와 평등을 원하는 개인·집단·국가라면 이러한 최악의 함정을 피하기 위하여 새로운 문명으로 전환을 위해 진지하게 노력해야 할 것입니다.
지금은 아직 공존하며 중층구조를 이루고 있지만, 점점 더 우리가 당면해야할 문제가 근대적 과제(기존 산업문명의 토대 위에서의 사회구조의 개혁)로부터 현대적 과제(새로운 문명으로 전환)로 이행하게 될 것이라고 생각합니다. 그러나 그것은 단절이 아니고 연속성을 가지고 추구될 것입니다. 역사는 때로는 비약의 시기가 있지만 기본적으로는 과거의 축적된 유산 위에서 앞으로 나아가기 때문입니다. 예컨대 사회정의(자유·평등)를 추구하는 정치·경제·대중운동들은 변함 없이 계속 될 것입니다. 그러나 그 운동이 지향하는 목표·운동방식·운동의 주체는 현대적 제 조건에 부응하는 방향으로 변화할 것이며, 이러한 과정을 통해 그 진보성은 면면히 이어질 것입니다.
우리는 새로운 문명이 담아야할 내용은 과거의 <좋은 생산관계-높은 생산력-고도 대중소비>라는 연관으로부터 <좋은 욕구-좋은 생산관계-좋은 생산력-좋은 소비-좋은 방법>의 연관으로 변화되어야 한다고 봅니다. 여기에서 <좋은>이라는 표현이 좀 애매하지만, 그것은 그 안에 내용을 부여함으로써 옳게 이해될 수 있으리라 생각합니다. 이 글에서는 대체적인 윤곽을 가설로 제시할 수 있을 뿐이며, 보다 전문화된 이론과 실천적 검증을 통해 구체성과 현실성을 획득해 갈 수 있으리라 기대합니다.

(1) 좋은 욕구
좋은 욕구를 첫 번째로 드는 이유는 사회구조·가치이념체계·생활양식의 연관 가운데 새로운 문명을 위한 중심고리가 새로운 가치이념체계와 그에 부응하는 생활양식의 전환이라고 판단했기 때문이다. 이것은 사회구조의 변혁이 사람의 동기와 욕구의 질을 변화시키는데는 성공적이지 못했다는 역사의 경험과 현대의 근본적 문제들이 인간의 행위능력과 가치이념체계의 괴리에서 비롯된다는 인식에서 나온 것입니다. 새로운 가치이념체계는 결국 인간의 행동을 유발하고 통제하는 원동력인 동기와 욕구를 변화시킬 때만 그 생명력을 갖습니다. 만일 머리 속에서 새로운 가치이념체계를 받아들인다 할지라도 그것이 그의 행동(실천)을 변화시키는 동기와 욕구를 변화시켜 구체적 삶의 양식을 바꾸지 못하면 별 의미가 없을 것입니다. 삶의 동기는 욕구가 무엇인가에 달려 있습니다. 욕구가 없는 인간은 상상할 수가 없습니다.
문제는 욕구의 질입니다. 일찍이 원불교의 창시자인 소태산 박중빈 선생은 다음과 같이 말하였습니다. “욕심은 없앨 것이 아니라 도리어 키울 것이니, 작은 욕심을 큰 서원으로 돌려 키워서 마음이 거기에 전일하면 작은 욕심들은 자연 잠 잘 것이요, 그러면 저절로 한가롭고 넉넉한 생활을 하게 되리라”
이 말은 인간을 진정으로 자유롭고 행복하게 하기 위해서는 욕구를 없애려고 할 것이 아니라(결코 없앨 수는 없을 것이다) 욕구를 보다 높은 차원의 질로 전환시켜야 한다는 의미입니다. 이 보다 높은 차원의 큰 욕구를 우리는 <좋은 욕구>라고 부르겠습니다.
인간은 동물과 마찬가지로 굶주림·목마름·성적욕구 등이 충족되지 않으면 존재할 수 없습니다. 그것은 기본적이며 본능적인 욕구입니다. 그러나 그것은 앞서 말한 인간의 특이성에 비추어 볼 때 진정한 인간적 욕구의 충족을 위한 필요조건에 불과합니다. 우리가 지금까지의 산업문명을 비판함에 있어 가장 중요한 관점의 하나가 온갖 치장을 하였음에도 불구하고근본적으로 인간의 능력과 앞으로 열려 있는 방향에 조화되는 인간적 욕구를 확대시키는 것보다는 동물적 욕구를 확대시키는 쪽으로 더 많이 작용하고 있다는데 있습니다. (이러한 퇴영적인 욕구는 그의 높은 행위능력과 결합할 때 동물보다 못한 행위를 낳게 하기도 합니다)
이러한 퇴영적 욕구는 소유욕과 이기주의와 결합하면서 물신의 지배를 확립해 가는데 중요한 요소로 작용하고 있습니다. 이것은 그 대상의 유한성 때문에 함께 나누는 것이 아니라 경쟁하며 독점하려 하고 필연적으로 불의한 사회구조와 맞물려 악순환을 계속합니다. 이러한 악순환은 단절되어야 합니다. 더욱이 가공할 과학 기술능력은 이러한 악순환이 자타공멸의 위기로 이어질 수 있다는 위험한 상황을 만들고 있습니다, 욕구의 질이 변화되지 않는한 사회구조의 개혁만으로는 근본적인 치유책이 되지 못합니다. 이제 직접적으로 인간의 퇴영적 욕구를 <좋은 욕구>로 전환하기 위한 조건과 동력·방도를 찾아서 집중적인 노력을 해야 합니다. 인류는 그가 깨고 나온 자연과의 원시적 조화로부터 자연과의 새로운 조화를 향한 기나긴 여정을 가고 있습니다. 그는 되돌아갈 수 없으며 앞으로 나갈 수 밖에 없습니다.
좋은 욕구란 바로 이 앞으로 나가는 방향과 그의 탁월한 능력에 조화되는 욕구를 말합니다.
퇴영적 욕구가 소유욕과 이기주의와 결합되어 있다면, 좋은 욕구는 존재의 확대를 추구하며 상생과 조화를 그 내용으로 갖게 됩니다. 존재의 확대란 예컨대 불교에서 말하는 깨달음의 추구를 통해 이루어질 수 있습니다. 다른 말로 하면 자율적이고 자각적인 인간이 되려는 노력을 통해서만 이루어질 수 있는 것입니다. 부처가 되려는 노력이야말로 우리가 상상할 수 있는 최고의 존재의 확대를 의미합니다. 그 과정에서 누구와 경쟁한다거나 그 기회를 독점하려 한다면 그것은 부처가 되는 길과는 반대의 길로 들어섰음을 의미합니다. 좋은 욕구는 경쟁적이거나 독점적이 아닙니다. 오히려 서로 나누고 베풀 때 더 큰 만족을 얻기 때문에 상생과 조화를 그 속성으로 갖게 됩니다. 그러나 이러한 욕구의 전환이 특수한 소수에게만 가능하다면 앞서의 견해와 주장들은 현실성을 획득하지 못할 것입니다. 우리는 보통의 현대인들이(특수한 자질을 가진 소수가 아니다. 그러한 소수는 어느 시대에나 늘 있어 왔다) 그들의 구체적 삶 속에서 이러한 전환을 요구하고 받아들일 조건들이 점차 성숙하고 있다고 판단합니다. 그것은
첫째, 사람은 누구나 행복을 추구하기 때문입니다. 그런데 그는 지금의 문명과 생활양식이 진정한 행복을 가져다주지 못한다는 것을 생활을 통해 점점 심하게 느끼게 됩니다. 퇴영적 욕구, 끝없는 소유욕, 지배욕, 이기주의가 결코 그들을 자유롭고 행복하게 하지 못한다는 것을 깨닫게 됩니다. 정신병과 스트레스의 증가, 생명경시풍조의 만연, 동양 사상과 종교에 대한 관심의 증가, 여러 가지 수행방법에 참여 확대 등이 이를 반영하고 있습니다.
둘째 그는 이런 문명이 계속되면 어쩌면 모두가 살아남기 힘들것이라는 위기의식을 점점 더 갖게 되기 때문입니다. 특히 현대과학이 제공하는 지식과 정보 그것을 전달하는 대중 매체의 발달은 그들이 피부로 느끼는 심각한 공해·환경문제 등과 함께 이러한 위기의식을 급속하고 광범하게 심화시켜 나갈 것입니다. 아직 자신의 욕구와 생활양식을 바꾸는데는 이르지 못했지만, 우리나라의 경우도 공해문제가 가장 심각한 사회문제로 인식되고 있다는 사실이 그것을 잘 보여주고 있습니다.
이제 우리가 진정으로 자유와 행복을 누리기 위해서는 욕구의 질을 전환하여 생활양식을 바꾸는 일에 곧 바로 착수하여야 합니다. 사회구조의 개혁을 통해 정의를 실현하기 위해 노력하는 사람·집단들이 먼저 이런 노력을 내면화하도록 해야 합니다. 그래야만 역사의 축적된 경험을 바탕으로 새로운 사회를 위하여 기여할 수 있는 진보성을 확보할 수 있을 것입니다.

(2) 좋은 생산관계
좋은 욕구로의 전환은 좋은 생산관계로의 사회구조적 개혁을 위한 노력과 결합되지 않을 때 대중의 생활에 뿌리를 내리지 못하고 공허한 구호로 그치거나 때로는 불의한 사회구조를 존치시키는데 일조할 수 있습니다. 의식문화의 개혁 운동은 반드시 사회적 정의를 실현하기 위한 구조개혁의 노력과 결합되어야 합니다. 그러나 이러한 노력은 기존의 생산관계를 개선하기 위한 전통적인 정치·경제·대중운동 등과 함께 새로운 생산관계를 직접 창출하는 노력을 함께 수행하는 방식이 되어야 할 것입니다. 근대 이래 좋은 생산관계란 다음의 두가지를 의미하였습니다.
첫째는 높은 생산력을 보장할 것, 둘째는 인간에 의한 인간의 수탈을 폐지할 것이었습니다. 이 두 가지는 서로 상응하는 요소로 파악되었으며, 이 두가지 조건의 결합 위에 과학적 이론과 사회적 실천이 진행되었으나 그 중에서도 보다 규정적인 것은 높은 생산력의 보장이라는 조건이었습니다. 이러한 관점에서 세계자본주의와 그에 대응하는 사회주의 진영이 대립하여 갈등·경쟁·상호영향을 주고 받으며 이제 자신을 대폭 수정한 현대자본주의에 현존 사회주의권이 무릎을 꿇음으로써 20세기를 거의 지배해온 세계질서를 둘러싼 자본주의 대 사회주의의 대립구도는 거의 그 의미를 상실하고 있습니다. 오히려 이제 지배적인 세계경제질서가 당면한 문제들은 ① 아직도 의식주의 기본문제를 해결하지 못하고 있는 많은 나라들과 많은 사람들의 기본적인 생존조건을 어떻게 충족시킬 것인가 하는 문제와 ② 불균등이 지배하는 국제경제관계 속에서 발생하는 국가 또는 블록 간의 갈등을 어떻게 해소시켜 갈 것인가하는 근대 이래의 전통적인 문제와 함께 ③ 무한 생산과 무한 소비를 추구하는 현대산업문명이 제기하고 있는 근본적인 인간소외와 자연생태계의 파괴 등에 체제가 무엇이든지 어떻게 대응할 것인가하는 문제들입니다. 이러한 변화된 세계사적 조건과 현대적 과제의 제기는 좋은 생산관계를 높은 생산력을 보장하는 것으로부터 다음의 두가지를 더 충족시켜야 하는 것으로 파악하게 합니다.
첫째, 현대의 과학기술수준과 생산력은 자연을 무한한 자원으로 간주하던 근대적 성장위주의 관점을 획기적으로 변화시킬 것을 요구하고 있습니다. 따라서 유한한 자원과 무한 생산 추구 간에 발생하는 모순을 해결할 수 있는 생산, 즉 자연의 생명력을 파괴하지 않는 생산을 보장하는 것으로 되어야 합니다.
둘째, 인간에 의한 인간의 수탈을 폐지하려는 사회구조의 개혁을 위한 노력과 함께, 사람 사이의 관계가 박애와 연대가 실현되는 공동체적 삶의 양식과 가치이념체계로의 전환이 그 안에서 발전하는 그런 생산관계이어야 합니다.
요컨대 오늘의 관점에서 좋은 생산관계는 높은 효율성과 함께 반드시 좋은 생산과 좋은 삶의 양식을 보장하는 것으로 되어야 할 것입니다. 우리는 대민족주의의 기치 밑에서 남과 북이 민족적 생명력을 이러한 방향으로 최대한 발휘될 수 있기를 기대합니다. 아마도 상당한 기간 남과 북에서 각각의 경제체제를 개혁하는 운동이 주류를 이루겠지만, 우리는 이런 전통적 방식과 함께 남북의 상이한 경제질서를 바람직한 방향으로 매개할 수 있는 새로운 생산관계를 직접 시도하고 확산하는 방식이 반드시 이루어져야 한다고 생각합니다. 이런 입장에서 우리는 협동생산을 제의해 보고자 합니다. 협동생산의 성공적인 사례는 외국의 경우에는 많지만(스페인, 이탈리아, 일본 등) 우리나라의 경우 과거 역사의 냉혹한 조건들 때문에 어쩌면 우리 민족의 정서나 전통과 조화될지 모르는 협동생산이 거의 발전하지 못하였습니다. 진취적인 사람들이 협동생산과 같은 새로운 생산관계의 창출에 진지한 관심과 노력을 집중할 수 있다면 아마도 우리는 외국의 예보다 더욱 발전된 형태의 좋은 생산관계를 만들어 낼 수 있으리라고 믿습니다.
이렇다할 구체적 경험이 없으므로, 추상적 원칙이나 당위론에 그칠 우려가 있겠지만 적극적인 실천의지를 갖는 사람들에게 판단과 계획의 근거를 제시한다는 점에서 몇 가지의 원칙들을 제시해 보고자 합니다.

① 협동소유의 원칙입니다.
② 철저한 자발성과 민주주의 원칙입니다.
③ 협동체의 중심 가치가 협동과 자리이타(自利利他)이어야 합니다.
④ 무엇을 어떻게 누구를 위해 생산할 것인가를 결정하는데 있어 철저히 <인간을 위하고 자연과 조화하는> 원칙이 관철되어야 합니다.
⑤ 기술혁신과 합리적 경영 등을 통해 전체 시장경제 안에서 다른 경제 단위와의 경쟁에서 우위를 차지할 수 있는 능력(효율성)이 보장되어야 합니다.
⑥ 소비자협동조합, 생활협동조합 등과 서로 긴밀한 보완관계를 형성하여 서로를 발전시킬 수 있도록 하여야 합니다.
요컨대 협동생산이 그 협동적 원칙과 효율성이라는 두 개의 기둥을 함께 세울 수 있을 때만 그것은 새로운 모델로서 현실성을 획득하고, 나라의 전체 경제에 좋은 영향을 줄 수 있을 것입니다.
(3) 좋은 생산력(좋은 소비)
앞에서 여러차례 언급한 바 있지만 현대의 과학기술수준, 생산력 수준, 행위능력과 가치이념체계의 괴리는 근대 이래 진보의 표지로 당연시해 온 무한생산과 무한소비에 대한 신념을 그 뿌리부터 흔들고 있습니다. 인간 상호 간의 관계(사회생활)와 인간과 자연과의 관계에서 <높은 생산력>의 추구가 선(善)으로 간주되는 사고는 이제 현실적인 한계에 부딪치고 있습니다. 그것은 다음의 사실들에서 분명해집니다.
① 자연에 대한 약탈적인 그 동안의 성장지상주의적인 생산력추구는 이미 오존층의 파괴, 지구온난화현상, 산성비, 사막화현상 등 지구적 차원에서 심각한 생태환경위기를 낳고 있습니다.
② 생활의 풍요와 편의를 위한 각종 재화의 대량생산과정에서 발생하고 있는 과정에서 발생하고 있는 환경오염과 공해는 이제 우리 생존에 근원적인 숨쉴 공기, 마실 물, 일용할 음식에 대해서도 안심할 수 없게 하고 있습니다.
③ 이윤동기에 지배되는 시장경제원리는 무한소비와 무한생산의 상호 상승작용을 낳고(무한 소비를 부추기고 그러한 소비수요가 이윤의 원천으로 되는) 이러한 소비 문화는 인간의 퇴영적 욕구와 소유와 소비를 향한 경쟁을 증대시킴으로써 생활을 위한 소비가 아니라 소비를 위한 생활로 근본적인 인간 소외의 원인으로 되고 있습니다.
이제 더 이상 높은 생산력에 의한 무한생산과 무한소비의 추구는 인간상호간의 관계에 있어서나 자연과의 관계에 있어서나 인간의 자유와 행복을 담보하는 것으로 되지 못합니다. 따라서 우리는 높은 생산력 대신에 <좋은 생산력>을 새로운 시대의 조건으로 파악합니다. 좋은 생산력은 <인간의 질적 향상을 추구하고, 자연과의 새로운 조화를 추구하는> 방향에 서 있는 생산력을 의미합니다. 현재 대부분의 사람들을 지배하고 있는 가치이념체계와 생활양식을 고려할 때 이러한 전환은 지극히 어려운 과제임에는 분명하지만, 반드시 이루어지지 않으면 안될 것입니다. 이를 위해서는
① 과학과 기술은 더욱 앞으로 나아가야 합니다. 과학과 기술 그 자체는 몰가치적이지만 과학자와 기술자는 가치중립적일 수 없습니다. 선(善)한 과학과 깨끗한 기술을 바탕으로 인간과 자연의 생명력을 손상시키지 않는 생산을 추구해야 합니다. 최고의 첨단 과학기술과 생산력이 자연과의 새로운 조화를 달성하는 방향으로 사용되어야 합니다.
② 대중의 소비문화가 근본적으로 바뀌어야 합니다. 소비자대중(국민)은 그들의 욕구와 생활양식이 전환되지 않으면 자유와 행복의 확대는 고사하고 생존 자체가 위협 받는 사실을 직시하고 큰 결단을 해야 합니다.
이러한 생산과 소비문화의 대전환은 여러 분야의 종합적인 노력의 연관 위에서만 가능하겠지만, 최상의 지식(현대첨단과학)과 최선의 의지(고등종교)의 상호보완과 여러 형태의 시민운동이 그 견인차 역할을 할 수 있으리라 기대합니다.
(4) 좋은 방법
앞에서 언급한 민족의 생존과 번영을 확보하기 위한 대민족주의와 인류의 생존과 번영을 확보하기 위한 새로운 문명을 실현하기 위해서는 이를 추진할 새로운 통합력이 요구됩니다. 새로운 조건에서 새로운 목표를 추구하는 새로운 통합력은 새로운 방법에 의해서만 형성될 수 있다고 믿습니다. 새로운 통합력을 형성하는 과정에는 우선 다음과 같은 원칙들이 전제되어야 한다고 생각합니다.
첫째, 목적이 수단을 정당화한다는 사고와 태도를 단호하게 거부하여야 합니다. 목적과 수단은 둘 다 정당해야 합니다. 이것은 역사를 통해 우리가 경험해온 귀중한 교훈입니다. 더욱이 우리가 추구하는 목표들은 그 수단의 정당성을 그 주요 내용으로 담고 있습니다. 현존하는 심각한 부정의와 대중의 낮은 의식수준, 공공연한 폭력적 지배 등은 특히 급진적인 정의파로 하여금 정당한 목적이라면 어떠한 수단도 정당화될 것이라는 유혹에 빠지기 쉽게 합니다. 그러나 이러한 방법은 비록 일시적으로는 성공하는 것처럼 보일지 모르나(앞으로는 일시적 성공도 불가능할 것) 길게 보면 결국 실패할 수 밖에 없습니다. 오히려 그 수단이 목적을 변질시키기 때문입니다. 따라서 내용과 절차에서의 민주주의, 목적과 수단에서의 평화주의가 우리가 견지해야할 대원칙이라고 봅니다.
둘째, 사회의 여러 분야에서 실질적 부자유와 실질적 불평등에 반대하고 개혁하기 위한 전통적인 노력과 직접적으로 새로운 질서를 세우고 그것을 확대해가는 창조적 노력이 상호보완하고 서로 영향을 주는 방법이 시도되어야 합니다. 예컨대 정치운동에서는 전통적인 방식의 정권획득을 위한 노력과 소단위에서의 직접민주주의에 의한 권력의 무화(無化)를 위한 노력이 병행되어야 하며, 노동운동에서는 노동조건의 개선을 위한 전통적인 노력과 함께 협동생산 등의 새로운 생산관계를 추구하는 창조적인 노력이 병행되어야 할 것입니다.
셋째, 우리의 조건에서 볼 때 새로운 통합력은 다원주의에 바탕을 두고, 서로 영향을 주고 받는 중층구조의 운동형식의 연관 속에서 형성될 수 있을 것입니다. 앞으로 예견되는 구도는 정치 중심의 통합력이 아니라, 가장 저변에 의식문화의 개혁을 추구하는 국민운동(민족운동)이 전개되고, 그 토대 위에 여러 형태의 광범한 대중운동이 서고, 이러한 대중운동의 발전 위에 정치운동이 배치되는 그러한 모습이라고 생각됩니다. 그러나 이런 배치는 기계적일 수 없으며 상황에 따라서는 얼마든지 달라질 수 있습니다. 예컨대 국민운동이 직접적으로 정치운동을 규정하거나, 예상하기는 힘들지만 그 반대의 작용을 할 수도 있을 것이며, 시민운동과 같은 직접적인 이익이 아니라 간접적이고 잠재적인 이익에 바탕을 둔 대중운동은 바로 국민운동으로 발전할 수도 있을 것입니다.
아무튼 새로운 통합력의 구심은 서로 충돌되는 집단 이익에 바탕을 둔 운동에서가 아니라 작은 이익을 포용하여 큰 이익을 추구하는 운동, 더 나아가서는 이익을 초월하려는 의지와 태도(새로운 문명)를 확산시키는 운동을 통해 형성될 수 있을 것입니다.
이상의 원칙에서 여러 분야의 운동들이 새로운 문명을 지향하는 좋은 방법들을 개척해 나가야 할 것입니다. 그것은 바로 그 운동을 직접적으로 수행하는 개인이나 집단들에 의해 구체화할 수 밖에 없습니다.