일종의 수행

수행(修行) 또는 고행(苦行)은 다르마 계통의 종교(힌두교, 자이나교, 불교)와 도 계통의 종교(도교, 수험도)에서의 정신 단련으로, 재산 · 명예 · 성욕 등 인간적인 욕망 (상대적 행복)에서 해방되며 살아있는 것 자체에 만족감을 얻을 수 있는 상태 (절대 행복)을 추구하는 것을 말한다.

힌두교의 고행[편집]

고행은 인간적인 욕망(또는 渴愛)을 부정하고 참으로 무소득(無所得)이 되어 일체의 것으로부터 관심을 버리는 것을 이상으로 하기 때문에 특히 준엄한 출가수행(出家修行)이 요청되고, 학습기(學習期)·가주기(家住期)·임서기(林棲期)·둔세기(遁世期)와 같은 수행의 일생을 보내야만 한다. 힌두교의 수행자 가운데에는 단식이나 불면, 혹은 광폭한 기행(奇行)을 행함으로써 육체에 고통을 주는 고행자가 많으나 이러한 형식주의에 반발하여 고행을 정신적 내용으로 높이려고 한 것도 있다.

이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 "고행" 항목을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다

修行

仏教用語; 修行
パーリ語	Sādhanā
サンスクリット語	साधना
中国語	修行
日本語	修行; (ローマ字: shu-gyo)
英語	spiritual exercise
タイ語	སྒྲུབ་ཐབས
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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』

オウム真理教における「修行」については「オウム真理教の修行」をご覧ください。

修行（しゅぎょう、異音：すぎょう）は、仏教における精神の鍛錬に関する用語の一つ。

財産・名誉・性欲といった人間的な欲望（相対的幸福）から解放され、生きていること自体に満足感を得られる状態（絶対的幸福）を追求することを指す。

この仏教用語を元に、古代インド宗教における同質の行為や、他の宗教における精神鍛錬にも、固有の用語が無い場合にはこの語が用いられる（例：イスラーム修行）。また一般的には、世俗的な習練、習い修めを表す語である「修業」と混同されて呼ばれることも少なくない（詳しくは後述する）。

概説[編集]

修行の一つである滝行

修験道における山岳修行中の山伏

仏典の中では、特に「修行」と呼ぶことは少なく、「行（ぎょう）」とのみ呼ぶ^[1]ことが多い。

特に厳しく苦しい修行は苦行（くぎょう）と称される。また、特別重要で中心的な修行を指して正行（しょうぎょう）と呼び、補助的な修行を助行（じょぎょう）と呼ぶこともある。

修行を行う僧を日本では行者（ぎょうじゃ）、あるいは、修行僧（しゅぎょうそう）と呼び、同じく、修験者（修験道の修行者）をも行者と呼ぶ。また、その他の宗教の修行者も行者の名で呼ばれる場合がある（例：ヨーガの行者）。

修行においては、怒り・怨み・妬み・憎悪といった否定的感情も破棄しなければならない。

「額に汗をかかなければ無理である」という意見もある一方、「額に汗をかく必要がない修行もある」という意見もある。

修業との混同[編集]

日本語では修行を「修業（しゅぎょう）」と表記し、その意味が混同される場合も多い。

しかし、「修行」が、上述のとおり「宗教的な行」すなわち、本質的に「仏の悟りを求めて実践すること」を指しているのに対し、「修業」は「世間的な学問や技芸などを習い修めること」や「職業的な生業（なりわい）を習得すること」を指す語であり、明確な違いがある。

ただし、辞書などによれば、修行の中には学ぶだけではなく積極的に身につける場合でも修行とする場合がある。

派生的用法[編集]

上述した混同の問題とも多分に関連するが、本来の用法・用語から逸脱あるいは派生した用法に、次のようなものがある。

なお、特筆しない限りは日本語での用法である。

体を使った訓練、鍛錬を指して言う[編集]

花嫁修業や武者修行など、能力・技術の向上を目指した訓練（修業）に「修行」の字を当てる。

詳細は「武者修行」を参照

創作的用法[編集]

この分野では、例えば、正しく修験道の修行者（修験者）でもある忍者の訓練などに、それらの精神面を主体と見なす感覚から、「修業」ではなく「修行」の字が選ばれて表現される場合もある。その用法の言語的正否は別の問題として、多くは、混同ではなくよく知った上での使用であろうと思われ、その意味で他とは異なる。

その他の用法[編集]

航空会社のマイレージサービスにおける加算のみを目的に搭乗する行為を示す俗語として、日本では「修行」（マイル修行）という語が用いられることがある。

詳細は「マイル修行」を参照

脚注[編集]

[脚注の使い方]

^ 略称ではなく、漢訳術語（漢字に翻訳された専門用語）である。

外部リンク[編集]

妙法山青木慈雲による修行の様子動画

Sādhanā

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Buddhist sādhanā (Japan)

Shugendō sādhanā (Japan)

Sādhanā (Sanskrit साधना; Tibetan: སྒྲུབ་ཐབས་, THL: druptap; Chinese: 修行; pinyin: xiūxíng), literally means "methodical discipline to attain desired knowledge or goal", Sadhana is also done for attaining detachment from worldly things which can be a goal of a Sadhu, Karma Yoga can also be described as Sadhana, so also Bhakti Yoga & Gnyan Yoga, constant efforts to achieve maximum level of perfection in all streams in day-to-day life can be described as Sadhana. ^[1] is a generic term coming from the yogic tradition and it refers to any spiritual exercise that is aimed at progressing the sādhaka towards the very ultimate expression of his or her life in this reality.^[2] It includes a variety of disciplines in Hindu,^[3] Buddhist,^[4] Jain^[5] and Sikh traditions that are followed in order to achieve various spiritual or ritual objectives.

Sādhanā can also refer to a tantric liturgy or liturgical manual, that is, the instructions to carry out a certain practice.

A contemporary spiritual teacher and yogi, Jaggi Vasudev, defines sādhanā as follows:^[6]

Everything can be sādhanā. The way you eat, the way you sit, the way you stand, the way you breathe, the way you conduct your body, mind and your energies and emotions – this is sādhanā. Sādhanā does not mean any specific kind of activity, sādhanā means you are using everything as a tool for your wellbeing.

The historian N. Bhattacharyya provides a working definition of the benefits of sādhanā as follows:

[R]eligious sādhanā, which both prevents an excess of worldliness and molds the mind and disposition (bhāva) into a form which develops the knowledge of dispassion and non-attachment. Sādhanā is a means whereby bondage becomes liberation.^[7]

B. K. S. Iyengar (1993: p. 22), in his English translation of and commentary to the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, defines sādhanā in relation to abhyāsa and kriyā:

Sādhanā is a discipline undertaken in the pursuit of a goal. Abhyāsa is repeated practice performed with observation and reflection. Kriyā, or action, also implies perfect execution with study and investigation. Therefore, sādhanā, abhyāsa, and kriyā all mean one and the same thing. A sādhaka, or practitioner, is one who skillfully applies...mind and intelligence in practice towards a spiritual goal.^[8]

Paths[edit]

The term sādhanā means"methodical discipline to attain desired knowledge or goal". Sadhana is also done for attaining detachment from worldly things which can be a goal, A person undertaking such a practice is known in Sanskrit as a sādhu (female sādhvi), sādhaka (female sādhakā) or yogi (Tibetan pawo; feminine yogini or dakini, Tibetan khandroma).

The goal of sādhanā is to attain some level of spiritual realization^[9], which can be either enlightenment, pure love of God (prema), liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death (saṃsāra), or a particular goal such as the blessings of a deity as in the Bhakti traditions.

Sādhanā can involve

meditation,
chanting of mantra sometimes with the help of prayer beads,
puja to a deity,
yajña, and in very rare cases
mortification of the flesh or
tantric practices such as performing one's particular sādhanā within a cremation ground.

Traditionally in some Hindu and Buddhist traditions in order to embark on a specific path of sādhanā, a guru may be required to give the necessary instructions. This approach is typified by some Tantric traditions, in which initiation by a guru is sometimes identified as a specific stage of sādhanā.^[10]

On the other hand, individual renunciates may develop their own spiritual practice without participating in organized groups.^[11]

Tantric sādhana[edit]

The tantric rituals are called "sādhanā". Some of the well known sādhanā-s are:

śāva sādhanā (sādhanā done while visualizing sitting on a corpse).
śmaśāna sādhanā (sādhanā done while visualizing being in a crematorium or cremation ground).
pañca-muṇḍa sādhanā (sādhanā done while visualizing sitting on a seat of five skulls).

Buddhism[edit]

In Vajrayāna Buddhism and the Nalanda tradition, there are fifteen major tantric sādhanās:

Not within this list but a central sādhanā in Vajrayana is that of Vajrasattva.

All of these are available in Tibetan form, many are available in Chinese and some are still extant in ancient Sanskrit manuscripts.^[12]

Kværne (1975: p. 164) in his extended discussion of sahajā, treats the relationship of sādhanā to mandala thus:

[E]xternal ritual and internal sādhanā form an indistinguishable whole, and this unity finds its most pregnant expression in the form of the mandala, the sacred enclosure consisting of concentric squares and circles drawn on the ground and representing that adamantine plane of being on which the aspirant to Buddhahood wishes to establish himself. The unfolding of the tantric ritual depends on the mandala; and where a material mandala is not employed, the adept proceeds to construct one mentally in the course of his meditation.^[13]

Notes[edit]

^ V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. p. 979.
^ Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. pp. 92, 156, 160, 167. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
^ NK Brahma, Philosophy of Hindu Sādhanā, ISBN 978-8120333062, pages ix-x
^ http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Sādhanā
^ C.C. Shah, Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism, Mittal, ISBN 81-7099-9553, page 301
^ http://isha.sadhguru.org/blog/yoga-meditation/demystifying-yoga/the-what-why-of-sadhana/
^ Bhattacharyya, N. N. History of the Tantric Religion. Second Revised Edition. (Manohar: New Delhi, 1999) p. 174. ISBN 81-7304-025-7
^ Iyengar, B.K.S. (1993, 2002). Light on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali. Hammersmith, London, UK: Thorsons. ISBN 978-0-00-714516-4 p.22
^ "What is spiritual level?". Spiritual Science Research Foundation. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
^ Bhattacharyya, op. cit., p. 317.
^ Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. p. 92. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
^ Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon – University of the West Archives of Ancient Sanskrit Manuscripts Archived 2010-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ Kvaerne, Per (1975). "On the Concept of Sahaja in Indian Buddhist Tantric Literature". (NB: article first published in Temenos XI (1975): pp.88-135). Cited in: Williams, Jane (2005). Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 6. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33226-5, ISBN 978-0-415-33226-2. Source: [1] (accessed; Friday April 16, 2010)

[1] 略称ではなく、漢訳術語（漢字に翻訳された専門用語）である。

[1] V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. p. 979.

[2] Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. pp. 92, 156, 160, 167. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.

[3] NK Brahma, Philosophy of Hindu Sādhanā, ISBN 978-8120333062, pages ix-x

[4] ttp://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Sādhanā

[5] C.C. Shah, Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism, Mittal, ISBN 81-7099-9553, page 301

[6] ttp://isha.sadhguru.org/blog/yoga-meditation/demystifying-yoga/the-what-why-of-sadhana/

[7] Bhattacharyya, N. N. History of the Tantric Religion. Second Revised Edition. (Manohar: New Delhi, 1999) p. 174. ISBN 81-7304-025-7

[8] Iyengar, B.K.S. (1993, 2002). Light on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali. Hammersmith, London, UK: Thorsons. ISBN 978-0-00-714516-4 p.22

[9] "What is spiritual level?". Spiritual Science Research Foundation. Retrieved 20 September 2020.

[10] Bhattacharyya, op. cit., p. 317.

[11] Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. p. 92. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.

[12] Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon – University of the West Archives of Ancient Sanskrit Manuscripts Archived 2010-06-12 at the Wayback Machine

[13] Kvaerne, Per (1975). "On the Concept of Sahaja in Indian Buddhist Tantric Literature". (NB: article first published in Temenos XI (1975): pp.88-135). Cited in: Williams, Jane (2005). Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 6. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33226-5, ISBN 978-0-415-33226-2. Source: [1] (accessed; Friday April 16, 2010)

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2020/10/20

수행 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

수행