2021/08/26

[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 성적 쾌락에 솔직한 ‘프랑스의 속살’ < 글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재 < 교육&문화 < 테마 < 기사본문 - 한국농어민신문

[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 성적 쾌락에 솔직한 ‘프랑스의 속살’ < 글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재 < 교육&문화 < 테마 < 기사본문 - 한국농어민신문

전희식의 서재] 성적 쾌락에 솔직한 ‘프랑스의 속살’
기자명 한국농어민신문   승인 2019.06.28


프랑스식 사랑의 역사 
매릴린 옐롬, 시대의 창, 
2017년 2만2000원
[한국농어민신문]

프랑스라고 하면 떠오르는 것이 있다. 패션, 영화, 열정, 사랑, 관능 등이다. 그 중에서 프랑스인의 사랑이야기를 다룬 책이 나왔다. 미각이나 후각을 잃어버리면 음식 맛을 모르듯이 (성적)욕망이 없는 남·녀 관계는 사랑이 아니라고까지 여기는 게 평균적인 프랑스인의 태도라고 한다. 그래서인지 은밀한 사랑의 말은 프랑스 말이 많다.

 ‘랑데부(만남)’, 프렌치키스(설왕설래 - 혀가 오가는 - 키스), 메나쟈트루아(3자 동거), 폴리아모리(비독점 다중 연애) 등. 

다 이 책에 있는 내용이다. ‘프랑스식 사랑’은 성적 쾌락을 솔직하게 강조한다. 

2010년 유력한 잡지의 여론조사에 따르면 ‘활기찬 성생활 없이도 진정한 사랑이 가능한가?’라는 질문에 미국인의 85%가 그렇다고 답했으나 프랑스인은 34%였다고 한다. 

오죽하면 보수당 출신인 ‘니콜라 사르코지’는 현직 대통령일 때 결혼도 않은 채 동거녀와 살면서 다른 여배우와 밀회를 즐기다가 들통이 나자 동거녀는 내쫓고 새 애인과 동거를 시작했는데 대통령 임기를 잘 마쳤다. 퇴임 뒤로도 공화당 대표를 맡았다.
이런 프랑스인 사랑의 역사를 시대적으로 재미있게 정리해 놓은 책이다. 아는 인물들도 제법 등장한다. 리콜라 랭보, 앙드레 지드, 오스카 와일드. 이들은 모두 제11장 ‘남자를 사랑한 남자’편에 나오는 시인이자 소설가들이다. 이른바 게이의 사랑이야기다. 어머니 같은 연상의 여인과 사랑을 나눈 <적과 흑>의 작가 스탕달, <골짜기의 백합>을 쓴 발자크 이야기는 더 놀랍다. 235~237쪽에 걸쳐 나오는 이야기는 이렇다. 

스무 살이나 많은 친 이모와 ‘특별한 관계’를 맺고 사는 청년이야기다. 말기 암을 앓고 있던 이모는 오래 살지 못하고 죽었다. 장례식장에서 제3자에게 이모부가 말했다. “나는 그들 관계를 알고 있었다. 그 아이(조카청년)는 내 아내가 딱 그 애를 필요로 할 때 왔어요.”라고. 

한 때 프랑스뿐 아니라 중세 유럽은 성적 사랑을 경멸하며 후손을 생산하기 위한 부부사이의 성 관계 말고는 모든 성적 접촉을 사악한 간음으로 여겼다. 수태능력이 사라지는 폐경이 오면 부부간의 성관계도 해서는 안 된다. 잔악한 마녀사냥은 이때 성행했고 수도원의 지하에는 성직자들의 몰래 사랑으로 생긴 태아들이 묻히던 시절이었다. 

제 16장 ‘현대의 사랑’에서는 프랑스에서 진행 중인 ‘연애혁명’을 다루고 있다. 혼전 성교, 계약 동거, 연쇄 연애(상대를 계속 바꾸는 사랑), 3인 동거 등이 그동안의 1:1 평생 결혼 개념과 제도를 밀어내고 있다고 요약한다. 1999년에 제정된 팍스(PACS. Pacte Civile de Solidarite. 시민연대 계약)라는 제도도 소개한다(429쪽). 이는 레즈비언이나 게이 뿐 아니라 모든 동거인들에게 사회보장과 임대, 보호자 등의 법적 권리를 주는 제도이다. 


[같이 보면 좋은 책]

혁명시대와 시한부 인생 속 ‘사랑’ 찾기


혁명시대의 연애 
왕샤오보, 김순진 역, 
창비, 2018년, 1만5000원
‘로미오와 줄리엣’ 같은 사랑이야기는 아무리 애달프게 시작되어도 해피엔딩으로 끝나리라는 것을 소설 첫 장을 열면서부터 예감할 수 있다. 소설 <혁명시대의 연애>는 제목만으로는 시대의 격랑에 휩쓸려 장렬하게 산화해 가는 사랑을 연상하게 한다. 그러나 꼭 그렇지는 않다. 집단과 대중의 폭력 앞에 선 주인공은 사랑과 성(性)으로 맞설 수 있음을 보여준다. 그게 다다. 희극도 비극도 아니다.  

이 소설에는 권력의 폭력성을 성적인 쾌락을 위한 전희로 만들어 버리는 장면이 있다. 주인공인 ‘천칭양’과 ‘왕얼’은 폭력 속에 담긴 대중적 욕망을 성적 유희로 재현함으로써 권력에 저항한다. 

“성은 사적인 영역에 속하지만 이념의 통제 아래에서는 권력이 작동하는 도구이자 수단으로 전락한다. 성을 억압당함으로써 사람들은 신체뿐 아니라 의식도 구속 된다”고 하는 지적은 인간사회의 개인이나 집단의 성에 대한 이중적 태도, 과도한 부끄러움과 비난, 공격은 모두 자기부정이며 자기기만에 뿌리를 두고 있음을 간접적으로 표현한다.

저자인 왕샤오보(王小波)는 이력이 독특하다. 1952년에 베이징에서 태어났는데 출생 직후 아버지가 계급의 적으로 몰려 온 가족이 어려움을 겪는다. 문화대혁명 때는 어린 나이에 십여 년을 공장노동자로 산다. 뒤늦게 사회학, 문학, 회계학을 공부하고 작품 활동을 시작하는데 카프카, 제임스조이스의 실존문학을 닮은 것으로 평가된다. 

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프랑스식 사랑의 역사 - 몰리에르부터 프루스트, 랭보, 사르트르까지 작품으로 엿보는 프랑스인들의 사랑 이야기
메릴린 옐롬 (지은이),강경이 (옮긴이)시대의창2017-02-15






























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10.0 100자평(0)리뷰(1)
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전자책
13,000원

기본정보

480쪽
140*220mm
624g
ISBN : 9788959406326




책소개
16가지 테마로 엿보는 자유롭고 관능적인 프랑스식 사랑. 프랑스식 사랑이라 하면 자유·관능·방종·쾌락·동거·혼외관계 등을 떠올리기 마련이다. 맞다, 그게 바로 이 책이 말하는 프랑스식 사랑이다. 스탠퍼드 대학교 클레이먼 젠더 연구소의 선임연구원이자 대학에서 프랑스 문학을 가르치고 있는 저자는 중세 궁정풍 사랑에서부터 현대의 사랑까지 900년에 이르는 프랑스 문학작품 속 사랑 이야기를 페미니즘적 입장에서 분석했다.

마치 여러 편의 사랑 영화를 상영하듯, 저자는 사랑에 관한 16가지 테마를 토대로 프랑스 문학작품들을 다채롭게 들려준다. 오늘날 냉소적으로 사랑을 관조하는 우리에게 아직도 낭만적이며 열정적인 사랑이 가능하다는 것을 보여준다. 몰리에르, 라신, 콩스탕, 스탕달, 발자크, 조르주 상드, 프루스트, 베를렌, 랭보, 오스카 와일드, 앙드레 지드, 사르트르, 보부아르 등 한 번쯤 꼭 읽어보고 싶은 프랑스 문학 거장들의 작품을 이 한 권의 책으로 만날 수 있다는 것도 이 책의 묘미다.


목차


독자에게 드리는 글
프롤로그

1장 궁정풍 사랑
음유시인과 중세 프랑스 사랑
2장 품위 있는 사랑
클레브 공작 부인
3장 희극적 사랑과 비극적 사랑
몰리에르와 라신
4장 유혹과 감정
프레보, 클로드 크레비용, 루소, 라클로
5장 연애편지
쥘리 드 레스피나스
6장 공화주의자의 사랑
엘리자베트 르 바와 롤랑 부인
7장 어머니를 그리며
콩스탕, 스탕달, 발자크
8장 낭만주의자의 사랑
조르주 상드와 알프레드 드 뮈세
9장 날개 꺾인 낭만적 사랑
마담 보바리
10장 즐거운 1890년대의 사랑
시라노 드 베르주라크
11장 남자를 사랑한 남자
베를렌, 랭보, 와일드, 지드
12장 욕망과 절망
프루스트의 신경증적 연인들
13장 레즈비언의 사랑
콜레트, 거트루드 스타인, 비올렛 르딕
14장 실존주의자의 사랑
시몬느 드 보부아르와 장 폴 사르트르
15장 욕망의 영토
마르그리트 뒤라스
16장 현대의 사랑
현대 프랑스 작가들과 영화들

에필로그
감사의 글
미주
참고 문헌
한국어로 소개된 작품 목록
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책속에서



P. 24 마리안은 일요일을 제외하고 매일 4시부터 7시까지 아무런 질문도 받지 않고 외출할 수 있다면 죽을 때까지 결혼을 유지하겠노라고 했다. 많은 시간 고통스러울 만큼 솔직한 이야기가 오간 뒤 피에르는 자존심을 버리고 아내의 조건을 받아들였다. 두 사람은 피에르가 불치병에 걸릴 때까지 12년간 결혼 생활을 유지했다. 마리안은 피에르가 죽는 순간까지 그를 성실히 보살폈다. 그녀는 피에르의 죽음을 진심으로 애도했고 그 뒤 스테판의 집으로 이사했다. 접기
P. 37 부부 사이에 진정한 사랑이 존재할 수 있을까? 1176년 서른한 살의 마리 드 샹파뉴 백작부인은 “부부 사이에는 사랑이 있을 수 없다”라고 낭만적 사랑에 두루 영향을 끼칠 판결을 남겼다. 그녀는 결혼이란 서로에 대한 의무를 토대로 하므로 진정한 사랑이 싹트는 데 필요한 성적 끌림이 자연적으로 생겨날 수 없다고 믿었다. 다른 귀부인들도 마리 드 상퍄뉴의 의견에 공감했다. 접기
P. 96 어느 날 쇼핑을 다녀온 부인은 길에서 넘어진 이야기를 극적으로 들려주었다. 남편은 걱정하고 화를 내며 그녀에게 하이힐을 신고 돌아다니지 말라고 충고했다. 나중에 그녀는 내게 그다지 크게 넘어진 것이 아니었다고 털어놓았다. 그러면 왜 굳이 그 이야기를 남편에게 했느냐고 묻자 그녀는 이렇게 답했다. “폴의 관심을 끌기 위해서지. 넘어지지 않았더라면 뭔가 다른 이야기를 꾸며냈을 거야.” 접기
P. 104 사랑에서는 ‘갈랑트리’라는 새로운 스타일이 급속히 번졌다. ‘갈랑트리’는 넓게는 이성을 품위 있게 대하는 예절, 좁게는 여인의 환심을 사는 기술로 정의되는데 적어도 300년간 상류층 사교계를 지배했다. 시간이 흐르면서 그 의미가 달라지긴 했지만 요즘도 정중한 예의와 매력을 보여주는 남성에게 ‘갈랑gallant’이라는 수식어를 붙인다. 접기
P. 195 지나치게 격렬하고 미친 듯이 사랑하는 것, 자신을 버리고 굴욕까지 감수하며 사랑하는 것은 극단적이지만 프랑스 문화에서 드문 일은 아니다. 어쨌든 프랑스인들은 트리스탕과 이죄, 랑슬로와 그니에브르 같은 타협을 모르는 인물들이 등장하는 낭만적인 이야기를 창조한 사람들이 아니던가. 이야기 속 선배들처럼 쥘리는 마르지 않는 열정의 샘을 품었지만 그 열정을 한 사람에게만 쏟아붓지 않았다. 그녀는 부드러운 애정으로 달랑베르를, 서로에 대한 열정으로 모라를, 집착적인 격정으로 기베르를, 이렇게 세 남자를 서로 다르게 사랑했다. 그녀의 삶은 오직 한 사람만 사랑하는 것이 사랑이라는 생각과 대립된다. 접기
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이 책을 추천한 다른 분들 :
한겨레 신문
- 한겨레 신문 2017년 2월 10일자 '출판 새책'



저자 및 역자소개
메릴린 옐롬 (Marilyn Yalom) (지은이)
저자파일
신간알리미 신청

미국의 역사학자이자 여성주의 작가이자 프랑스 문학 연구자로, 스탠퍼드 대학교 클레이먼 젠더 연구소의 선임 연구원이다. 《아내의 역사》, 《프랑스식 사랑의 역사》 등 여러 권의 책을 썼다. 정신과 의사이자 작가인 남편 어빈 옐롬과 함께 캘리포니아 팰러앨토에서 산다.


최근작 : <하트에 관한 20가지 이야기>,<프랑스식 사랑의 역사>,<여성의 우정에 관하여> … 총 47종 (모두보기)

강경이 (옮긴이)
저자파일
신간알리미 신청

영어교육과 비교문학을 공부했고, 좋은 책을 발굴하고 소개하는 번역 공동체 모임 펍헙번역그룹 회원으로 활동하고 있다. 옮긴 책으로는 《예술가로서의 비평가》, 《덧없는 꽃의 삶》, 《걸스쿼드》, 《과식의 심리학》, 《철학이 필요한 순간》, 《프랑스식 사랑의 역사》, 《아테네의 변명》, 《운명의 날》, 《지상의 모든 음식은 어디에서 오는가》 등이 있다.


최근작 : <천천히, 스미는> … 총 65종 (모두보기)

출판사 제공 책소개

16가지 테마로 엿보는 자유롭고 관능적인 프랑스식 사랑
프랑스식 사랑이라 하면 자유·관능·방종·쾌락·동거·혼외관계 등을 떠올리기 마련이다. 맞다, 그게 바로 이 책이 말하는 프랑스식 사랑이다. 스탠퍼드 대학교 클레이먼 젠더 연구소의 선임연구원이자 대학에서 프랑스 문학을 가르치고 있는 저자는 중세 궁정풍 사랑에서부터 현대의 사랑까지 900년에 이르는 프랑스 문학작품 속 사랑 이야기를 페미니즘적 입장에서 분석했다. 마치 여러 편의 사랑 영화를 상영하듯, 저자는 사랑에 관한 16가지 테마를 토대로 프랑스 문학작품들을 다채롭게 들려준다. 오늘날 냉소적으로 사랑을 관조하는 우리에게 아직도 낭만적이며 열정적인 사랑이 가능하다는 것을 보여준다. 몰리에르, 라신, 콩스탕, 스탕달, 발자크, 조르주 상드, 프루스트, 베를렌, 랭보, 오스카 와일드, 앙드레 지드, 사르트르, 보부아르 등 한 번쯤 꼭 읽어보고 싶은 프랑스 문학 거장들의 작품을 이 한 권의 책으로 만날 수 있다는 것도 이 책의 묘미다. 이 책을 읽는 독자들이 프랑스 거장들과 함께 파리의 센 강을 거닐며 로맨틱하고 매혹적인 프랑스인들의 성과 사랑을 경험해보길 바란다.

몰리에르, 프루스트, 랭보, 사르트르 등 프랑스 거장들의 향연
먼저 1장~3장에서는 프랑스 궁정의 품위 있는 고전주의 사랑을 그린다. 17세기 프랑스의 왕과 왕비, 귀족과 귀부인, 음유시인과 작가 들은 시를 읊고 사랑을 찬미하며 로맨스를 나누었다. 귀족과 부르주아 계급을 제외한 프랑스인들은 대부분 글을 몰랐기 때문에 연극을 관람하는 것으로 사랑에 관한 기술을 익혔다. 라파예트의 《클레브 공작부인》을 비롯해 극 형태로 쓰인 몰리에르의《인간 혐오자》, 라신의 《페드르》와 같은 고전 작품들을 만날 수 있다.
4장에서는 우리에게 조금 생소한 아베 프레보의 《마농 레스코》, 클로드 크레비용의 《마음과 정신의 방황》, 그리고 《에밀》로 잘 알려진 장 자크 루소의 사랑 소설 《신 엘로이즈》를 접할 수 있다. 18, 19세기 영국 소설이었다면 결혼이 행복한 결말을 장식했겠지만 전형적인 이 프랑스 소설들에서 결혼은 이야기 초반에 등장해 그 뒤로 새로운 사랑이 시작된다. 이처럼 프랑스 특유의 뻔하지 않은 스토리를 읽는 재미도 쏠쏠하다.
5장에서는 몽테스키외, 루소, 볼테르의 뮤즈였던 쥘리 드 레스피나스의 삶과 그가 쓴 소설, 연애편지로 18세기 프랑스 여성의 사랑에 파고든다. 6장에서는 엘리자베트 르 바와 롤랑 부인의 작품을 통해 프랑스혁명 시기에 싹튼 공화주의자들의 사랑을 페미니즘적인 관점에서 접할 수 있다. 7장에서는 콩스탕, 스탕달, 발자크의 작품으로 오이디푸스 콤플렉스, 즉 모성애에 관한 사랑을 솔직하게 들여다본다. 정신분석학적인 관점에서 본다면 모성애에서 분리되지 못한 사랑은 정신 병리적인 현상으로 치부된다. 그러나 프랑스 사람들은 이 또한 사랑의 한 유형일 뿐이라고 생각한다.
8~9장에서는 쾌락적 사랑의 끝을 추구했던 《마담 보바리》의 엠마와 달콤한 사랑의 언어로 잔잔한 파동을 일으키는 《시라노 드 베르주라크》의 시라노를 만날 수 있다. 10장~13장에서는 동성애, 신경증적 사랑, 레즈비언의 사랑 등 다양한 사랑이 등장한다. 앙드레 지드, 오스카 와일드, 랭보, 마르셀 프루스트는 작품 속에서 자신의 동성애적 성향을 과감히 드러내었다. 특히 프루스트는 《잃어버린 시간을 찾아서》라는 일곱 권의 연작소설 속에 온갖 신경증적인 인물의 심리를 잘 묘사하여 오늘날까지 극찬받고 있다. 이 책에서 그 방대한 작품을 개략적으로 감상할 수 있다.
14장에서는 사르트르와 보부아르의 실존적이고 ‘쿨한’ 사랑 이야기가 이어진다. 이들은 결혼하지 않고 평생 동반자로서 사랑을 나누었으며 서로 제삼자와 연애하는 것을 자유롭게 허용했다. 오늘날까지 프랑스인들에게 ‘워너비’로 꼽히는 연인이다. 15장에서는 영화 〈연인〉의 원작자로 유명한 마르그리트 뒤라스의 자전적 소설《연인》을, 마지막장에서는 미셸 우엘벡, 카트린 밀레 등 현대 프랑스 작가들이 사랑을 표현하는 방식을 엿볼 수 있다. 프랑수아 트뤼포, 장 뤽 고다르 등 누벨바그 영화감독들의 이야기도 등장해 이 책의 대미를 장식한다.

열광적인 사랑의 소나타, 그리고 보바리즘
플로베르는 《마담 보바리》를 통해 ‘보바리즘’이라는 단어를 유행시킨다. 이는 작품 속 엠마 보바리가 자신의 지위와 사랑에 만족하지 못하고 끊임없이 쾌락을 탐하는 데에서 비롯된 용어로 감정적·사회적인 면에서 불만족스러운 상태를 말한다. 사랑은 어쩌면 이 ‘보바리즘’이라는 단어로 귀결되는 것일지도 모른다. 사랑은 끝없이 다양한 형태를 지니며 사랑이 무엇이어야 하는지에 대한 개념으로 사랑을 옭아맬 수 없다. 사랑은 잠재울 수 없는 열정의 모습일 때도 있고 정신적으로 서로를 이해하는 다정한 관계일 때도 있으며 때로는 질투와 분노의 모습으로 나타나기도 한다. 침묵, 망설임, 암시, 숨은 욕망으로 시작되어 나중에는 사랑의 감정을 표출할 단어를 찾기도 한다. 프랑스인들은 수백 년 동안 정서적, 언어적 관계로서의 사랑, 감성과 지성의 결합으로서의 사랑, 모든 것을 다 쏟아붓는 열광적인 소나타로서의 사랑을 퍼뜨렸다. 그리고 인간의 본능에 충실한 모든 형태의 사랑을 차별 없이 받아들였다. 이들은 나이가 들어도 육체적 사랑을 꿈꾼다. 그뿐 아니라 미국 사람들이 ‘정상적인’ 사랑으로 받아들이기를 꺼려하는, 이를테면 질투?고통?혼외정사·환멸 심지어 폭력까지 사랑의 요소로 생각한다. 동성애나 오이디푸스 콤플렉스에서 비롯된 사랑, 성애적 사랑 또한 이들에게 문제될 것 없다. 프랑스에서 사랑은 미국 사람들이 기대하는 도덕의 외피를 쓰지 않는다.

“봉주르 마담”과 갈랑트리
프랑스 남성들은 중세 시대부터 내려온 ‘갈랑트리galanterie’라는 관습을 자연스럽게 체득하여 여성들의 환심을 사고자 하는 행동이 몸에 배어 있다. 다른 나라 사람이라면 듣기 민망할, 사랑의 언어를 속삭이는 것에도 능하다. 저자는 이 책에서 프랑스인들이 왜 사랑에 탁월한 민족인지 몇 가지 경험담을 통해 이야기한다. 이를테면 저자가 프랑스를 방문했을 때, 호텔에 짐을 풀고 밖으로 나오자마자 마주친 거리 청소부는 감탄하는 시선으로 그를 훑어보며 “봉주르 마담”이라고 인사한다. 프랑스 친구의 집을 방문했을 때, 친구의 세 살배기 아들은 장난감을 가지고 놀다 말고 엄마에게 “엄마 입술이 참 예뻐”라고 말한다. 이는 프랑스 여성들도 마찬가지다. 프랑스 여성들은 남자친구, 혹은 남편의 관심을 끌기 위한 행동을 나이가 들어도 결코 멈추지 않는다. 이들은 외모를 비롯하여 남성들의 시선을 끌 만한 매력을 유지하고자 끊임없이 노력한다. 보호 본능을 일으키기 위해 약간의 선의의 거짓말을 하는 것도 서슴지 않는다. 저자의 오랜 프랑스 친구는 나이가 여든이 넘어서도 하이힐을 신는다. 자신의 남편을 “영화배우처럼 잘생겼다”고 말한다. 연하의 남편의 관심을 끌기 위해 남편에게 “길에서 넘어졌다”며 귀여운 거짓말을 하기도 한다.
프랑스 사람들은 이처럼 아름다운 사랑을 실현하기 위해 나이가 들어도 사랑의 욕구를 숨기지 않는다. 이들은 당당하게 사랑을 외친다. 인류의 역사에서 사랑이라는, 어쩌면 뻔하고 식상한 감정을 부단히 천착하는 이유는 성욕이라는 기본 욕구를 채우기 위해서가 아니요, 결혼이라는 제도를 성실히 수행하기 위해서도 아닌, 인간이 사랑할 대상을 찾아 사랑이라는 감정을 능동적으로 창조하며 살아갈 이유를 확인하는 동시에 자신의 생명력을 느끼고자 하는 것이 아닐까. 접기

마이리뷰



사랑만세

수많은 유럽여행객들이 에펠탑 사진을 찍고 몽마르뜨 언덕의 까페에서 차를 마시며 루브르 박물관을 가는 이미지는 널려있다.

프랑스가 낭만과 자유의 나라라는 도식은 이제 식상할 정도지만 우리는 프랑스에 대해 얼마나 알고 있을까.

이 책은 프랑스라는 나라를 이해하는 데도 꽤 유익한 책이다.

중세시대부터 현대에 걸쳐 프랑스의 회화,인물,역사,문학 등 다양한 분야에서의 사랑에 대해 얘기한다.앞부분은 고전에 관한 내용이라서 나는 뒷부분의 프랑스 현대의 사랑부터 역순으로 읽었다. 하지만 중간 중간 랭보나 레즈비언의 사랑, 스탕달 등의 큰 주제별로 엮인 목차도 있으니까 개인적으로 특별히 관심가는 부분이 있다면 먼저 선택해서 읽어도 전체적인 책 내용을 이해하는데 무방하다.

주제가 '사랑'이라해도 어찌됐든 인문학적 관점으로 쓰여진 책이니 어려운 단어들과 딱딱한 문체로 쓰여져 있을 것이고 해박한 배경지식이 필요할 거라 생각했는데, 예상과는 다르게 무척 재밌었다.

'사랑'이라는 주제가 인류가 오랫동안 고민해왔으며 여러 변천사를 거쳐 온 만큼 현재 우리와 사랑하는 모습과 닮은 모습도 여럿 있었고 이해하긴 힘들어도 매력적인 사랑형태도 있었고 고민해볼만한 진보적인 시도도 있었다.

어느 목차도 빼놓을 수 없을 정도로 속도감 있게 읽히며 각각 실제인물 혹은 고전작품을 예로 들어 프랑스 당대의 사회상, 연애상을 흥미롭게 풀어간다.

책을 다 읽고 나선 프랑스란 나라, 뭘까 하며 지금까지 자신의 머릿 속에 축적해온 프랑스에 관한 지식들과 견주어 보게 된다.

살아가기 힘든 세상 속에 혼자 버텨야 할 때, 그나마 우리가 희망적으로 기다릴 수 있는 것은 낭만적 사랑이 아닐까.

읽으면서 젠더에 대해 생각하게 되는 부분도 있어서 글쓴이를 확인해보았더니 여성주의 작가로서 연구하고 글을 써온 사람이라 반가웠다. 사랑은 남녀노소 누구나 겪게 되는 고통과 기쁨이지만 사랑이야말로 젠더 감수성으로 봐야할 주제이지 않은가.

글쓴이가 재밌게 쓴 내용들을 이렇게 쉽고 막힘없이 읽을 수 있다니 번역가에게도 고맙다.

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프랑스식 사랑의 역사

지난해 나왔다면 프랑스문학 강의 때 유익하게 참고할 뻔했던 책이 (내 기준으로) 한 발 늦게 출간되었다. 메릴린 옐롬의 <프랑스식 사랑의 역사>(시대의창, 2017)다. '몰리에르부터 프루스트, 랭보, 사르트르까지 작품으로 엿보는 프랑스인들의 사랑 이야기'가 부제. 책의 존재를 몰랐던 건 아니고 이미 원서는 구입해둔 터이지만, 막상 읽어볼 여유는 없었다. 늦게라도 번역본 출간이 반가운 이유다.




"프랑스식 사랑이라 하면 자유·관능·방종·쾌락·동거·혼외관계 등을 떠올리기 마련이다. 맞다, 그게 바로 이 책이 말하는 프랑스식 사랑이다. 스탠퍼드 대학교 클레이먼 젠더 연구소의 선임연구원이자 대학에서 프랑스 문학을 가르치고 있는 저자는 중세 궁정풍 사랑에서부터 현대의 사랑까지 900년에 이르는 프랑스 문학작품 속 사랑 이야기를 페미니즘적 입장에서 분석했다."

초점은 조금 다를 수 있겠지만 '프랑스 문학 속의 사랑'이란 주제는 '프랑스 문학 속의 여성'과 호환적이다. 아니 골드만의 <잃어버린 사랑의 꿈>(한국문화사, 1996)이 그 주제를 다룬 책. 나탈리 에니크의 <여성의 상태>(동문선, 1999)도 마찬가지인데, 시야는 서구 소설로 확장하고 있다(별로 기억에 남는 책은 아니었다).









한편 저자 옐롬의 책은 수년 전에 다시 나온 <아내의 역사>(책과함께, 2012)를 비롯해 지난해에 나온 <여성의 우정에 관하여>(책과함께, 2016) 등이 더 있다. <유방의 역사>(자작나무, 1999)는 가장 먼저 나왔던 책인데, (놀랍게도) 아직 절판되지 않았다. 아래가 이 책들의 원서다...









17. 02. 08.
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플로베르의 감정교육



오후에 도서관에서 플로베르의 <마담 보바리>에 대한 강의가 있었다. 계기 삼아서 알베르 티보데의 <귀스타브 플로베르>와 <미친 사랑의 서>에서 플로베르 장을 읽었다. 플로베르와 그의 정부 루이즈 콜레의 관계에 대해서 좀더 알 수 있었다. 두 사람이 주고 받은 편지가 플로베르 서간집의 상당 부분을 차지할 것으로 보이는데(플로베르 서간집은 영어판의 경우 두 권으로 나와있다), 조르주 상드와 주고받은 편지와 비교해서 어느 쪽이 더 많은지 모르겠다(짐작엔 둘다 책 분량은 된다).

<감정교육>의 아르누 부인의 모델인 엘리자 슐레쟁제가 플로베르 인생의 여인으로 얘기되지만 엘리자는 꿈속의 연인이자 문학적 형상에 가깝고 실제 현실에서의 연인은 루이즈 콜레였다. 두 사람의 관계는 1846년부터 대략 8년간 지속되었다. 엘리자와 루이즈, 모두 1810년생으로 플로베르보다는 열한살 연상이다. 말년에 긴밀한 교분을 나눈 조르주 상드는 1804년생으로 플로베르보다 열일곱 살이 더 많다. 이렇듯 연상의 여인과 연하남의 관계가 프랑스식 ‘감정교육‘의 기본모델이다(<프랑스식 사랑의 역사> 참조).

플로베르보다 더 적극적인 정부였던 루이즈 콜레와의 관계는 서로에 대한 환멸과 증오로 일단락된다. 결혼을 혐오했던 플로베르는 가끔씩의 만남과 편지교환 상대로서의 정부만을 필요로 했을 뿐이었다(여러 가지로 플로베르는 카프카의 롤 모델이다). 플로베르의 허락 없이 그가 창작에만 열중하며 칩거해 있던 크루아세를 방문했다가 콜레는 냉대를 받기도 했다. 아무튼 슐레쟁제와 콜레, 그리고 상드를 플로베르 인생의 세 여인으로 꼽을 수 있을 듯하다(어머니와 조카딸 같은 가족을 제외하면). 이 여성들이 플로베르의 작품에 어떻게 반영되고 있는지는 나중에 다시 생각해봐야겠다.

오후에 몇 자 적으려고 했던 글인데 핸드폰을 몇 시간 유실했다가 찾게 되는 바람에 늦어졌다. 피로하기도 하여 짧게 마무리한다...








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[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 지난한 삶의 여행에서, 그는 무얼 찾았을까? < 글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재 < 교육&문화 < 테마 < 기사본문 - 한국농어민신문

[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 지난한 삶의 여행에서, 그는 무얼 찾았을까? < 글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재 < 교육&문화 < 테마 < 기사본문 - 한국농어민신문


[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 지난한 삶의 여행에서, 그는 무얼 찾았을까?

기자명 한국농어민신문
승인 2017.12.26 15:48
신문 2972호(2017.12.29) 16면

남북한을 꿰뚫고
여러 대륙을 아울러 온
1922년생 저자의
굴곡진 지구별 여행기
나는 이렇게 평화가 되었다
일선 이남순, 정신세계원,
15,000원

한국 최초·최고의 여행가였던 김찬삼의 세계여행기를 읽은 때가 1975년 여름이었으니 내 나이 10대 말이었다. 이 책은 엄청난 독서량이 쌓여가는 내 기억 속에 오랫동안 여행기 최고의 자리를 차지했다.

그 뒤로 ‘창비’에서 나온 <이븐 바투타 여행기>가 최고봉에 올랐었고 작년에 읽은 ‘베르나르 올리비에’가 쓴 3권짜리 <나는 걷는다>가 뒤를 이었다. 이제 그 자리에 최근에 읽은 이 책을 두려고 한다. ‘현재’는 강렬했던 모든 기억을 ‘과거’로 돌리고 존재를 지배하는 법이라서 그렇다지만 이 책이야말로 여행기의 전형이 아닐까 싶어서다. 대자아를 발견하고 평화를 이루는 것. 모든 여행의 진면목일 것이다.

<나는 이렇게 평화가 되었다(일선 이남순. 정신세계원. 15,000원)>는 한 존재의 지구별 여행기라고 하고 싶지만 요즘 유행하는 우주시민들의 초월적 이야기로 오해 받을 수 있다. 남북한을 꿰뚫고 여러 대륙을 아우르는 가족사 중심의 인문사회 입체 여행기라고 하면 어떨까.

저자인 일선 이남순은 1922년생으로 일본에 유학을 했고 귀국해서는 모교에서 교원생활을 했지만 전쟁 통에 죽을 고비를 여러 차례 넘긴다. 브라질과 캐나다에서 42년 동안 이민자로 살면서 북에 가서 26년 만에 아버지를 만났다. 해외 통일운동을 했으며 아들과 딸의 안내를 기꺼이 받아들이며 감성치유와 영성운동으로 거듭났다.

저자는 어떤 계기로 2006년에 제주도로 영구 귀국하여 영성공동체 ‘에미셔리’를 가족과 함께 일구었다. 책은 이러한 과정의 굴곡을 곡진하게 담고 있다.

그런데 이렇게만 이 책을 소개하기에는 뭔가 부족하다. 영국과 호주와 미국 등지에 살았던 4남매 자녀들이 이 책을 같이 엮었다. 그들의 마음에 담긴 어머니 모습은 주고받은 편지와 기억의 교차 확인으로 시대와 삶을 아우르는 여행의 입체감을 잘 보여준다.

저자는 여행자의 삶이 어떠해야 하는지를 당신의 삶 전체를 놓고 전해준다. 역경을 내적 성장을 위한 디딤돌과 자양분으로 삼는다. 아흔을 바라보는 나이 일 때도 자신에게 맞는 1시간짜리의 수련프로그램을 직접 만들어 매일 수행했으며 자기교정을 계속한다. 마음의 상처와 아픔을 회피하지 않고 직시하며, 재 경험하고, 뚫고 지나감으로써 뿌리 깊은 어두운 기운을 탈바꿈시키는 작업을 게을리 하지 않았다. 여행자는 환경을 탓하지 않는 법이다. 단지 바라보고 그 순간 최선의 긍정 선택을 한다. 인생 여행의 진수라 하겠다.

독자로 하여금 다다르게 하는 결론은 대자유의 평화다. 저자와 그의 둘째딸 반아님이 강조하고 있는 ‘남북의 영세중립평화통일’은 사실, 소자아를 벗어나 대자아에 이르는 지난한 여행의 종착역을 말하는 것으로 보인다. 나처럼 22년생 어머니의 막내아들인 박유진은 저자인 어머니를 ‘삶을 가르쳐주고 영혼을 일깨워 줬다’고 고백한다. 이 아들에 대한 저자의 고백도 유사하다. 여행은 이렇게 서로에게로 흐르고 흐르는 과정인가 보다.

2021/08/25

The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity: A Modern Practical Guide to the Ancient Way: Reid, Daniel: 9780671648114: Amazon.com: Books

The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity: A Modern Practical Guide to the Ancient Way: Reid, Daniel: 9780671648114: Amazon.com: Books
The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity: A Modern Practical Guide to the Ancient Way Paperback – July 15, 1989
by Daniel Reid (Author)
4.6 out of 5 stars    451 ratings







406 pages
With a detailed introduction to the ancient philosophical, ethical, and religious Chinese practice of Taoism, The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity is a unique, comprehensive, and practical self-help guide to live a balanced and positive Taoist lifestyle.
Written by a Westerner for the Western mind, The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity is perfect for the modern reader interested in exploring the balanced and holistic health care system used by Chinese physicians, martial artists, and meditators for over 5,000 years.

Drawing on his extensive personal experience and research from original sources, author Daniel Reid covers all aspects of the healthy Taoist lifestyle, delivering concise information and instruction on diet and nutrition, fasting, breathing and exercise, sexual health, medicine, and meditation.

Featuring helpful charts and illustrations, The Tao of Health, Sex and Longevity makes the ancient practice easier to understand and more applicable to a modern Western audience than ever before.
===============

Editorial Reviews
About the Author
Daniel Reid was born and educated in America and lived in Taiwan, where he studied under numerous Tao masters. He is a Taoist practitioner and the author of several books, including the bestselling The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity; Guarding the Three Treasures; Chi-Gung; and Chinese Healing Herbs. He lives in Thailand.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
====
Chapter 1

Diet and Nutrition

Food and drink are relied upon to nurture life. But if one does not know that the natures of substances may be opposed to each other, and one consumes them altogether indiscriminately, the vital organs will be thrown out of harmony and disastrous consequences will soon arise. Therefore, those who wish to nurture their lives must carefully avoid doing such damage to themselves.
[Chia Ming, Essential Knowledge for Eating and Drinking, 1368]

One of the great advantages of learning Tao is that the same basic principles apply to everything from the macrocosmic to the microscopic. In the case of diet, the overriding Taoist principle of balance between Yin and Yang is established by harmonizing the Four Energies and Five Flavors in foods.

The Four Energies in food are hot, warm, cool and cold. These categories define the nature and the intensity of energy released in the human system when food is digested. Hot and warm foods belong to Yang; cool and cold foods belong to Yin. The former are stimulating and generate heat, while the latter are calming and cool the organs.

The Five Flavors are more subtle distinctions based on the Five Elemental Activities: sweet (earth), bitter (fire), sour (wood), pungent (metal) and salty (water). Each of the Five Flavors has a 'natural affinity' (gui-jing) for one of the five 'solid' Yin organs and its Yang counterpart: sweet influences pancreas/stomach; bitter moves to the heart/small intestine; sour has affinity for the liver/gallbladder; pungent affects the lungs/large intestine; and salty associates with the kidneys/bladder.

The therapeutic effects of the Four Energies and Five Flavors are as follows:

* Cool and cold Yin foods calm the vital organs and are recommended for summer menus, as well as for combating 'hot' Yang diseases such as fever and hypertension. Yin foods include soy beans, bamboo shoots, watermelon, white turnips, cabbage, pears, squash and lemons.

* Warm and hot Yang foods stimulate the vital organs, generate body heat and are recommended for winter consumption, as well as palliatives for 'cold' Yin diseases such as anemia, chills and fatigue. Yang foods include beef, mutton, chicken, alcohol, mango and chilies.

* Sweet 'earth' foods disperse stagnant energy, promote circulation, nourish vital energy and harmonize the stomach. Corn, peas, dates, ginseng and licorice are examples of sweet foods.

* Bitter 'fire' foods such as rhubarb and bitter melon tend to dry the system, balance excess dampness, and purge the bowels.

* Sour 'wood' foods such as olives and pomegranate are astringent, tend to solidify the contents of the digestive tract, stop diarrhea and remedy prolapse of the colon.

* Salty 'water' foods such as kelp soften and moisten tissues and facilitate bowel movements.

* Pungent 'metal' goods such as ginger, garlic and chili neutralize and disperse accumulated toxins in the body.

Taoists balance their diets according to favorable combinations of energies and flavors and strictly avoid combinations that conflict. They also avoid excessive consumption of any single variety of food-energy. For example, frequent excessive consumption of 'hot' fatty Yang foods can cause fevers, heartburn, congestion, chest stagnation and other unpleasant effects of 'heat-energy excess'. As this excess 'evil heat' seeks escape from the body, carbuncles and absesses may develop. Too much pungent food can cause gastro-intestinal distress, upset the stomach and result in hemorrhoids. Even the freshest, most wholesome foods are rendered nutritionally useless if consumed in combinations that interfere with digestion, cause putrefaction and fermentation, block assimilation and cause internal energy conflicts.

Mother Nature's Menu

When formulating personal dietary guidelines, it is helpful first to determine your own basic metabolic type, of which there are three: vegetarian, carnivore and balanced. The vegetarian and carnivorous types each represent about 25 per cent of the general population, with the remaining 50 per cent falling into the balanced category. These human metabolic types stem from the prehistoric switch by some segments of the human species from a fruit and nut based diet to a meat diet.

Vegetarian metabolisms are 'slow oxidizers', which means that they burn sugars and carbohydrates slowly. Because the body must burn sugar in order to provide sufficient energy to digest meat and fat, slow oxidizers have trouble burning sugar fast enough to efficiently digest large quantities of meat, eggs, fish and other concentrated animal proteins. Consequently, large doses of protein foods tend to make vegetarian types feel tired and sluggish after meals. An easy test for metabolic type is to eat a large steak or a whole chicken and see how you feel afterward. If it leaves you feeling 'wiped out', mentally depressed and lethargic, then you probably tend towards a slow-oxidizing vegetarian metabolism, in which case you should restrict protein and fat consumption and favor vegetables, fruits and carbohydrates in your diet. If a large intake of concentrated animal protein leaves you feeling strong, vital and mentally alert, then you probably lean towards a fast-oxidizing carnivorous metabolism.

Since carnivorous metabolisms burn sugar and carbohydrates very rapidly, excess consumption of sugar or starch tends to make them excessively nervous and agitated due to overstimulation of the nervous system. Fast oxidizers derive energy by digesting large quantities of animal fats and proteins, which are sent to the liver for conversion into glycogen. The liver then dispenses the glycogen into the bloodstream in the form of glucose -- the only form of fuel the body can burn -- in gradual measured doses, as needed. That's why fast oxidizers require a steady supply of protein and fat in their diets and should restrict intake of sugars and starches.

Fortunately, most of us have balanced metabolisms that can handle both varieties of food when properly combined. Although our digestive tracts were originally designed by nature for a diet of fruit and vegetables, our digestive systems have evolved the capacity to produce the gastric juices required to digest the meat that became part of the human diet 50,000-100,000 years ago. If large quantities of animal protein don't leave you feeling depleted, and if large doses of sugar and starch don't make you nervous, then you are probably a balanced metabolizer who needs only worry about selecting wholesome foods from both categories and combining them properly for consumption. In the Tao of diet, however, these are just the first steps in regulating diet. Season and climate, for example, must also be considered in order to ensure that the extreme external cold winter is balanced by the extra internal heat of Yang-foods, hot summer weather is complemented by cooling Yin-foods, dry climates are compensated with extra moisturizing foods, and so forth. Foods consumed out of harmony with season and climate can cause all sorts of problems, including skin eruptions, constipation, gas, fatigue and bad breath.

Taoists tend to favor local produce because it is far more likely to be fresh and brimming with the vitality of its own chee. Today, the modern food-processing industry, in conjunction with high-speed transport, has made it possible to eat Florida oranges in Alaska, frozen prawns in the middle of the desert and all sorts of processed packaged 'junk food' any time of day or night, anywhere on earth. As a result, modern diets are completely out of synchrony with the natural prevailing conditions of geography, season and unseen cosmic forces.

Taoists also make a point of eating foods with natural affinities for their weakest organs and related energy systems. Taoist diets aim at strengthening four major systems in the body: digestive, excretory, respiratory and circulatory. When these four functional systems are properly nourished, harmonized and healthy, the health and vitality of the entire organism are assured.

A major goal of Taoist diets is to enhance sexual potency by stimulating sexual glands and strengthening sexual organs. The purpose here is not to increase sexual pleasure -- though that is a definite side benefit -- but rather to increase the body's store of hormones, semen and other forms of 'vital essence' required for optimum vitality and immunity. Sexual essence provides our greatest internal source of chee, and sexual potency is a major indicator of good health.

Since meat forms such a large part of Western diets, a few Taoist guidelines on meat consumption should be helpful. The great Tang physician Sun Ssu-mo and other Taoist dieticians have always warned against the long-range ill effects of eating large quantities of domestic animal meats, such as beef and pork. The only domestic meat they regarded as safe and healthy for the human system was dog, and that was recommended only for its potent warming effects during the intense cold of mid-winter. The reason that domestic animals are such a poor source of human nutrition is that their own diets consist mainly of kitchen slops, garbage and dried straw. Today, the situation is further aggravated by all the synthetic hormones, antibiotics and other drugs routinely fed to livestock.

Taoists have always recommended wild game as the most nutritionally beneficial type of meat for man. Venison is especially good, primarily because deer feed on all sorts of wild nuts, leaves, berries, barks and other herbs which appear in the Chinese pharmocopeia as remedies for man. The benefits of a wild deer's herbal diet are naturally transmitted to your own system when you eat its meat, just as all the chemical drugs injected into livestock today are transferred to your system when you eat a hamburger or fried chicken.

Note, however, that you will gain very little nutritional benefit from even the freshest wild game if you cook it 'to death'. Any meat that is suitable for human consumption should be eaten as rare as possible, preferably raw or at least partly raw. Steak tartare and Carpaccio are good examples of raw beef dishes that are brimming with their own natural enzymes and are delicious as well. Japanese sashimi (raw fish) is even better; indeed sashimi is arguably the most nutritionally potent, enzymerich, naturally digestible form of animal protein on Mother Nature's entire menu, a fact reflected by the longevity of the Japanese people. Taoists always recommend wild fish from seas and rivers over domestic fish raised in stagnant ponds and fed on 'fish chow'.

The same principle applies to chicken. Chinese physicians today still recommend that their patients consume only tu-ji ('earth chickens') and avoid yang-ji ('cultivated chickens'). Earth chickens are those left to roam about fields and forests to forage for themselves, rather than being fed the artificial, denatured diets of domestic fowl.

In order to prevent putrefaction, promote digestion and facilitate rapid elimination of wastes, all meals in which cooked meats form the major element should be supplemented with a dose of active proteolytic ('protein-digesting') enzymes, which are readily available at health and food stores today.

You may assist rather than interfere with Mother Nature's digestive principles by observing the following basic Taoist dietary guidelines:

* Eat sparingly, and you will live a long and healthy life. The basic Taoist measure is to eat till you are 70-80 per cent full. Mother Nature invariably punishes gluttons with all sorts of misery. The human body simply cannot utilize the enormous quantities and complex combinations of food with which civilized, sedentary man tends to gorge himself daily.

* Chew food thoroughly before swallowing it. This applies especially to carbohydrates, which require initial digestion by the alkaline ptyalin enzyme in the saliva of the mouth. Gandhi's advice on this subject rings with the wisdom of Tao: 'Drink your food and chew your beverages', which means that solid foods should be chewed to liquid form before swallowing, and liquids should be swallowed as slowly as solid food.

* Avoid extreme hot and cold temperatures in foods and beverages. Excessively hot soup, for example, irritates the tender lining of the mouth and esophagus, which impairs salivation and peristalsis. One of the worst digestive offenses is to drink ice water or other freezing cold fluids with meals. Such freezing infusions on a stomach full of food freeze shut the tiny ducts which secrete gastric juices in the stomach, thereby halting digestion and permitting putrefaction and fermentation to occur instead. By the time the temperature of the stomach returns to normal, it is too late for proper digestion to commence. In fact, any beverage taken in large quantities together with food dilutes the gastric medium and impairs digestion. Wine and beer, however, are exceptions because they are fermented (i.e. pre-digested) and thus they actually assist digestion when taken in moderate quantities. Even the Bible advises one to 'take a little wine for the stomach's sake'.

The Human Dietary Devolution

Modern man bristles with pride on his 'evolution' from cave man to space traveler and looks upon his primitive past with disdain. When it comes to diet, however, the human species has experienced a severe 'devolution' in eating habits, a devolution sparked by the much ballyhooed advent of civilization, an event that has driven a permanent wedge between man and nature.

For millions of years prior to the tiny drop in the bucket of time which we call 'history', humans and other primates lived entirely on diets of coarse, fibrous foods gathered in nature and consumed raw. Throughout the realm of nature, animals that rely on diets with a high ratio of indigestible fibrous bulk and low concentrations of protein have evolved relatively long digestive tracts, whereas carnivores such as lions and tigers evolved short tracts. The human alimentary canal, which winds its way from mouth to anus with 40 feet of tubing, is one of the longest digestive tracts relative to body weight in all of nature.

Man's dietary devolution took a serious turn for the worse when he 'advanced' to become a hunter of animals and adopted meat as his major dietary staple. This occurred primarily in the northern hemisphere, where flesh became the only viable source of food in winter. Those human populations that switched to meat developed digestive juices and metabolisms capable of extracting nutrients from animal fats and proteins, even though their digestive tracts remained forever fixed in the vegetarian mold. This development is the source of the two basic metabolic types in man, one geared towards a bulky diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, the other to a fiberless diet of flesh.

Agriculture triggered the final stage of human dietary degeneration. When grain became the main staple of the human diet, a new element was introduced into the digestive tract, an element not at all intended by nature as food for man. That culprit is starch. The fact that grains are the only items in the entire human diet that cannot be eaten and digested in the raw state is sufficient proof that these items were not meant for human consumption. Grains became the world's first 'processed foods.'

Evidence indicates that precivilized man knew better than to consume grains as food. It seems that humans first began gathering and later cultivating grains not for food but rather to feed domestic animals and ferment beer. It was only after population pressure made wild plants and animals insufficient to feed the species that man turned to grains for sustenance.

Grains have been the mainstay of the human diet for only 6,000 or 7,000 years, and thus the Taoist sages of ancient China recognized them as relative newcomers to the human diet with deleterious effects on human health and longevity. Throughout the ancient Taoist literature on health and longevity we find the term bi-gu ('avoid grains') cropping up over and over. This agrees completely with the findings of such great contemporary nutritional scientists as Arnold Ehret, Dr Herbert Shelton, Dr Marsh Morrison, Dr Norman Walker and V.E. Irons, whose theories we'll look at in more detail later. The fact that for the past several thousand years the traditional Chinese diet has consisted of 80-90 per cent grains simply reflects the requirements of over-population. Taoists who 'avoid grains' live much healthier and longer lives than the general populace, but at least the traditional Chinese diet combines grains much more harmoniously than modern Western diets.

Thanks to the dietary devolution fostered by civilization, the human diet today, especially in the Western world, consists primarily of refined, denatured, overcooked food indiscriminately combined. Some of the consequences people suffer by eliminating coarse fibrous foods from their diets and relying instead on concentrated animal protein and concentrated refined starches are described here by Dr Robert Jackson:

The removal of this waste matter [fiber] also removes from our foods the natural stimulus to the muscular activity of the bowel wall...This means a slowing up of the intestinal current. Slowing up the intestinal current means the decomposition of the protein contents and a fermentation beyond what is normal of the carbohydrate contents, the former resulting in evolution of very depressing poisons and the latter of irritants to the tube lining...Thus a vicious cycle is set up, leading to a chronic state of body poisoning from the food canal, for slowing up not only adds to the fermentation and decomposition, it also allows more time for the absorption into the blood of the poisonous products produced.

About ten years ago, an interesting study was conducted to compare the average daily bowel movements of people in India and America. The results at first baffled researchers: although the average American consumed over three times as many calories every day as the average Indian, the latter produced daily bowel movements that weighed more than double the American average. India's diet, based primarily on vegetables and whole grains, provides a high ratio of fibrous bulk to propel wastes through the alimentary canal, while the typical American diet, rich in processed calories but poor in natural bulk, moves through the digestive tract so slowly that much of it putrefies and ferments rather than digests, and the resulting toxic wastes are retained for days, or even weeks, resulting in a chronic state of toxemia (a form of autointoxification of the blood caused by the constant presence of toxins in the stomach, colon, liver and other tissues). This condition is responsible for a host of chronic ailments rarely found in primitive societies, including arthritis, constipation, gastritis, fatigue, infertility, impotence and lack of immunity to infectious disease.

Master faster and colonic specialist V.E. Irons describes the modern American dietary disaster as follows:

In many cases, food can stay in a person for months or even years. This food will rot and decay and will get buried in the crevices and folds of the colon...Most people's colons, instead of being fast-moving sewer systems, have become stagnant cesspools.

Trophology: The Science of Food Combining

Compared to Taoist concepts of balance, the Western notion of a 'balanced diet' is simplistic and superficial. Western physicians advise everyone to take 'a little of everything at every meal,' jumbling together such disparate ingredients as meat, milk, starch, fat and sugar. Such indiscriminate consumption of food is no different than pouring a combination of gas, oil, alcohol and sugar into the gas tank of a car. These blends will not burn efficiently, will provide little power and will quickly clog up the engine so badly that the entire system grinds to a halt. The advice given in the quote at the beginning of this chapter, from a book presented to the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty on the occasion of the author's 100th birthday, clearly reflects the fact that the ancient Chinese were well aware of the importance of the science of food combining. This wisdom was once known to the West as well, as evidenced by Moses' strict regulation that meat and milk must never be consumed at the same meal.

In plain English, the Yin and Yang of diet boils down to 'trophology', a term which you and no doubt your doctor have probably never heard before. Modern medical training in the West, especially in America, is notoriously deficient in nutritional science, although there are a few enlightened nutritional scientists in America and Europe today who, despite sneers from their peers in the medical establishment, are making great medical strides through the science of trophology.

The Western scientific equivalent of Yin/Yang balance in food combinations is something we all learned in elementary high school chemistry: acid/alkaline balance, or 'pH'. We all know that if we did add a measure of alkaline to an equal measure of acid, the resulting chemical solution is as neutral as plain water. That's the principle behind reaching for bicarbonate (a strong alkaline) to relieve 'acid indigestion'.

It is an established scientific fact in Western medicine that, in order to initiate efficient digestion of any concentrated animal protein, the stomach must secrete pepsin. But it is also a well-known fact that pepsin can function only in a highly acidic medium, which must be maintained for several hours for complete digestion of proteins. It is an equally well-established fact of science that when we chew a piece of bread or potato or any other carbohydrate/starch, ptyalin and other alkaline juices are immediately secreted into the food by the saliva in the mouth. When swallowed, the alkalized starches require an alkaline medium in the stomach in order to complete their digestion.

Anyone should be able to figure out what therefore happens when you ingest protein and starch together. Acid and alkaline juices are secreted simultaneously in response to the incoming protein and starch, promptly neutralizing one another and leaving a weak, watery solution in the stomach that digests neither protein nor starch properly. Instead, the proteins putrefy and the starches ferment owing to the constant presence of bacteria in the digestive tract.

This putrefaction and fermentation are the primary cause of all sorts of digestive distress, including gas, heartburn, cramps, bloating, constipation, foul stools, bleeding piles, colitis, and so forth. Many so-called 'allergies' are also the direct result of improper food combinations: the bloodstream picks up toxins from the putrefied, fermented mess as it passes slowly through the intestines, and these toxins in turn cause rashes, hives, headaches, nausea and other symptoms commonly branded as 'allergies'. The same foods that cause allergic reactions when improperly combined often have no ill side-effects whatsoever when consumed according to the rules of trophology. The final fact of the matter is this: when you immobilize your stomach and impair digestive functions by consuming foods in indiscriminate combinations, the bacteria in your alimentary canal have a field day. They get all the nutrients and thrive, while you get all the wastes and suffer.

According to a recent survey in America, the average American male today carries about 5 pounds of undigested, putrefied red meat in his gut. Leave 5 pounds of meat in a dark, warm, moist place for a few days and see for yourself the results of putrefaction. The severely septic condition of the human intestinal tract is unique in nature, yet Western physicians take it for granted and even insist that it is harmless to the rest of the system.

In fact, however, in order to protect itself from the chronic toxic irritation of improperly combined meals, the colon secretes large quantities of mucus to entrap toxic particles before they damage the colon's sensitive lining. When this occurs at every meal, every day, every week, throughout the year -- as is quite typical in modern Western diets -- the colon ends up secreting a constant stream of mucus, which accumulates and gets impacted in the folds of the colon. This results in a narrowing of the passage through the colon and a constant seeping of toxins into the bloodstream by osmosis. When the impacting of toxic mucus in the colon reaches a critical pressure, it causes a pocket to balloon outward through the colon lining, causing a condition called diverticulosis. Colitis and cancer are the next stages of colon deterioration caused by these conditions.

Having correlated the Tao of diet with Western scientific terminology, let's take a close look at the practical side of trophology with some concrete examples of food combining. The following categories of food combinations cover most of the 'culinary crimes' against nature committed daily throughout the world today. This list is based mainly on the work of Dr Herbert M. Shelton, one of America's most distinguished nutritional therapists and author of the 'bible' of correct culinary combinations, Food Combining Made Easy:

* Protein and starch. This is the worst possible combination of foods to mix together at a single meal, and yet it is the mainstay of modern Western diets: meat and potatoes, hamburgers and fries, eggs and toast, etc. When one consumes protein and starch together, the alkaline enzyme ptyalin pours into the food as it's chewed in the mouth. When the masticated food reaches the stomach, digestion of starch by alkaline enzymes continues unabated, thereby preventing the digestion of protein by pepsin and other acid secretions. The ever-present bacteria in the stomach are thus permitted to attack the protein and putrefaction commences, rendering nutrients in the protein food largely useless to you and producing toxic wastes and foul gases, including such poisons as indol, skatol, phenol, hydrogen sulphide, phenylpropionic acid, and others.

If that is the case, you may well wonder, then why does the stomach have no trouble handling foods that naturally contain both protein and starch, such as whole grains? As Dr Shelton points out, 'There is a great difference between the digestion of a food, however complex its composition, and the digestion of a mixture of different foods. To a single article of food that is a starch-protein combination, the body can easily adjust its juices, both as to strength and timing, to the digestive requirements of the food. But when two foods are eaten with different, even opposite, digestive needs, this precise adjustment of juices to requirements becomes impossible.'

Rule: Eat concentrated proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and cheese separately from concentrated starches such as bread, potatoes and rice. For example, eat toast or eggs for breakfast, the hamburger patty or the bun for lunch, meat or potatoes for dinner.

* Protein and Protein. Different proteins have different digestive requirements. For example the strongest enzymatic action on milk occurs during the last hour of digestion, whereas on meat it occurs during the first hour and on eggs somewhere in between. It is instructive to recall the ancient dietary law which Moses imposed on his people, forbidding the simultaneous consumption of milk and flesh.

Two similar meats such as beef and lamb, or two types of fish such as salmon and shrimp, are not sufficiently different in nature to cause digestive conflict in the stomach and may thus be consumed together.

Rule: Eat only one major type of protein at a single meal. Avoid combinations such as meat and eggs, meat and milk, fish and cheese. Insure the assimilation of the full range of vital amino acids by varying the types of concentrated proteins taken at different meals.

* Starch and acid. Any acid food taken together with starch suspends secretion of ptyalin, a biochemical fact of life upon which all physicians agree. Therefore, if you consume oranges, lemons and other acid fruits, or acids such as vinegar, along with starch, no ptyalin is secreted in the mouth to initiate the first stage of starch digestion. Consequently, the starch hits the stomach without the vital alkaline juices it needs to digest properly, permitting bacteria to ferment it instead. A single teaspoon of vinegar, or its equivalent in other acids, is all it takes entirely to suspend salivary digestion of starch in the mouth.

Rule: Eat starches and acids at separate meals. For example, if you eat toast or cereal for breakfast, skip the orange juice as well as eggs. If you're eating a starch-based meal of noodles or rice, avoid vinegar as well as concentrated protein.

* Protein and acid. Since protein requires an acid medium for proper digestion, you'd think that acid foods would facilitate protein digestion, but that's not the case. When acid foods enter the stomach, they inhibit the secretion of hydrochloric acid, and the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin can work only in the presence of hydrochloric acid, not just any acid. Therefore, orange juice inhibits the proper digestion of eggs, and a strong vinegar dressing on salad inhibits the digestion of a steak.

Rule: Avoid combining concentrated proteins and acids at the same meal.

* Protein and fat. In McLeod's Physiology in Modern Medicine, we find a fact accepted by all physicians: 'Fat has been shown to exert a distinct inhibiting influence on the secretion of gastric juice.' For two to three hours after the ingestion of fat, the concentration of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach is sharply decreased. This delays digestion of any proteins taken together with the fat, which gives bacteria ample opportunity to putrefy the protein. That is why fatty meats such as bacon and 'marbled' steaks, or lean meats fried in fat, sit so heavily in the stomach for hours after eating them.

Rule: Eat concentrated proteins and fats at separate meals. When you cannot avoid mixing them, eat plenty of raw vegetables to assist their digestion and passage.

* Protein and sugar. All sugars, without exception, inhibit the secretion of gastric juices in the stomach. That's because sugars are digested neither in the mouth nor in the stomach. Instead, they pass directly into the small intestine for digestion and assimilation. When consumed in combination with protein, such as cake after steak, not only do the sugars inhibit digestion of proteins by suppressing gastric secretions, the sugars themselves get trapped in the stomach instead of moving swiftly to the small intestine, and this delay permits bacteria to ferment the sugars, releasing noxious toxins and gases which further impair digestion.

Rule: Avoid consuming sugars and proteins at the same meal.

* Starch and sugar. It has been established that, when sugar enters the mouth along with starch, the saliva secreted during mastication contains no ptyalin, thereby sabatoging starch digestion before it reaches the stomach. Furthermore, such a combination blocks passage of sugar through the stomach until the starch is digested, causing it to ferment. The by-products of sugar fermentation are acidic, which in turn further inhibits digestion of starches, which require alkaline mediums for digestion. Bread (starch) and butter (fat) is a perfectly compatible combination, but when you spread a spoonful of honey or jam over it, you introduce sugars to the blend, which interfere with the digestion of the starch in bread. The same principle applies to breakfast cereal sprinkled with sugar, heavily frosted cakes, sweet pies, and so forth.

Rule. Eat starches and sugars separately.

* Melons. Melons are such a perfect food for humans that they require no digestion whatsoever in the stomach. Instead, they pass quickly through the stomach and move into the small intestine for digestion and assimilation. But this can happen only when the stomach is empty and melons are eaten alone, or in combination only with other fresh raw fruits. When consumed with or after other foods that require complex digestion in the stomach, melons cannot pass into the small intestine until the digestion of other foods in the stomach is complete. So they sit and stagnate instead, quickly fermenting and causing all sorts of gastric distress.

Rule: Eat melons alone or leave them alone.

* Milk. Now we come to one of the most controversial and misunderstood items in the Western diet. Orientals and Africans have traditionally avoided milk -- except as a purgative. But in the Western world, people are told to drink milk every day throughout their lives.

If we look at nature, we see that the young feed exclusively on milk until weaned away from it with other foods. The natural disappearance of the milk-digesting enzyme lactase from the human system upon reaching maturity proves that adult humans have no more nutritional need for milk than adult tigers or chimpanzees. Though milk is a complete protein food when consumed raw, it also contains fat, which means that it combines poorly with any other food except itself. Yet adults today routinely 'wash down' other foods with cold milk. Milk curdles immediately upon entering the stomach, so if there is other food present the curds coagulate around other food particles and insulate them from exposure to gastric juices, delaying digestion long enough to permit the onset of putrefaction. Therefore, the first and foremost rule of milk consumption is, 'Drink it alone or leave it alone.'

Today, milk is made even more indigestible by the universal practice of pasteurization, which destroys its natural enzymes and alters its delicate proteins. Raw milk contains the active enzymes lactase and lipase, which permit raw milk to digest itself. Pasteurized milk, which is devitalized of lactase and other active enzymes, simply cannot be properly digested by adult stomachs, and even infants have trouble with it, as evidenced by cholic, rashes, respiratory ailments, gas and other common ailments of bottle-fed babies. The lack of enzymes and alteration of vital proteins also renders the calcium and other mineral elements in milk largely unases immediately upon entering the stomach, so if there is other food present the curds coagulate around other food particles and insulate them from exposure to gastric juices, delaying digestion long enough to permit the onset of putrefaction. Therefore, the first and foremost rule of milk consumption is, 'Drink it alone or leave it alone.'

Today, milk is made even more indigestible by the universal practice of pasteurization, which destroys its natural enzymes and alters its delicate proteins. Raw milk contains the active enzymes lactase and lipase, which permit raw milk to digest itself. Pasteurized milk, which is devitalized of lactase and other active enzymes, simply cannot be properly digested by adult stomachs, and even infants have trouble with it, as evidenced by cholic, rashes, respiratory ailments, gas and other common ailments of bottle-fed babies. The lack of enzymes and alteration of vital proteins also renders the calcium and other mineral elements in milk largely unassimilable.

During the 1930s, Dr Francis M. Pottenger conducted a 10-year study on the relative effects of pasteurized and raw milk diets on 900 cats. One group received nothing but raw whole milk, while the other was fed nothing but pasteurized whole milk from the same source. The raw milk group thrived, remaining healthy, active and alert throughout their lives, but the group fed on pasteurized milk soon became listless, confused and highly vulnerable to a host of chronic degenerative ailments normally associated with humans, including heart disease, kidney failure, thyroid disfunction, respiratory ailments, loss of teeth, brittle bones, liver inflammation, etc. But what caught Dr Pottenger's attention most was what happened to the second and third generations. The first offspring of the pasteurized milk group were all born with poor teeth and small, weak bones -- a clear-cut sign of calcium deficiency, which indicated lack of calcium absorption from pasteurized milk. The offspring of the raw milk group remained as healthy as their parents. Many of the kittens in third generation of the pasteurized group were stillborn, while those that survived were all sterile and unable to reproduce. The experiment had to end there because there was no fourth generation of cats fed on pasteurized milk, although the raw milk group continued to breed and thrive indefinitely. If that is insufficient proof of the ill effects of pasteurized milk, take note of the fact even that newborn calves fed on pasteurized milk taken from their own mother cows usually die within six months, a fact which the commercial dairy industry is loathe to admit.

Despite such scientific evidence in favor of raw milk and against pasteurized milk, and despite the fact that until the early twentieth century the human species thrived on raw milk, it is actually illegal to sell raw milk to consumers in all but a few states in America today. It is far more profitable to the dairy industry to pasteurize milk to extend its shelf-life, though such denatured milk does nothing whatsoever to extend human life. Furthermore, pasteurization renders milk from sick cows in unsanitary dairies relatively 'harmless' by killing some, but not all, dangerous germs, and this too cuts costs for the dairy industry.

It required only three generations for Dr Pottenger's pasteurized milk fed cats to become sterile and enfeebled. That's about how many generations of Americans and Europeans have fed on pasteurized milk. Today, infertility has become a major problem for young American couples, while calcium deficiency has become so rampant that over 90 per cent of all American children suffer chronic tooth decay. To make things worse, milk is now routinely 'homogenized' to prevent the cream from separating from the milk. This involves the fragmentation and pulverization of the fat molecules to the point that they will not separate from the rest of the milk. But it also permits these tiny fragments of milk fat to easily pass through the villae of the small intestine, greatly increasing the amount of denatured fat and cholesterol absorbed by the body. In fact, you absorb more milk-fat from homogenized milk than you do from pure cream!

Women worried about osteoporosis should take note of these facts about pasteurized milk products. That such denatured milk does not deliver sufficient calcium to prevent this condition is abundantly evident from the fact that American women, who consume great quantities of various pasteurized milk products, suffer the world's highest incidence of osteoporosis. Raw cabbage, for example, supplies far more assimilable calcium than any quantity of pasteurized milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, or any other denatured dairy product.

Recent studies at the Human Research Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota, indicates that the element boron is also an essential factor in absorbing calcium from food and utilizing it to build bones. Even more noteworthy, the level of estrogen in the blood of women given sufficient quantities of boron more than doubled, eliminating the need for estrogen replacement therapy, which is a common stopgap measure against osteoporosis in the West. And where do we find boron? In fresh fruits and vegetables, especially apples, pears, grapes, nuts, cabbage, and other leafy vegetables, where we also find calcium. Nature has already provided abundant sources of all the vital nutrients we need in synergistic form, but man insists on cooking and processing them to death, and then wonders why his diet doesn't 'work.'

Adults should seriously reconsider milk as a constituent of their daily diets, unless they are able to obtain raw certified milk, which is an excellent food. To stuff children with pasteurized milk in order to make them grow 'strong and healthy' is sheer folly, because they simply cannot assimilate the nutrients. Indeed men, women, and children alike should eliminate all pasteurized dairy products from their diets, for these denatured dairy products only gum up the intestines with layer upon layer of slimy sludge that interferes with the absorption of organic nutrients.

Rule: Eliminate pasteurized and homogenized milk entirely from your diet. If raw certified milk is available, consume it as a whole food in itself, not in combination with other foods.

* Desserts. One should avoid any sort of sweet dessert after a big meal, for this type of food combines poorly with everything. Even fresh fruit should be avoided right after a big meal, because it will back up in the stomach and ferment instead of digest. If you really have a 'sweet tooth' and crave cakes, pies and pastries, indulge your habit occasionally by making a whole meal of them. They are still not good for you, but at least taken alone they will not cause as much gastric distresss and toxic by-products as when taken after meals.

Rule: Avoid sweet starchy desserts, as well as fruits, after large meals of protein or carbohydrates.

Correctly combining foods makes all the difference in the world to proper digestion and metabolism. Without complete digestion, the nutrients in even the most wholesome food cannot be fully extracted and assimilated by the body. Moreover, incomplete digestion and inefficient metabolism are prime causes of fat and cholesterol accumulation in the body. A low-calorie diet of overcooked, processed and improperly combined foods will still make you fat and leave sticky deposits in your arteries, just as the wrong mix of fuels will leave carbon deposits on the spark plugs of an engine, clog the pistons, and create foul gaseous exhaust. On the other hand, if foods are properly combined for consumption, then regardless of how many calories or how much cholesterol they contain they will not make you fat or clog up your veins and organs, especially if at least half your daily food intake is taken raw.

If one follows the rules of trophology, there is no need to be a fanatic about controlling one's diet, no need to count calories, and no need to worry about cholesterol. Note also that there is no such thing as a food that is 100 per cent protein or 100 per cent carbohydrate. What counts is whether protein or carbohydrate is the major nutritional element in any particular food. Generally speaking, if a food item contains 15 per cent or more protein, then it's categorized as a 'protein food', while 20 per cent or more carbohydrate makes it a 'carbohydrate food'. When combining different types of food in a single meal, it doesn't matter much if a little bit of protein is added to a basically carbohydrate meal or vice versa, especially if plenty of raw vegetables are included to provide active enzymes and fibrous bulk. Appendix I at the end of this chapter lists a wide range of foods according to the categories of protein, starch, fats, fruits and vegetables. As this list clearly shows, there are plenty of wholesome foods from which to construct a healthy meal, without resorting to artificially refined, processed foods. Appendix II provides sample menus for a week.

Ideally, one should consume only one variety of food at a single sitting. A glance at nature proves this point. Carnivorous animals never consume starchy items with their meat, but they do supplement digestion and occasionally purge their bowels by chewing on wild weeds that have medicinal properties. It has also been observed by birdwatchers for centuries that birds eat bugs and worms at one time of day, seeds and berries at another, but never both together. What makes modern man think that his digestive tract is so different from all other species in nature?

Even though the traditional Chinese diet relies heavily on rice, a closer look at Chinese eating habits shows that, up until the mid-twentieth century, the rice was consumed according to the rules of trophology. For example, when Chinese families eat at home, their meals are usually heavy in fresh vegetables and beancurd products and very light in meats. When Chinese go out for a big banquet in a restaurant, rice is generally not served at all, specifically so that it does not interfere with the enjoyment and digestion of all the meat, fish and fowl that always appear on banquet menus. Today, however, modern lifestyles have eroded these healthy eating habits among urban Chinese, much to the detriment of their health and longevity.

Back in the 1920s, before the modern world had much impact on Chinese lifestyles, an extensive study was conducted in China by Western nutritional scientists to compare the typical eating habits of Chinese and Americans. The regions surveyed were located in central and coastal China, in rural areas where traditional lifestyles and eating habits had not changed much for many centuries, but where relative peace and prosperity gave local households the full range of choice in foods. The study revealed that the average Chinese derived over 90 per cent of their food energy from grains and grain products, with only 1 per cent coming from animal products and all the rest from fresh vegetable sources. A blend of 90 per cent carbohydrate and 1 per cent protein, supplemented with the enzymes and roughage of fresh fruits and vegetables, is about as close to a perfectly combined diet as is practically possible.

The same study then turned towards the eating habits of typical Americans, with most revealing results: 39 per cent of the average American's food energy came from grains, 38 per cent from animal products, and most of the remaining 23 per cent came from refined sugars. Vegetables and fruits accounted for a miniscule portion of the American diet. One could hardly concoct a more poorly balanced diet from the point of view of trophology! According to the results of Dr Pottenger's experiments with cats, the damage from such denatured diets can be transmitted to the next generation.

Let's take a close trophological look at the 'Great American Meal', which is rapidly spreading digestive and metabolic malaise throughout the world via huge corporate fast-food chains. That all-American meal consists of a cheeseburger with French fries, washed down with a milk shake or sweet cola. A cheeseburger combines two different varieties of concentrated protein -- meat and cheese. On top of that goes a big, fluffy bun of highly refined white flour -- pure starch. Next comes a big bag of deep fried potatoes, thereby adding more concentrated starch, further fattened by deep-frying in stale oil, to the meal. Finally, this mess is washed down with a big frozen milk shake, adding pasteurized milk to the meat and the starch and the fat, plus several spoons of refined white sugar to thoroughly gum up the works. Breaking one or two rules of trophology at any given meal is bad enough, but the Great American Meal breaks at least six. Small wonder that in a recent nationwide health survey in America, reported in an Associated Press bulletin in July 1986, 49 per cent of the population reported chronic, daily stomach pain, gastrointestinal distress, constipation, and other ailments of the digestive tract.

The dietary situation in the Western world is far more serious than any government health authorities care to admit. This is largely because the food industry has become one of the largest, most powerful businesses in the Western world, especially in America, where the processed food industry is represented by one of the most powerful lobbies in Washington. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which decides what foods may be sold in the market, is staffed primarily by professional bureaucrats, not nutritional scientists, and it conducts no scientific tests whatsoever. Instead, it relies on tests and reports submitted by the very corporations which want to get a new food product onto the market! Raw certified milk has become illegal in most states, and gone are the days when people could go down to a local open-air market to purchase fresh produce, as is still the custom in Asia and much of Europe. And so Americans continue to suffer among the world's highest incidence of heart disease, cancer, digestive disorders and other deadly ailments.

Facts are facts, so have a look at the following startling facts about diet and malnutrition in America, compiled by American medical scientists and published in the March/April 1958 edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. A careful comparative examination of the diets and health of beggars in India and apparently healthy young American teenagers revealed that in India the average daffy calorie intake of the typical beggar amounted to less than half that of the typical American. Yet only 6.25 per cent of the beggars showed any signs of nutritional deficiency, while a staggering 75 per cent of the American teenagers showed signs of severe malnutrition. Only 1.25 per cent of the Indian beggars suffered dental cavities, compared with over 90 per cent of the young Americans. Conclusion: the typical beggar in India derives greater health from his meager diet than the average American teenager does from his 'rich' diet.

A similar study in Mexico found similar results. The September 1951 issue of Harper's Magazine reports the results of a long-term study of the dietary habits of Mexican peasants, conducted by MIT's Dr Robert Harris. States the report,

To the surprise of investigators, these poverty-stricken Mexicans showed less evidence of malnutrition deficiencies than did Michigan school children...
Analysis of all their foods by Dr. Harris' group showed that the Otomis (Indians dwelling in the arid Mesquital Valley north of Mexico City), like the slum dwellers of Mexico City, were obtaining nearly adequate quantities of all nutrients except riboflavin. In fact, their nutrition was definitely superior to that of the average person living in the Boston and New York areas of the United States.

Enzymes: The Culinary Spark of Life

Another important principle in the Tao of diet is to select foods that are fresh rather than stale, 'living' rather than 'dead', and, as far as practically possible, to consume them either raw or lightly cooked.

The best working definition of 'live food' was made by Dr McCullum of Johns Hopkins University over 50 years ago: 'Eat nothing unless it will spoil or rot, but eat it before it does!' Refined white flour, for example, will not spoil, while freshly ground whole grains will. Indeed, rats fed on diets of refined white flour soon die of starvation. In America, food wholesalers are now adopting the heinous practice of extending the shelf-life of fresh produce by radiating it with powerful doses of gamma rays. Bugs and bacteria will not attack an apple or head of cabbage that has been radiated because such food is not fit for consumption, but the food industry knows that humans will eat almost anything due to ignorance of basic nutrition.

The distinguishing feature between live and dead foods is the presence of active enzymes in the fresh product. Taoist physicians refer to this active living factor in foods as chee, and enzyme-chee constitutes by far the most vital element for health in food. Western science knows perfectly well that enzymes are fragile compounds that are easily destroyed by exposure to high heat, excess moisture, oxygen, radiation, and synthetic chemicals, all of which occur during cooking, canning, refining, preserving and pasteurising food. All enzymes are effectively 'killed' at temperatures exceeding 130°F, which is far below the boiling point of water (212°F) and less than pasteurization (140°F).

Traditional East Asian diets are rich in two types of enzyme-active foods: flesh raw foods such as fruits and vegetables and, in the case of Japan, raw fish; and foods prepared for consumption by treatment with aspergillus plant enzymes, which provide all the enzymes required for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

Aspergillus plants, which have been used to prepare foods for centuries in Asia, are exceedingly rich in vital enzymes and are used to prepare such nutritious and therapeutically active foods as tofu (beancurd), yuba (beancurd skin), nado (fermented soy sprouts), miso (fermented porridge of barley, rice or soybean) and other traditional foods. By adding active aspergillus enzymes to cooked grains and beans, the enzymes destroyed in the cooking process are replaced, and the food is consumed without further cooking. Every bite of tofu, nado or miso provides the body with potent infusions of enzymes, the vital culinary spark of life.

The term 'natural food' has become a much-abused label on commercial food products these days, appearing on everything from pasteurized yoghurt to sweet starchy candy bars. For our purposes, we define a food as 'natural' only if all the natural enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and other vital nutritional factors are still intact, which eliminates almost everything labeled as 'natural' in modern markets. On the other hand, there are plenty of good natural foods to be found in any supermarket without being specifically labeled so, such as raw fruits and vegetables, raw meat and fish, molasses, and unblanched, unroasted nuts and seeds. Even certain dehydrated foods, such as prunes, raisins and dates, retain their vital enzymes in dormant state if they are sun-dried rather than sulphur-preserved, and these enzymes are activated by the warmth and moisture of the mouth and stomach.

A careful look at how enzymes act reveals why they are so important for proper digestion, efficient metabolism and overall physical health.

Enzymes are biochemical catalysts secreted by the pancreas and other glands and organs. Some are used for digestion, others enter the bloodstream to scavenge for dangerous microbes, dead and damaged cells, and toxins. In the stomach, there are about 5 million microscopic glands which secrete various enzymes required for digestion, such as pepsin. All enzymes are specific in their actions, fitting the biochemical reactions for which they are designed as precisely as a key fits a lock. When incompatible enzymes are secreted together, owing to conflicting signals sent by incompatible food combinations, their actions are impaired or neutralized.

But enzymes are far more than mere catalysts in the conventional chemical sense of the word. One of America's leading authorities on enzymes, Dr Edward Howell, supported by over 50 years of clinical experience in the field, wrote in a 1979 issue of Healthview Newsletter,

Catalysts are only inert substances. They possess none of the life energy we find in enzymes. For instance, enzymes give off a kind of radiation when they work. This is not true of catalysts.

Aske

Product details
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Fireside (July 15, 1989)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 406 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 067164811X
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0671648114
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.54 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 1.1 x 8.9 inches
Best Sellers Rank: #96,340 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
#604 in Mental & Spiritual Healing
#1,917 in Alternative Medicine (Books)
#4,777 in Parenting & Relationships (Books)
Customer Reviews: 4.6 out of 5 stars    451 ratings
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daniel reid highly recommend must read thousands of years years ago sex and longevity easy to understand food combining eastern philosophy great book martial arts excellent book recommend this to anyone chinese medicine writing style book is excellent books ever thank you daniel wonderful book breathing exercises

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Jonathan Roseland
5.0 out of 5 stars I've been reading this book about Taoism and longevity.
Reviewed in the United States on August 27, 2019
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 So some people might hear Taoism and say: Isn't that like a religion? Isn't this a branch of Eastern Spirituality?
Yeah, it's kind of a religion, but it's like religion light.
There are no 10 commandments
There's no heaven
There's no hell
Mostly it's a lifestyle system to live a long, vibrant life with some spiritual undertones.

One of the things that become pretty obvious early on in this book is that Taoism is basically like The Force from Star Wars - minus the lightsabers (unfortunately) and the celibacy (fortunately!)

Taoist masters over a very long time developed a breathing technique that's very effective, proven and a little counter-intuitive so I think it's appropriate to say that this is how a Jedi would breath.
In principle, breathing is a science, but in practice it is an art. (3119-3120)
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sndmn
5.0 out of 5 stars Seriously good information come and get it.
Reviewed in the United States on December 9, 2013
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I can't remember how many copies I have bought of this book. I wind up loaning it to people that interested in the subject mater. Which is an explanation of how to look for in the Tao Way. I have read many books that relate the 5 elements, Air, Fire, Water and Earth or any combination of of them and which governs which part of the body. OK so how am I supposed to use this information to benefit my mind body and soul with sex thrown in. This is exactly where this book was the eye opener for my wife and my self. This book is focused more male centric a then from the female direction. However, any one can benefit from this information which is very easy to understand terms, then use the information of this to help your self make better decisions on what, when and what combinations you should eat. The author Mr Reid provides a beginning level exercise breathing which we all do and is the bases the level of exercise from None to hours. My wife and I followed the simple diet rules. You eat foods in the proper order and if so other foods that will help complicate nutrients of your meal. This is a simple rule as well eat the food that needs to travel to the lower intestine like Mellon and simple sugars, before you eat a food that is going have to set digest like heavy fats or oil in your gut which not equipped to separate the food groups to change the order if you add them in the wrong order. I just can't say enough about how comforting it is to learn and make tiny course correction to gain the health you are willing to invest effort time into. Start of with the seated breathing exercise and progress slow but steady into moving exercise.
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Laughsalot
5.0 out of 5 stars Lots of great insights and DIY home remedies for many issues
Reviewed in the United States on December 18, 2014
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Very informative book. Lots of great insights and DIY home remedies for many issues. I love the eye exercises; do them daily and have noticed a great deal of improvement. I don't wear glass; had to start using reading glasses about a year ago but am noticing that I don't need them as much since I've been doing the eye exercises. There's lots of great info in this book and I would highly recommend it to anyone who's interested in implementing a healthier lifestyle.
13 people found this helpful
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John R Batcheler
5.0 out of 5 stars If you want to heal and accend consciously, this book is for you.
Reviewed in the United States on September 2, 2016
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Practiced for many years. Everything he explains is carefully presented for your use to awaken. Noone tells you how. He gives you the only way to understand what made us. He does say what Yoda said. Do it or don't. There is no half measure. I know what he means. This book should be added to the bible so people actually will possibly start to learn what Jesus taught. The "Way" or TAO Reid explains is our hopeful return to what Christianity calls "the garden of eden." Reid helps you understand the real reason you exists. I would suggest also reading a translation of the TAO te ching. Stephen Mitchell has a good one. Then put the TAO te ching down for 10 years. Then read it again after practicing everything in The TAO of Health, Sex and Longevity. Prepare to have a different understanding. Wait for it......this will show you how your consciousness is changing. 🖑
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Demitri Pevzner
3.0 out of 5 stars Not All It Claims To Be
Reviewed in the United States on February 24, 2009
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I would like to start by saying I have a few books written by Reed, and generally enjoy his writing. While this particular book contains a great wealth of information, some of it seems to contradict a variety of other materials on TCM, and some of the sources are dubious.

As one example, the author's advice on healthy eating where he advises to stick to raw foods, seems directly in conflict with much of the established TCM theory (see Bob Flaws' Arisal Of The Clear, Tao Of Healthy Eating, or Prince Wen Hui's cook book as perfect examples.) His advice to stay away from processed foods, however, is right on. I did find the fasting section to be interesting.

The Qi Gong (fitness exercise) section is ok, nothing special or unique, but helpful to a complete beginner. I am not qualified to comment on the Taoist sexual practices, but the information seems to be derived directly from the Yellow Emperor's Classic, and as such, seems genuine.

I also found it a bit disconcerting that the author advertises certain products that he is particularly fond of, as well as colonic baths. Much of the quotes and references in the book come from modern doctors and fitness gurus, which in my opinion detracts from this being a TCM book. Still, it can be said that every author/doctor has his own unique approach, so judge for your self, and ALWAYS cross reference the material.
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Red Moon Master
5.0 out of 5 stars One of the Greatest Books Ever!
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 6, 2019
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I wish I had read this book years ago. In fact, such an impression did it make on me, that I made a resolution to only read the most important books from now on. It must've been written a long time ago, though, as the author refers to the Soviet Union. Imagine what Mr Reid would say now -- in these days of electro-magnetic radiation, GM crops, fluoride, and chemtrails!
2 people found this helpful
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John
5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting, Practical and Eye Opening.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on June 14, 2019
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So good I bought this twice. Well, I began with the kindle version but have also taken the plunge on a physical copy to let me use it as a more convenient reference. It's well thought out and designed to give you multiple ways to increase the quality of your life. More than just hearsay each recommendation is backed up with examples and ways to impliment. Who would have thought that a simple book would have got me to breathe differently, eat differently and even splash out on a juicer. Highly recommended.
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paddie1958
5.0 out of 5 stars Much ancient wisdom + a pinch of salt!
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on September 27, 2012
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I would have my reservations about eating this way forever as it made me so hungry. However: when I first read this book I had been discharged from hospital weighing around 60 pounds, with an open stoma and a large abscess which was still draining after a year and 10 months.This was from a series of complications following a perforated Gastric Ulcer.
There was practically no hope, my specialist told me, of the sinus healing as the abscess was not healing. I was pretty desperate to be honest!
I was still visiting the district nurse every other day to have the mess that was my stomach dressed.
I tried the diet: very strictly I might add. Did it work??? No one was more amazed than me:in 5 days my stoma had healed over. In 10 days my abscess stopped draining: I was advised to have the area lanced, which I did; but there was very little infectious matter in it. It healed over totally in the next 5 days and has remained closed ever since. I stayed on the Tao diet for the next year or so but once I got to a normal weight I now just eat a healthy (vegetarian mostly)diet.
OK some of his ideas may seem whacky: but the dietary advice certainly worked for me and if were ever ill again I would repeat the advised methods.
His sexual tips are pretty hot too, not sure about the benefits for men about "retention" though. Also he sounds a lovely guy but he does look very old for his age so perhaps the pinch of salt is his "life expectancy". A great alternative opinion: I am so very grateful ;-)
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Katya
5.0 out of 5 stars Incredible wealth of practical and spiritual knowledge
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 27, 2017
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As the title states, this book has provided me with some life changing tools which I have already started to employ on a daily basis, and an already enjoying the benefits. Just wish I found it when I was much younger!
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robert hay
5.0 out of 5 stars Wisdom of the ages
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on November 11, 2019
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Truly valuable information on wellness..My very first book on Taoist practise..My second copy as after 20 years first one fell apart..A must have😊
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