Stream of consciousness
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator.[1] It is usually in the form of an interior monologue which is disjointed or has irregular punctuation.[2] While critics have pointed to various literary precursors, it was not until the 20th century that this technique was fully developed by modernist writers such as Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf.
Stream of consciousness narratives continue to be used in modern prose and the term has been adopted to describe similar techniques in other art forms such as poetry, songwriting and film.
Origin of term
Alexander Bain used the term in 1855 in the first edition of The Senses and the Intellect, when he wrote, "The concurrence of Sensations in one common stream of consciousness–on the same cerebral highway–enables those of different senses to be associated as readily as the sensations of the same sense".[3] But the term is commonly credited to William James who used it in 1890 in his The Principles of Psychology: "consciousness, then, does not appear to itself as chopped up in bits ... it is nothing joined; it flows. A 'river' or a 'stream' are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described. In talking of it hereafter, let's call it the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life".[4]
The term was first applied in a literary context in The Egoist, April 1918, by May Sinclair, in relation to the early volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage. Richardson, however, described the term as a "lamentably ill-chosen metaphor".[5][6]
Definition

Stream of consciousness is a literary method of representing the flow of a character's thoughts and sense impressions "usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue." While many sources use the terms stream of consciousness and interior monologue as synonyms, the Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms suggests that "they can also be distinguished psychologically and literarily. In a psychological sense, stream of consciousness is the subject matter, while interior monologue is the technique for presenting it". And for literature, "while an interior monologue always presents a character's thoughts 'directly', without the apparent intervention of a summarizing and selecting narrator, it does not necessarily mingle them with impressions and perceptions, nor does it necessarily violate the norms of grammar, or logic – but the stream‐of‐consciousness technique also does one or both of these things."[2]
Similarly, the Encyclopædia Britannica Online, while agreeing that these terms are "often used interchangeably", suggests that, "while an interior monologue may mirror all the half-thoughts, impressions, and associations that impinge upon the character's consciousness, it may also be restricted to an organized presentation of that character's rational thoughts".[7]
In the following example of stream of consciousness from James Joyce's Ulysses, Molly seeks sleep:
Development
Beginnings to 1900
While the use of the narrative technique of stream of consciousness is usually associated with modernist novelists in the first part of the twentieth century, several precursors have been suggested, including Laurence Sterne's psychological novel Tristram Shandy (1757).[9][example needed] John Neal in his novel Seventy-Six (1823) also used an early form of this writing style, characterized by long sentences with multiple qualifiers and expressions of anxiety from the narrator.[10] Prior to the 19th century, associationist philosophers, like Thomas Hobbes and Bishop Berkeley, discussed the concept of the "train of thought".
It has also been suggested that Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843) foreshadows this literary technique in the nineteenth century.[11] Poe's story is a first person narrative, told by an unnamed narrator who endeavours to convince the reader of his sanity while describing a murder he committed, and it is often read as a dramatic monologue.[12] George R. Clay notes that Leo Tolstoy, "when the occasion requires it ... applies Modernist stream of consciousness technique" in both War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1878).[13]
The short story, "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" (1890), by another American author, Ambrose Bierce, also abandons strict linear time to record the internal consciousness of the protagonist.[14] Because of his renunciation of chronology in favor of free association, Édouard Dujardin's Les Lauriers sont coupés (1887) is also an important precursor. Indeed, James Joyce "picked up a copy of Dujardin's novel ... in Paris in 1903" and "acknowledged a certain borrowing from it".[15]
Some point to Anton Chekhov's short stories and plays (1881–1904)[16] and Knut Hamsun's Hunger (1890), and Mysteries (1892) as offering glimpses of the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative technique at the end of the nineteenth century.[17] While Hunger is widely seen as a classic of world literature and a groundbreaking modernist novel, Mysteries is also considered a pioneer work. It has been claimed that Hamsun was way ahead of his time with the use of stream of consciousness in two chapters in particular of this novel.[18][19] British author Robert Ferguson said: "There's a lot of dreamlike aspects of Mysteries. In that book ... it is ... two chapters, where he invents stream of consciousness writing, in the early 1890s. This was long before Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf and James Joyce".[19] Henry James has also been suggested as a significant precursor, in a work as early as Portrait of a Lady (1881).[20] It has been suggested that he influenced later stream-of-consciousness writers, including Virginia Woolf, who not only read some of his novels but also wrote essays about them.[21]
However, it has also been argued that Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931), in his short story '"Leutnant Gustl" ("None but the Brave", 1900), was the first to make full use of the stream of consciousness technique.[22]
Early twentieth century
It was not until the twentieth century that this technique was fully developed by modernists. Marcel Proust is often presented as an early example of a writer using the stream of consciousness technique in his novel sequence À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–1927) (In Search of Lost Time), but Robert Humphrey comments that Proust "is concerned only with the reminiscent aspect of consciousness" and that he "was deliberately recapturing the past to communicate; hence he did not write a stream-of-consciousness novel".[23] Novelist John Cowper Powys also argues that Proust did not use stream of consciousness: "while we are told what the hero thinks or what Swann thinks we are told this rather by the author than either by the 'I' of the story or by Charles Swann."[24]
1915
Pointed Roofs (1915), the first work in Richardson's series of 13 semi-autobiographical novels titled Pilgrimage,[25] is the first complete stream-of-consciousness novel published in English. However, in 1934, Richardson commented that "Proust, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and D.R. ... were all using 'the new method', though very differently, simultaneously".[26]
James Joyce was another pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness. Some hints of this technique are already present in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), along with interior monologue, and references to a character's psychic reality rather than to his external surroundings.[27] Joyce began writing A Portrait in 1907 and it was first serialised in the English literary magazine The Egoist in 1914 and 1915. Earlier in 1906, Joyce, when working on Dubliners, considered adding another story featuring a Jewish advertising canvasser called Leopold Bloom under the title Ulysses. Although he did not pursue the idea further at the time, he eventually commenced work on a novel using both the title and basic premise in 1914. The writing was completed in October 1921. Serial publication of Ulysses in the magazine The Little Review began in March 1918. Ulysses was finally published in 1922. While Ulysses represents a major example of the use of stream of consciousness, Joyce also uses "authorial description" and Free Indirect Style to register Bloom's inner thoughts. Furthermore, the novel does not focus solely on interior experiences: "Bloom is constantly shown from all round; from inside as well as out; from a variety of points of view which range from the objective to the subjective".[28] In his final work Finnegans Wake (1939), Joyce's method of stream of consciousness, literary allusions and free dream associations was pushed to the limit, abandoning all conventions of plot and character construction, and the book is written in a peculiar and obscure English, based mainly on complex multi-level puns.
Another early example is the use of interior monologue by T. S. Eliot in his poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915), "a dramatic monologue of an urban man, stricken with feelings of isolation and an incapability for decisive action,"[29] a work probably influenced by the narrative poetry of Robert Browning, including "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister".[30]
1923 to 2000
Prominent uses in the years that followed the publication of James Joyce's Ulysses include Italo Svevo, La coscienza di Zeno (1923),[31] Virginia Woolf in Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), and William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury (1929).[32] However, Randell Stevenson suggests that "interior monologue, rather than stream of consciousness, is the appropriate term for the style in which [subjective experience] is recorded, both in The Waves and in Woolf's writing generally."[33] Throughout Mrs Dalloway, Woolf blurs the distinction between direct and indirect speech, freely alternating her mode of narration between omniscient description, indirect interior monologue, and soliloquy.[34] Malcolm Lowry's novel Under the Volcano (1947) resembles Ulysses, "both in its concentration almost entirely within a single day of [its protagonist] Firmin's life ... and in the range of interior monologues and stream of consciousness employed to represent the minds of [the] characters".[35]
Samuel Beckett, a friend of James Joyce, uses interior monologue in novels like Molloy (1951), Malone meurt (1951; Malone Dies) and L'innommable (1953: The Unnamable). and the short story "From an Abandoned Work" (1957).[36] French writer Jean-Paul Sartre employed the technique in his Roads to Freedom trilogy of novels, most prominently in the second book The Reprieve (1945).[37]
The technique continued to be used into the 1970s in a novel such as Robert Anton Wilson/Robert Shea collaborative Illuminatus! (1975), concerning which The Fortean Times warns readers to "[b]e prepared for streams of consciousness in which not only identity but time and space no longer confine the narrative".[38]
Although loosely structured as a sketch show, Monty Python produced an innovative stream-of-consciousness for their TV show Monty Python's Flying Circus, with the BBC stating, "[Terry] Gilliam's unique animation style became crucial, segueing seamlessly between any two completely unrelated ideas and making the stream-of-consciousness work".[39]
Scottish writer James Kelman's novels are known for mixing stream of consciousness narrative with Glaswegian vernacular. Examples include The Busconductor Hines (1984), A Disaffection (1989), How Late It Was, How Late (1994) and many of his short stories.[40] With regard to Salman Rushdie, one critic comments that "[a]ll Rushdie's novels follow an Indian/Islamic storytelling style, a stream-of-consciousness narrative told by a loquacious young Indian man".[41] Other writers who use this narrative device include Sylvia Plath in The Bell Jar (1963),[42] the Soviet underground writer Pavel Ulitin in Immortality in the pocket, and Irvine Welsh in Trainspotting (1993).[43]
Stream of consciousness continues to appear in contemporary literature. Dave Eggers, author of A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (2000), according to one reviewer, "talks much as he writes – a forceful stream of consciousness, thoughts sprouting in all directions".[44] Novelist John Banville describes Roberto Bolaño's novel Amulet (1999), as written in "a fevered stream of consciousness".[45]
Twenty-first century
The twenty-first century brought further exploration, including Jonathan Safran Foer's Everything is Illuminated (2002) and many of the short stories of American author Brendan Connell.[46][47]
Song lyrics
Stream of consciousness technique is also used in song lyrics.[48] Songwriters such as Sun Kil Moon[49][50] and Courtney Barnett[51] use it in their songs.
Dialogue in films
Some filmmakers use the narrative technique. For example, the documentary Anonymous Club about songwriter Courtney Barnett is narrated using stream-of-consciousness.[52] Terrence Malick's films use it as well.[53] 2022 film You Won't Be Alone also uses it.[54]
See also
- Free indirect speech
- Free writing
- Inner space
- Modernist literature
- Psychological fiction
- Soliloquy
- Stream of consciousness (psychology)
- Persona poetry
- Associationism
References
- J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms. (Harmondsworth, Penguin Books,1984), pp. 660–1).
- ed. Chris Baldick, Oxford: Oxford U.P., 2009, p. 212.
- London: J. W. Parker, 1855, p.359.
- (I, pp.239–43) quoted in Randall Stevenson, Modernist Fiction: An Introduction. (Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, 1992), p. 39.
- "Novels", Life and Letters, 56, March 1948, p. 189.
- May Sinclair, 'The Novels of Dorothy Richardson', The Egoist, Vol. 5, No. 4, (April 1908), pp. 57–58.
- "interior monologue." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Sep. 2012.
- Joyce p. 642 (Bodley Head edition (1960), p. 930).
- J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), p. 661; see also Robert Humphrey, Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel (1954). University of California Press, 1972, fn. 13, p. 127.
- Bain, Robert (1971). "Introduction". In Bain, Robert (ed.). Seventy-Six. Bainbridge, New York: York Mail—Print, Inc. p. xxxiv. OCLC 40318310. Facsimile reproduction of 1823 Baltimore edition by John Neal, two volumes in one.
- "The Tell-Tale Heart – story by Poe". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- "Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore – The Life and Writings of Edgar Allan Poe". www.eapoe.org.
- The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy, edited Donna Tussing Orwin. Cambridge University Press, 2002
- Khanom, Afruza. "Silence as Literary Device in Ambrose Bierce's 'The Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.' Teaching American Literature: A Journal of Theory and Practice. Spring 6.1 (2013): 45–52. Print.
- Randell StevensonJ Modernist Fiction. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1992, p. 227, fn 14.
- James Wood, "Ramblings". London Review of Books. Vol.22, no. 11, 1 June 2000, pp. 36–7.
- James Wood. "Addicted to Unpredictability." 26 November 1998. London Review of Books. 8 November 2008
- "Martin Humpál: Hamsun's modernism – Hamsunsenteret – Hamsunsenteret". hamsunsenteret.no. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- Interview with Robert Ferguson in the second episode of the documentary television series Guddommelig galskap – Knut Hamsun
- Abrams, M. H. (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Harcourt Brace. p. 299. ISBN 9780155054523.
- Woolf (March 2003)A Writer's Diary: Being Extracts from the Diary of Virginia Woolf. Harcourt. pp. 33, 39–40, 58, 86, 215, 301, 351.
- "stream of consciousness – literature". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California, 1954), p. 4.
- "Proust". Enjoyment of Literature, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 498
- Winning, Joanne (2000). The Pilgrimage of Dorothy Richardson. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-17034-9.
- In a letter to the bookseller and publisher Sylvia Beach Windows of Modernism: Selected Letters of Dorothy Richardson, ed. Gloria G. Fromm Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia Press, 1995, 282.
- Deming, p. 749.
- Randell Stevenson. A Reader's Guide to the Twentieth-Century Novel in Britain. University of Kentucky Press, 1993, p. 41.
- McCoy, Kathleen, and Harlan, Judith. English Literature From 1785 (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 265–66. ISBN 006467150X
- William Harmon & C. Holman, A Handbook to Literature (7th edition). (Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, 1996), p. 272.
- [untitled review], Beno Weiss, Italica, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), p. 395.
- Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, p. 212.
- Modernist Fiction. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1992, p. 55; Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, p. 212.
- Dowling, David (1991). Mrs Dalloway: Mapping Streams of Consciousness. Twayne Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8057-9414-4.
- Randall Stevenson, pp. 89–90.
- Karine Germoni, "From Joyce to Beckett: The Beckettian Dramatic Interior Monologue". Journal of Beckett Studies, Spring 2004, Vol. 13, issue 2.
- Marshall, T. E. Freedom and Commitment in Jean-Paul Sartre's "Les Chemins de la Liberté", Masters Thesis, University of Canterbury. 1975. pp. 48–9. http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/8590/marshall_thesis.pdf?sequence=1
- The Fortean Times, issue 17 (August 1976), pp. 26–27.
- "Monty Python's Flying Circus". BBC. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- Giles Harvey, "Minds Are The Strangest Thing". The New Yorker, 20 May 2013.
- John C. Hawley, Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies (Westport: Greenwood, 2001), p. 384.
- American Literature, Vol. 65, No. 2, Jun. 1993, p. 381.
- Sarah Keating, "Tales from the Other Side of the Track". Irish Times 3 May 2012.
- "The agony and the irony", Stephanie Merritt. The Observer, Sunday 14 May 2000.
- "Amulet by Roberto Bolaño", John Banville. The Guardian, Saturday 12 September 2009.
- "A nine-year-old and 9/11", Tim Adams The Observer, Sunday 29 May 2005
- Brendan Connell, The Life of Polycrates and Other Stories for Antiquated Children. Chomu Press, 2010.
- Vickhoff, Björn (2020). "Participating in a musician's stream of consciousness". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 43 e117. doi:10.1017/S0140525X19002759. PMID 32460912. S2CID 218974626.
- Hermes, Will (3 March 2017). "Review: Sun Kil Moon's 'Common' is a Stream-of-Consciousness Epic". Rolling Stone.
- Sadler, John (March 2017). "Sun Kil Moon's new album shows us the limit of stream-of-consciousness". Vox Magazine.
- Kennedy, Colleen (31 January 2022). "City Lights: Down Under Indie Darling Courtney Barnett is Looking up". Washington City Lights.
- Gruder, Susannah (14 July 2022). "'Anonymous Club' Review: Courtney Barnett Doc Sensitively Captures the Loneliness of the Solo Singer".
- "Ultimate Guide to Terrence Malick and His Directing Techniques". 2 September 2022.
- Rife, Katie (2 April 2022). "'You Won't be Alone' review: Waking the Witch". FOX.
Bibliography
- Cohn, Dorrit. Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction, 1978.
- Friedman, Melvin. Stream of Consciousness: A Study in Literary Method, 1955.
- Humphrey, Robert. Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel, 1954.
- Randell, Stevenson. Modernist Fiction: An Introduction. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1992.
- Sachs, Oliver. "In the River of Consciousness." New York Review of Books, 15 January 2004.
- Shaffer, E.S. (1984). Comparative Criticism, Volume 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780521332002. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
의식의 흐름
의식의 흐름(Stream of consciousness)은 흔히 미국 심리학자 윌리엄 제임스가 1890년 출간한 《심리학의 원리》에서 처음 사용한 개념으로 알려져 있다. 이 책에서 제임스는 말했다. “의식적인 사고를 논할 때, 강 또는 시내가 가장 자연스러운 비유다. 앞으로 의식적인 사고를 생각이나 의식, 주관적 삶의 흐름이라고 하자.” 그러나 이 말은 그보다 1855년 알렉산더 베인이 《감각과 지성》에서 한 말을 빌려 온 것이다.[1] 이 개념은 아방가르드와 모더니즘의 문학과 예술에 직접적인 영향을 끼쳤다.
개요
인간의 의식은 정적인 부분의 배열로 구성되는 것이 아니라, 동적인 이미지와 관념이 흘러 늘어선 것이라고 하는 사고 방식이다. 앙리 베르그송도 《시간과 의식에 대한 고찰》에서 제임스와 같은 시기에 비슷한 발상을 해서 ‘지속’이라는 개념을 들고 나왔다. 베르그송과 제임스는 서로 교류했으나, 영감은 서로 독자적인 것으로 여겨졌다.
의식의 흐름과 문학
이 개념은 나중에 모더니즘 문학을 설명할 때 사용되며, 문학의 한 기법을 나타내는 용어로 쓰인다. “인간 정신 속에서 끊임없이 변하고 이어지는 주관적 생각과 감각, 특히 주석 없이 설명”해 나가는 문학적 기법을 대표하는 문학 용어로 ‘의식의 흐름’이라는 말이 쓰인다. 이런 뜻으로 이 말을 처음 사용한 것은 1918년 영국 소설가 메이 싱클레어다. 싱클레어는 1918년 잡지 <에고이스트>에서 도로시 리처드슨의 《인생 행로》가 의식의 흐름 기법으로 쓰였다고 평가했다. 그러나 리처드슨은 의식의 흐름이라는 말을 좋아하지 않았고, 오히려 자기 문체를 몰입의 한 형태로 보고 싶어했다. 그것은 마치 시냇물처럼 한 방향으로 움직이는 무언가를 전달하려는 욕구라기보다는 생각과 경험의 동시적이고 다면적 특성을 포착하려는 시도를 뜻했다.[1]
인간 사고를 단단한 논리나 이성적 규칙 없이 끝없이 떠오르는 생각과 인상의 물결로 그리려고 하는 시도는 의식의 흐름이란 용어가 등장하기 몇 세기 전부터 존재해 왔다. 선구적 작업으로는 로렌스 스턴의 《신사 트리스트램 샌디의 삶과 견해》 등이 있다. 그러나 현대 문학에서 의식의 흐름을 이용한 소설에는 심리학의 발달, 특히 지그문트 프로이트의 영향을 빼놓을 수 없다.
의식의 흐름 수법을 이용한 대표적인 영국 소설가로서는 제임스 조이스, 버지니아 울프, 캐서린 맨스필드, 도로시 리처드슨 등이 있다. 이 수법을 이용한 작품으로는 제임스 조이스의 《율리시즈》, 《피네간의 경야》, 버지니아 울프의 《등대로》, 《댈러웨이 부인》, 윌리엄 포크너의 《소리와 분노》(1929년), 도로시 리처드슨의 《인생 행로》(1915~1967) 등이 있다. 또한 의식의 흐름은 내적 독백이나 무의식적 기억이라는 용어로 표현되기도 한다.
같이 보기
意識の流れ
意識の流れ(いしきのながれ、英: Stream of consciousness)とは、米国の心理学者のウィリアム・ジェイムズが1890年代に最初に用いた心理学の概念で、「人間の意識は静的な部分の配列によって成り立つものではなく、動的なイメージや観念が流れるように連なったものである」とする考え方のことである[1]。
アンリ・ベルクソンも時間と意識についての考察の中で、ジェイムズと同時期に同じような着想を得て、「持続」という概念を提唱している(ベルクソンとジェイムズの間には交流があったが、着想は互いに独自のものとされることが多い)。
文学上の手法としての「意識の流れ」
この「意識の流れ」の概念は、その後文学の世界に転用され、「人間の精神の中に絶え間なく移ろっていく主観的な思考や感覚を、特に注釈を付けることなく記述していく文学上の手法」という文学上の表現の一手法を示す言葉として使用されて文学用語になった[1]。
この手法を小説の全編にわたって最初に使ったのは、ドロシー・リチャードソン の『尖った屋根』(1915年)とされているが[2]、それより先のジェイムズ・ジョイスの『若き日の芸術家の肖像』(1914年-1915年)にも部分的に用いられている[2]。
また、この表現方法でよく使われる文体の「内的独白」(英: interior monologue、仏: monologue intérieur)と呼ばれる手法は、エドゥアール・デュジャルダンが『月桂樹は切られた』(仏: Les lauriers sont coupés)[3]において初めて用いたとされている。1887年に発表されたこの作品は発表当時は全く注目されず、数百部しか発行されなかった。1910年代にこの作品をジェイムズ・ジョイスが読み、『ユリシーズ』において大々的に援用した。同作品のフランス語訳者の一人であるヴァレリー・ラルボーはこの手法を「内的独白」と名付け文学史上初の試みであると評したが、ジョイスはデュジャルダンの『月桂樹は切られた』こそがその先駆であることを明言した[ソース無し]。ただし、「意識の流れ」の起源を特定の1人の作家だけに依るものとは限定しにくく、哲学や文学の「時代精神」的な流れで発生している[2]。
人間の思考を秩序立てたものではなく、絶え間ない流れとして描こうとする試みは、「意識の流れ」という語の成立以前からあり、最も早い例としてはローレンス・スターン『紳士トリストラム・シャンディの生涯と意見』などがあるが、特に近現代の意識の流れを用いた小説には心理学の発達、殊にジークムント・フロイトの影響が見逃せない。
「意識の流れ」を用いた代表的な作品としては、ジェイムズ・ジョイスの『ユリシーズ』『フィネガンズ・ウェイク』、ヴァージニア・ウルフの『灯台へ』、フォークナーの『響きと怒り』などがある[1]。キャサリン・マンスフィールド、ドロシー・リチャードソンなどの作家も、「意識の流れ」を用いた作家として挙げられる。
日本では伊藤整が「ジェイムス・ジョイスのメトオド『意識の流れ』に就いて」(1930年)などで「新心理主義文学」として提唱し、「感情細胞の断面」など一連の作品の実作を行なった。[4] また川端康成が、『針と硝子と霧』(1930年)、『水晶幻想』(1931年)において「意識の流れ」を実験的に用いており、横光利一の『機械』(1931年)にもこの手法の影響が散見できる[1][2][5]。伊藤整は晩年の作『変容』(1968)に至るまで「内的独白」による技法的実験を続けた[6]。
脚注
参考文献
- 川端康成『川端康成全集第29巻 評論1』新潮社、1982年9月。ISBN 978-4-10-643829-5。
- 川端康成『一草一花』講談社〈講談社文芸文庫〉、1991年3月。ISBN 978-4-06-196118-0。
- 森本穫『魔界の住人 川端康成――その生涯と文学 上巻』勉誠出版、2014年9月。ISBN 978-4585290759。
- シェリフ・メベッド「昭和初期における「意識の流れ」受容を巡って――ジェイムズ・ジョイスの『ユリシーズ』と川端康成の「針と硝子と霧」」『言葉と文化』第4号、名古屋大学大学院 国際言語文化研究科 日本言語文化専攻、5-16頁、2003年3月31日。 NAID 120000974821。
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