2026/04/26

Lisa Feldman Barrett - Wikipedia -Affective science Theory of constructed emotion

Lisa Feldman Barrett - Wikipedia

Lisa Feldman Barrett

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lisa Feldman Barrett
Barrett in 2024
Born1963 (age 62–63)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
CitizenshipUnited States, Canada
Alma mater
Known forTheory of constructed emotion
SpouseDaniel J. Barrett
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisOn the failure to differentiate anxiety and depression in self-report (1992)
Doctoral advisorMike Ross
Doctoral studentsTamlin Conner
Websitelisafeldmanbarrett.com, affective-science.org

Lisa Feldman Barrett is a Canadian-American psychologist. She is a Distinguished Professor of psychology at Northeastern University,[1] where she focuses on affective science[2] and co-directs the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory.[3] She has received the William James Fellow Award from the Association for Psychological Science for 2025,[4] and the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions from the American Psychological Association for 2021,[5] as well as a Guggenheim Fellowship.[6] Along with James Russell, she is the founding editor-in-chief of the journal Emotion Review.[7] Along with James Gross, she founded the Society for Affective Science.

Biography

Barrett was born in 1963 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to a working poor family and was the first member of her extended family to attend university.[8] After graduating from the University of Toronto with honors, she pursued a Ph.D. in clinical psychology at the University of Waterloo with the goal of becoming a therapist,[9] until a frustrating puzzle sidetracked her from a clinical career. As a graduate student, she failed eight times to replicate a simple experiment, finally realizing that her seeming failed attempts were, in fact, successfully replicating a previously undiscovered phenomenon.[10] The resulting research direction became her life's work: understanding the nature of emotion in the brain.[11] Following a clinical internship at the University of Manitoba Medical School, she held professorships in psychology at Penn State University, Boston College, and Northeastern University.[1] Over two decades, she transitioned from clinical psychology into social psychology, psychophysiology, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience.[6]

Barrett is most inspired by William James, Wilhelm Wundt, and Charles Darwin.[12] In 2019–2020, she served as president of the Association for Psychological Science.[13] From 2018–2025, she was ranked in the top one percent of the most-cited scientists in the world over a ten-year period.[14]

In addition to academic work, Barrett has written two science books for the public, 

  1. How Emotions are Made (2017) and 
  2. Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain (2020), and 
  3. her TED talk was among the 25 most popular worldwide in 2018.[15]

Professional history

Study of human emotions

At the beginning of her career, Barrett's research focused on the structure of affect, having developed experience-sampling methods[16] and open-source software to study emotional experience. Barrett and members at the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory study the nature of emotion broadly from social-psychological, psychophysiological, cognitive science, and neuroscience perspectives, and take inspiration from anthropology, philosophy, and linguistics. They also explore the role of emotion in vision and other psychological phenomena.

In 2010, she joined the psychology faculty at Northeastern University. Before that, she held academic positions at Boston College (1996-2010) and was an assistant professor of clinical psychology at Pennsylvania State University. Notable doctoral students of Barrett's include Tamlin Conner.[17]

Her research has focused on the main issues in the science of emotions such as:

  • What are the basic building blocks of emotional life?
  • Why is it that people quickly and effortlessly perceive anger, sadness, fear in themselves and others, yet scientists have been unable to specify a set of clear criteria for empirically identifying these emotional events?
  • What roles do language and conceptual knowledge play in emotion perception
  • Are there really differences between the emotional lives of men and women (see Sex differences in psychology § Emotion)

Theory of constructed emotion

Main article: Theory of constructed emotion

Barrett developed her current theory of constructed emotion originally during her graduate training.

According to Barrett, emotions are "not universal, but vary from culture to culture" (see Emotions and culture). She says that emotions "are not triggered; you create them. They emerge as a combination of the physical properties of your body, a flexible brain that wires itself to whatever environment it develops in, and your culture and upbringing, which provide that environment.".[18] Barrett also claims that "Smiling was an invention of the Middle Ages" and that smiling "became popular only in the eighteenth century as dentistry became more accessible and affordable".[19]

Honors and awards

Books

  • Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2020. ISBN 0358157145.
  • How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017. ISBN 0544133315.
  • Handbook of Emotions, Fourth Edition. Guilford Fubn, 2018
  • The Psychological Construction of Emotion, Guilford Fubn, 2014

See also

logo
Scholia has a profile for Lisa Feldman Barrett (Q6557970).

References

  1.  "Northeastern University Psychology Department". neu.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  2.  "The Faces and Minds of Psychological Science". psychologicalscience.org.
  3.  "People - Lisa Feldman Barrett - Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory - Northeastern University". www.affective-science.org. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
  4.  "APS Honors 13 Psychological Scientists With 2025 Lifetime Achievement Awards". psychologicalscience.org.
  5.  "2021 APA Distinguished Scientific Awards". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  6.  "Lisa Feldman Barrett". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  7.  Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2019-01-17). "CURRICULUM VITAE" (PDF). Northeastern University. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-10.
  8.  Scarantino, Andrea (November 2014). "Lisa Feldman Barrett: Why Emotions Are Situated Conceptualizations". Emotion Researcher.
  9.  Fischer, Shannon (June 25, 2013). "About Face: Emotions and Facial Expressions May Not Be Related". Boston Magazine: 68–73.
  10.  Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2017). How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0544133310.
  11.  Vander Woude, Megan (May 28, 2019). "Mind Boggling". University of Waterloo.
  12.  Sutton, Jon (April 2017). "Many fairy tales about the brain still propagate through our field". The Psychologist. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
  13.  Nicodemo, Allie (May 11, 2018). "Northeastern Professor Named President-Elect for the Association of Psychological Science". News@Northeastern.
  14.  "Six Northeastern Professors Named to 2019 List of 'Highly Cited Researchers' Around the Globe". Northeastern University College of Science. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  15.  "The most popular TED Talks of 2018". TED. 2018.
  16.  Hektner, Joel M.; Jennifer A. Schmidt; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (September 2006). Experience Sampling Method: Measuring the Quality of Everyday Life.. SAGE Publications. p. 37 et al. ISBN 1-4129-4923-8.
  17.  Otago, University of (2024-01-09). "A quest for happiness". www.otago.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  18.  How Emotions Are Made, 2017, Introduction
  19.  Barrett, Lisa. How Emotions are Made. p. 51.
  20.  Boston College (2007-09-18). "BC psychologist wins $2.5 million NIH Pioneer Award for groundbreaking study of emotion in the brain". EurekAlert. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-22. In 2002, [Lisa Feldman Barrett] was awarded an Independent Scientist Research (K02) Award from the National Institute of Mental Health.
  21.  "APS Fellows". Association for Psychological Science. Archived from the original on 2003-12-20.
  22.  "Lisa Feldman Barrett". SPSP. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  23.  "2006 Career Trajectory Award". sesp.org.
  24.  "James McKeen Cattell Fund Fellowship Recipients". Fund. Archived from the original on 2001-12-20. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  25.  "NIH Director's Pioneer Award Recipients 2007 Awardees". National Institutes of Health. 2007. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019.
  26.  "Lisa Feldman Barrett". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  27.  "Elected Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science". www.aaas.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  28.  "Home – Arts". uwaterloo.ca. January 15, 2013.
  29.  "Academic Honors Convocation – Northeastern University". Academic Honors Convocation.
  30.  "Prof. Lisa Feldman Barrett Elected to Royal Society of Canada". Northeastern University College of Science. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  31.  "Lisa Feldman Barrett and Frederick Leong receive APA Distinguished Service Awards". www.apa.org. January 2014.
  32.  "List of Fellows, The Society of Experimental Psychologists". www.sepsych.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  33.  "Home". Society for Personality and Social Psychology.
  34.  "Heritage Fund Initiative". www.foundationpsp.org.
  35.  "APS Mentor Award". psychologicalscience.org.
  36.  "Lisa Feldman Barrett elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences". northeastern.edu. April 2018.
  37.  "Northeastern Professor Named President-Elect for the Association of Psychological Science". northeastern.edu. May 2018.
  38.  "John P. McGovern Award Lecture in the Behavioral Sciences". aaas.org. February 2020.
  39.  "Awards – The Society for Affective Science". society-for-affective-science.org. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  40.  "Gefühle neu denken, erforschen und verstehen". news.rub.de (in German). 6 March 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  41.  "Paul D. MacLean Award for Outstanding Neuroscience Research in Psychosomatic Medicine". psychosomatic.org. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  42.  "2024 Lisa Barrett". fil.lu.se. Retrieved 2024-06-11.


==

Affective science

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Affective science is the scientific study of emotion or affect. This includes the study of emotion elicitation, emotional experience and the recognition of emotions in others. Of particular relevance are the nature of feeling, mood, emotionally driven behavior, decision-making, attention and self-regulation, as well as the underlying physiology and neuroscience of the emotions.

Discussion

An increasing interest in emotion can be seen in the behavioral, biological and social sciences. Research over the last two decades suggests that many phenomena, ranging from individual cognitive processing to social and collective behavior, cannot be understood without taking into account affective determinants (i.e. motives, attitudes, moods, and emotions).[1] Just as the cognitive revolution of the 1960s spawned the cognitive sciences and linked the disciplines studying cognitive functioning from different vantage points, the emerging field of affective science seeks to bring together the disciplines which study the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of affect. In particular affective science includes psychology, affective neuroscience, sociology, psychiatry, anthropology, ethology, archaeology, economics, criminology, law, political science, history, geography, education and linguistics. Research is also informed by contemporary philosophical analysis and artistic explorations of emotions. Emotions developed in human history cause organisms to react to environmental stimuli and challenges.[2]

The major challenge for this interdisciplinary domain is to integrate research focusing on the same phenomenon, emotion and similar affective processes, starting from different perspectives, theoretical backgrounds, and levels of analysis. As a result, one of the first challenges of affective science is to reach consensus on the definition of emotions. Discussion is ongoing as to whether emotions are primarily bodily responses or whether cognitive processing is central. Controversy also concerns the most effective ways to measure emotions and conceptualise how one emotion differs from another. Examples of this include the dimensional models of Russell and others, Plutchik's wheel of emotions, and the general distinction between basic and complex emotions.

Measuring emotions

Whether scientific method is at all suited for the study of the subjective aspect of emotion, feelings, is a question for philosophy of science and epistemology. In practice, the use of self-report (i.e. questionnaires) has been widely adopted by researchers. Additionally, web-based research is being used to conduct large-scale studies on the components of happiness for example.[3]) Nevertheless, Seligman mentions in the book the poor reliability of using this method as it is often entirely subjective to how the individual is feeling at the time, as opposed to questionnaires which test for more long standing personal features that contribute to well-being such as meaning in life. Alongside this researchers also use functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography and physiological measures of skin conductance, muscle tension and hormone secretion. This hybrid approach should allow researchers to gradually pinpoint the affective phenomenon. There are also a few commercial systems available that claim to measure emotions, for instance using automated video analysis or skin conductance (affectiva).

Affective display

Main article: Affect display

A common way to measure the emotions of others is via their emotional expressions. These include facial expression, vocal expression and bodily posture. Much work has also gone into coding expressive behavior computer programmes that can be used to read the subject's emotion more reliably. The model used for facial expression is the Facial Action Coding System or 'FACS'. An influential figure in the development of this system was Paul Ekman. For criticism, see the conceptual-act model of emotion.

These behavioral sources can be contrasted with language descriptive of emotions. In both respects one may observe the way that affective display differs from culture to culture.

Stanford

The Stanford University Psychology Department has an Affective Science area. It emphasizes basic research on emotion, culture, and psychopathology using a broad range of experimental, psychophysiological, neural, and genetic methods to test theory about psychological mechanisms underlying human behavior. Topics include longevity, culture and emotion, reward processing, depression, social anxiety, risk for psychopathology, and emotion expression, suppression, and dysregulation.[4]

See also

References

  1.  The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) for the Affective Sciences Archived May 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine See also Swiss Center for Affective Sciences; Seidner identified a negative affect arousal mechanism regarding the devaluation of speakers from other ethnic origins. See Stanley S. Seidner [1991] Negative Affect Arousal Reactions from Mexican and Puerto Rican Respondents https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED346711
  2.  Ann M. Kring, Erin K. Moran, "Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science," Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 34, Issue 5, September 2008, Pages 819–834, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn071
  3.  Layard, Richard (14 May 2011). "Flourish: A New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being — and How to Achieve Them by Martin Seligman — review | Science | The Guardian". The Observer. theguardian.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  4.  "Affective Science | Department of Psychology". psychology.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
==

감성과학

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

감성과학(感性科學, Science of Emotion & Sensibility)는 기계중심, 물질중심적 패러다임에서 벗어나 인간중심, 감성중심으로 인간이 추구하는 높은 삶의 질을 구현하기 위한 과학이다. 다양한 정보기술, 기계 기술 분야와 문화 기술 분야가 다학제적으로 만나 연구하는 접합점의 역할을 하며, 기술과 문화가 융합된 새로운 문명을 이루기 위해 노력하는 과학분야이다. 예전에는 감성공학이라 많이 불렸으나, 공학적 관점에서 더 넓은 관점으로 연구와 발전을 위해 지금의 이름으로 바뀌어 불린다.

개요

1988년 시드니 국제 인간공학학회에서 처음 공식적으로 명명되었으며 미국의 휴먼팩터(Human Factors), 유럽의 인간공학(Ergonomics)과 일본의 정서공학의 발전에 뿌리를 두고 있다.

감성과학에 밀접하게 연관된 분야는 인간공학, 인지공학, 사용자 인터페이스, 산업디자인, 사용성 평가, 인간과 컴퓨터 상호작용이다.

특히 새로운 기술의 발달을 인간중심적 디자인으로 해석하여 제품과 서비스로 만들어 내기 위한 방법으로 활용되고 있는데 예를 들어 새로운 디지털 센서 기술을 이용 말이나 그림만으로 전해기 힘든 감성적 내용을 커뮤니케이션하는 방법을 개발하는 등 프로젝트가 있다. 이러한 실제 적용을 위해서는 다양한 분야의 전문적 지식과 경험이 필요하며 협동연구의 시너지 효과가 필요하다.

감성지수

감성지수(Emotional Quotient)는 감성과학에서 지능지수(IQ)와는 다른 지능적인 정서적인면에서의 능력을 나타내는 것으로, 자신의 감성을 파악하고 적절한 결단을 내릴 수 있는 능력, 스트레스가 되는 감정을 제어하는 능력, 실패를 극복하는 능력, 다른 이의 감정을 공감하는 능력 그리고 조화를 유지하고 서로 협력하는 사회적 능력등이다.

대한민국의 감성과학 분야

대한민국에서는 1987년 한국표준과학연구원에 인간공학 연구실이 설립되어 연구하였고, 1991년 과학기술G7계획를 통한 전략 거점기술로서 연구기획이 처음 수립되었으며, 1996년에 정식으로 G7과제로 선정되었다.

==

Theory of constructed emotion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The theory of constructed emotion (formerly the conceptual act model of emotion[1]) is a theory in affective science proposed by Lisa Feldman Barrett to explain the experience and perception of emotion.[2][3] The theory posits that instances of emotion are constructed predictively by the brain in the moment as needed. It draws from social construction, psychological construction, and neuroconstruction.[3]

Motivation

Barrett proposed the theory to resolve what she calls the "emotion paradox,"[1] which she claims has perplexed emotion researchers for decades, and describes as follows: People have vivid and intense experiences of emotion in day-to-day life: they report seeing emotions like "anger", "sadness", and "happiness" in others, and they report experiencing "anger", "sadness" and so on themselves. Nevertheless, psychophysiological and neuroscientific evidence has failed to yield consistent support for the existence of such discrete categories of experience.[4] Instead, the empirical evidence suggests that what exists in the brain and body is affect, and emotions are constructed by multiple brain networks working in tandem.[5][6]

Most other theories of emotion assume that emotions are genetically endowed, not learned. Other scientists believe there are circuits in the brain: an anger circuit, a fear circuit, and so on. Charles Darwin, in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, used examples to support the idea that emotions and their "expressions are a universal part of human nature", and that people can recognize and express emotions without any training.

The theory of constructed emotion calls this assumption into question. It suggests that these emotions (often called "basic emotions") are not biologically hardwired, but instead are phenomena that emerge in consciousness "in the moment" from more fundamental ingredients.

Statement of the theory

The theory is given in simplified form as:[2]

"In every waking moment, your brain uses past experience, organized as concepts, to guide your actions and give your sensations meaning. When the concepts involved are emotion concepts, your brain constructs instances of emotion."

In greater detail, instances of emotion are constructed throughout the entire brain by multiple brain networks in collaboration. Ingredients going into this construction include interoception, concepts, and social reality.[2] Interoceptive predictions provide information about the state of the body and ultimately produce basic, affective feelings of pleasure, displeasure, arousal, and calmness. Concepts are culturally embodied knowledge, including "emotion concepts". Social reality provides the collective agreement and language that make the perception of emotion possible among people who share a culture.

As an analogy, consider the experience of color. People experience colors as discrete categories: blue, red, yellow, and so on, and these categories vary in different cultures. The physics of color, however, is actually continuous, with wavelengths measured in nanometers along a scale from ultraviolet to infrared. When a person experiences an object as "blue", she is (unconsciously) using her color concepts to categorize this wavelength.[7] And in fact, people experience a whole range of wavelengths as "blue."

Likewise, emotions are commonly thought of as discrete and distinct — fear, anger, happiness — while affect (produced by interoception) is continuous. The theory of constructed emotion suggests that at a given moment, the brain predicts and categorizes the present moment (of continuous affect) via interoceptive predictions and the "emotion concepts" from one's culture, to construct an instance of emotion, just as one perceives discrete colors. This process instantiates the experience of "having an emotion".

For example, if someone's brain predicts the presence of a snake as well as the unpleasant affect that would result upon encountering a snake ("interoceptive prediction"), that brain might categorize and construct an experience of "fear." This process takes place before any actual sensory input of a snake reaches conscious awareness. In contrast, a "basic emotions" researcher would say that the person first sees the snake, and this sensory input triggers a dedicated "fear circuit" in the brain.

Earlier incarnations of the theory

Early incarnations of the theory were phrased in terms of core affect rather than interoception. Core affect is a neurophysiological state characterized along two dimensions:[8]

  • Pleasure vs. displeasure, measured along a continuous scale from positive to negative.
  • High arousal vs. low arousal, measured along a continuous scale between these endpoints.

According to the original conceptual act model, emotion is generated when a person categorizes his/her core affective state using knowledge about emotion. This theory combines elements of linguistic relativity and affective neuroscience.

The term "core affect" was first used in print by Russell and Barrett in 1999 in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology[9] where it is used to refer to the affective feelings that are part of every conscious state (as discussed by Wundt in his 1889 System der Philosophie).[10] The term "core affect" also appears to have been used as a phrase that relates to neuropsychological understanding of behavior as a morbid affect at the roots of any type of human behavior.[11]

Other researchers

Joseph LeDoux has reached similar views.[12]

The theory denies "essentialism" of brain areas exclusively dedicated to emotion, such as the seven primary affective systems proposed by the affective neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp. (Note that Barrett and Panksepp use the word "affect" to mean different things. Barrett defines affect as a basic feature of consciousness,[3] akin to light and dark or loudness and softness,[2] consisting of a combination of valence and arousal, consistent with the original definition of affect by Wilhelm Wundt. Panksepp uses the term in the plural, "affects," to refer to his proposed seven systems.) Panksepp characterized the theory of constructed emotion as an "attributional–dimensional constructivist view of human emotions [which] postulates that positive and negative core affects are the basic feelings—the primary processes—from which emotional concepts are cognitively and socially constructed".[13] (Since the theory of constructed emotion is not about core affect,[3] this statement likely refers to Barrett's older conceptual act theory.)

References

  1.  Barrett, L. F. (2006). "Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 10 (1): 20–46. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2. PMID 16430327. S2CID 7750265.
  2.  Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2017). How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544133310.
  3.  Barrett, L. F. (2016). "The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 12 (1): 20–46. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154. PMC 5390700. PMID 27798257.
  4.  Barrett, L. F.; Lindquist, K.; Bliss-Moreau, E.; Duncan, S.; Gendron, M.; Mize, J.; Brennan, L. (2007). "Of mice and men: Natural kinds of emotion in the mammalian brain?". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00046.x. PMC 2597798. PMID 19079552.
  5.  Barrett, L. F. (2006). "Emotions as natural kinds?". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 1 (1): 28–58. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x. PMID 26151184. S2CID 6950937.
  6.  Barrett, L. F.; Wager, T. (2006). "The structure of emotion: Evidence from the neuroimaging of emotion". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 15 (2): 79–85. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.470.7762. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00411.x. S2CID 14489624.
  7.  Davidoff, J (2001). "Language and perceptual categorization" (PDF). Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 5 (9): 382–387. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01726-5. PMID 11520702. S2CID 12975180.
  8.  Russell, J. A.; Barrett, L. F. (1999). "Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (5): 805–819. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805. PMID 10353204.
  9.  Russell, James A.; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (1999). "Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (5): 805–819. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805. PMID 10353204.
  10.  Wundt, Wilhelm Max (1889). System der Philosophie (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Engelmann.
  11.  Segarra, Efrain (June 1983). "A Neuropsychological of Human Behavior and Therapeutic Change". University of Massachusetts Amherst. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12.  Ledoux, J.; Narain, C. (2014-01-01). "A Conversation with Joseph LeDoux". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 79: 279–281. doi:10.1101/sqb.2014.79.12. ISSN 0091-7451. PMID 26092896.
  13.  Panksepp, Jaak (2007). "Neurologizing the Psychology of Affects: How Appraisal-Based Constructivism and Basic Emotion Theory Can Coexist". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (3): 281–296. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00045.x. ISSN 1745-6916. JSTOR 40212207. PMID 26151970. S2CID 205908135.
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