2017/12/25

[Who Is ?] 정현백 여성가족부 장관

[Who Is ?] 정현백 여성가족부 장관
[Who Is ?] 정현백 여성가족부 장관

이한재 기자 piekielny@businesspost.co.kr | 입력 : 2017-06-28 08:48:10

▲ 정현백 여성가족부장관 후보자.
◆ 생애

정현백은 문재인 정부의 첫 여성가족부 장관이다. 학자와 활동가로서 한국사회의 성평등과 노동, 통일분야에서 왕성하게 연구하고 활동해왔다.

1953년 4월9일 부산에서 태어나 서울대 사회교육과를 졸업하고 같은 대학교 대학원에서 서양사 석사학위를 받았다. 독일 보훔대학교에서 역사학 박사학위를 받은 뒤 성균관대학교 사학과 교수로 일하고 있다.

한국여성연구소 공동대표, 역사교육연구회장, 한국여성사학회장을 역임하며 학계에서 양성평등, 정치개혁, 남북화해협력, 노동정의실현 등을 위한 연구활동에 힘쓰고 있다.

평화를 만드는 여성회, 한국여성단체연합, 참여연대 등 여러 시민단체에서 활동하며 우리사회의 현안에 목소리를 내 왔다.

여성부 정책자문위원과 통일부 정책자문위원, 여성부 차별개선위원회 위원, 서울시 성평등위원회 공동위원장 등 중앙정부와 지방정부의 주요 자문위원으로 위촉돼 여성문제의 국가정책적 해결방안을 모색했다.

한국사회의 여성과 가족문제를 노동문제와 맞물린 사회적 약자 차별해소라는 관점에서 접근할 것으로 전망된다.

일본군 위안부문제에도 적극적으로 나서 피해자의 명예회복을 모색하리라는 기대를 받고 있다.

◆ 활동의 공과

△여성가족부 장관 내정
2017년 6월13일 문재인 정부의 첫 여성가족부 장관으로 내정됐다.

문재인 대통령은 국회에 제출한 인사청문요청안에 “정현백은 국민의 행복과 안전, 지속가능하고 활기찬 대한민국을 만들기 위해 성평등을 우리사회 핵심가치로 정착시키고 사회적 약자의 차별을 해소하는 한편 실질적인 성평등 실현을 위해 우리사회의 미래비전을 제시할 여성가족부 장관의 역할수행에 더 없는 적임자로 판단돼 인사청문을 요청한다”고 적었다.

문 대통령은 “급변하는 사회환경에 효과적으로 대응해 여성이 마음 놓고 일할 수 있는 여건을 만들고 청소년이 안전하고 건강하게 성장할 수 있도록 있도록 지원을 강화하는 한편 일본군 ‘위안부’ 피해자의 명예회복을 위한 다양한 정책현안도 차질 없이 해결할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다”고 덧붙였다.

정현백은 청와대의 내정발표 뒤 “성평등 실현의지가 어느 정부보다 확고한 새 정부에서 첫 여성가족부 장관 후보로 지명돼 막중한 책임감을 느낀다”며 “성평등은 지속가능한 대한민국을 위해 더이상 뒤로 둘 수 없는 핵심가치”라고 밝혔다.

△참여연대 대표시절
2010년 3월부터 2016년 3월까지 6년 동안 참여연대 공동대표로 활동하며 사회의 다양한 문제들에 목소리를 냈다.

참여연대는 1994년 시민들의 자발적인 참여로 권력을 감시하기 위해 설립된 비영리민간단체로 박원순 서울시장, 조희연 서울시교육감 등이 대표적인 참여연대 출신인사다.

정현백은 참여연대 대표로 활동하며 남북공동선언 이행, 밀양송전탑 건설, 국정원 대선개입, 철도 민영화 관련 파업, 삼척시 신규원전 유치, 쌍용차 해고노동자들 복직, 일본 위안부 합의, 제주 해군기지, 역사 국정교과서 등 이명박 정부와 박근혜 정부에서 논란이 됐던 굵직한 문제들과 관련해 적극적으로 의견을 냈다.

2015년에는 강정생명평화대행진에 참석해 “지난 3천 일 동안 제주도지사가 3번이나 바뀌었지만 누구도 진실과 정의를 바로 세우려 하지 않았다”며 제주해군기지 문제해결에 적극적으로 나설 것을 촉구했다.

같은 해 경기도 평택의 쌍용자동차 평택공장 굴뚝농성장을 찾아 고공농성중인 노동자들과 연대했고 2014년에는 삼척시 신규원전 유치철회 주민투표를 지지하며 성명을 내기도 했다.

2013년에는 ‘국가기관의 선거개입 진상규명과 민주헌정질서 회복을 위한 각계 연석회의(이하 연석회의)’의 일원으로 국가기관의 대선개입 의혹과 관련해 특검 도입을 촉구하는 ‘국민에게 드리는 글’을 발표한 뒤 “소속, 정견, 종교의 차이에도 불구하고 우리가 모인 이유는 국가기관의 선거개입은 결코 있을 수 없는 일이며 민주주의 근간을 흔드는 사태로 이해하기 때문”이라고 주장하기도 했다.

참여연대 외에도 평화를 만드는 여성회, 한국여성단체연합, 사단법인 한국여성연구소, 사단법인 시민 등의 시민단체에서도 활동하며 사회문제에 지속적으로 힘을 보탰다.

▲ 정현백 당시 참여연대 공동대표가 2010년 11월12일 서울 정동 민주노총 대회의실에서 열린 G20대응민중행동 주최 ‘G20 서울정상회의 합의문에 대한 입장발표와 G20 대응활동결산’ 기자회견에서 입장을 밝히고 있다. <뉴시스>

△여성, 통일, 평화운동
1989년 한국여성연구회(현 한국여성연구소) 공동대표, 1997년 평화를 만드는 여성회공동대표, 2001년 여성부 정책자문위원, 2001년 통일부 정책자문위원, 2002년 한국여성단체연합 상임대표 및 공동대표, 2003년 여성부 차별개선위원회 위원, 2005년 통일부 통일정책 평가위원, 2006년 남북교류협력추진협의회 위원, 2008년 한국여성연구소 이사장, 2008년 한국여성사학회장 등을 역임하며 여성문제와 통일문제를 놓고 활발한 활동을 했다.

1991년 미국 샌프란시스코에서 남북 학자가 만나 한반도의 통일문제를 논의한 ‘한반도 평화적통일의 전망’ 세미나에서 한국 대표로 참석해 주제발표를 하는 등 1990년대 초반부터 남북문제에 관심을 갖고 수차례 북한을 직접 방문하는 등 남북의 평화적 협력을 위해 노력했다.

남북 여성만남의 정례화를 위해 노력했고 특히 2007년 10·4 남북정상회담 당시 자문위원단으로 활동하다 여성분야 특별수행원으로 선발돼 한국 여성계의 바람을 북한 여성계에 전달하기도 했다.

2007년 9월 남북정상회담 특별수행원으로 참석하면서는 한반도 평화에 여성의 참여가 필요하다며 남북여성들의 만남을 정례화할 것을 제안했다. 앞서 2002년에는 김대중 정부의 평화·통일정책을 평가하고 여성의 평화통일 운동을 돌아보는 전문가 토론회에서 여성들이 참여하는 평화운동의 대중화와 국제연대 강화의 필요성 등을 주장했다.

호주제 폐지와 이라크 파병반대 등에서도 목소리를 높였다.

◆ 비전과 과제

일본군 위안부문제 해결이 주요 과제 가운데 하나다. 정현백은 여성가족부 장관에 임명되면 위안부 문제해결에 주력할 것으로 보인다.

정현백은 시민단체에서 활동하며 일본군 위안부 피해자와 함께 하는 수요집회에 참여하고 한국정신대문제대책협의회(정대협)의 활동을 적극 지원하는 등 위안부 문제에 많은 관심을 기울였다.

참여연대 공동대표 시절이던 2015년 4월29일 아베 신조 일본 총리가 미국을 찾아 미 의회 상하원 합동연설을 앞두고 서울 종로구 중학동 주한 일본대사관 앞에서 열린 수요집회에 참여해 ”과거사 반성 없이 패전국의 위치를 벗어나려는 일본의 모습에 슬픔을 느낀다”며 “일본의 반성과 사과가 반드시 선행돼야 한다”고 주장하기도 했다.

위안부 합의의 주무부처는 외교부지만 여성가족부 역시 위안부 문제와 관련해 외교적 사안을 제외한 피해자 관련 업무 등 국내의 대부분의 업무를 담당하는 만큼 여성가족부의 역할이 중요하다.

정현백은 여성가족부 장관에 내정된 뒤 여러 언론사와 전화인터뷰 등을 통해 “한일 위안부 합의를 반대하는 피해자들의 입장을 고려해야 한다”며 피해자들의 입장에서 역사왜곡을 바로잡는 일이 필요하다는 입장을 밝혔다.

하지만 재협상 등 구체적 방안과 관련해 “외교는 상대방이 있어 단정할 수 없다”며 “형식과 관련해 모든 가능성을 열고 여러 방안을 논의해야 한다”고 말했다.

가장 임박한 과제는 2017년 7월4일로 예정된 국회 여성가족위원회의 인사청문회 통과다.

국민의당, 자유한국당 등 야당은 청와대가 여성가족부 장관으로 정현백을 내정했을 때 부정적인 논평을 냈다.

2007년 ‘시민의신문’ 이사로 재직할 당시 시민의신문 사장의 성폭력 사건을 놓고 ‘그 비판은 여성단체연합이나 성폭력상담소가 할 것이고 나는 이사니까 다른 것이 중요하다’라는 말을 해 성폭력상담소의 반발을 샀던 이력이 논란으로 떠오르고 있다. 야당들은 여성문제에 전문적 식견을 지니고 있는 것이 맞는지 의심스럽다는 입장을 보이고 있다.

천안함 사건에 대한 정현백의 입장도 문제가 될 수 있다.

정현백은 2010년 참여연대 공동대표 시절 미국 의회에서 열린 한반도평화포럼에 참석해 “이명박 정부는 지방선거를 불과 8일 앞두고 전쟁기념관이라는 상징적인 공간에서 천안함 사건의 원인을 북한의 공격으로 규정하는 발표를 감행했다”며 “천안함 사건은 논쟁이 진행중인 사안”이라고 말했는데 '북한 편들기'라는 논란거리를 이번 청문회에 제공하고 있다.

청문회에서는 시민단체 활동 당시 성추행 합의사건과 천안함 사건과 관련한 입장이 집중적으로 다뤄질 것으로 보인다.

하지만 다른 장관 후보자들보다 공격포인트가 적다는 점, 여성장관 후보자라는 점 등에서 상대적으로 무난하게 청문회가 통과될 것으로 예상된다. 박지원 국민의당 전 대표는 6월26일 MBC라디오 ‘신동호의 시선집중’과 통화에서 “지금 청문회를 기다리고 있는 분들은 정현백 여성가족부 장관 빼고는 모두 흠결이 있다”고 말하기도 했다.

▲ 정현백 당시 참여연대 공동대표가 2015년 5월12일 서울 종로구 원자력안전위원회 앞에서 열린 '6.13 탈핵시민행동의 날 제안 기자회견'에서 월성1호기, 고리1호기 폐쇄 및 영덕, 삼척 신규원전 백지화 촉구 발언을 하고 있다. <뉴시스>

◆ 평가

학계와 시민사회 양쪽에서 활발히 활동하며 현장의 목소리에 지속적으로 귀 기울인 현실참여형 학자라고 평가된다.

문재인 대통령은 그를 두고 소명의식이 확고하며 소통하는 리더십을 지녔다고 말했다. 소탈하고 친화력이 있으며 봉사자세도 뛰어나다고 평했다.

미혼이다. 노모를 모시고 사는 것으로 알려졌다.

◆ 사건/사고

△이명박 정부 당시 시국선언
2009년 6월 이명박 정부 당시 사상·표현·집회의 자유 억압중지, 언론장악 계획포기, 경제위기 어려움에 빠진 서민·노동자·철거민의 목소리에 귀기울일 것을 요구하며 성균관대학교 교수들의 시국선언을 이끌었다.

2008년 이명박 대통령 당선 시절부터 ‘한반도 대운하를 반대하는 전국 교수 모임’에 참여하는 등 이명박 정권 내내 정부정책에 문제를 제기하는 목소리를 높였다. 2008년 3월 결성된 당시 교수모임에는 전국 115개 대학 2466명의 교수가 참여해 1987년 민주화운동 이후 최대규모 지식인 집단행동으로 기록됐다.

△한명숙 총리 후보자 증인
2006년 4월18일 한명숙 당시 총리 후보자의 인사청문회에 증인으로 참석해 한 후보자의 리더십과 관련해 증언했다.

정현백은 “한 후보자와 한국여성단체연합에서 함께 활동했다”며 “1987년 전국에 최루탄과 돌이 난무할 때 여성들은 붉은 카네이션을 들고 나가 평화적 시위를 호소한 적이 있는데 한 후보자도 선두에 섰다”고 말했다.

한 전 총리는 1993년부터 1996년까지, 정현백은 2002년부터 2007년까지 한국여성단체연합 대표를 지냈다. 한 전 총리는 2001년 초대 여성부 장관을 지냈는데 노무현 정부 출범 당시 정현백은 여성부 장관 하마평에 오르기도 했다.

△열린우리당 공천심사위원 사퇴
2003년 12월 열린우리당은 국회의원 등 공직후보자 자격심사위원에 정현백, 황석영 작가, 함세웅 신부 등을 사회저명인사 10명을 위촉했다.

하지만 위원으로 위촉된 지 채 2주도 지나지 않아 대부분 위원들이 정치적 부담을 느껴 심사위원에서 사퇴했다. 황석영 작가가 12월 말 가장 먼저 “작가가 현실정치에 직접 참여하는 건 바람직하지 않다”며 고사하자 위원들의 사퇴가 이어졌다.

정현백은 당시 문화일보와 전화통화에서 “여성단체는 정치참여 입장을, 시민단체는 엄격한 정치중립을 고수하고 있어 오해가 생길 수 있다”며 여성단체와 시민단체 간의 상반된 입장을 사퇴이유로 들었다.

그는 “위원직을 수락하고 보니 곳곳에서 ‘당신, 열린우리당 지지하느냐, 당원 가입했느냐’ 등의 질문이 쏟아져 견디기가 힘들었다”며 한국정치문화의 어려움을 토로하기도 했다.

◆ 경력

1984년 경기대학교 사학과 조교수로 임용됐다.

1986년 성균관대학교 문과대학 사학과 교수로 임용됐다. 30년 넘게 재직중이다.

1989년 10월부터 1999년 4월까지 한국여성연구회(현 한국여성연구소) 공동대표를 맡았다.

1997년부터 '평화를 만드는 여성회'에서 활동하고 있다.

김대중 정부와 노무현 정부에서 경찰청 결창위원, 여성부 정책자문위원, 통일부 정책자문위원, 여성부 차별개선위원회 위원, 통일부 통일정책 평가위원, 남북교류협력추진협의회 위원 등을 역임하며 여성과 통일문제와 관련한 정책수립에 기여했다.

2016년 3월부터 서울시 성평등위원회 공동위원장으로 활동하고 있다.

2002년부터 2008년까지 한국여성단체연합 상임대표 및 공동대표, 2004년부터 2006년까지 역사교육연구회장, 2008년부터 2010년까지 한국여성사학회장, 2009년 수선사학회장, 2010년부터 2016년까지 참여연대 공동대표 등을 맡았다.

2003년 노무현 정부의 인수위원회 정무분과 자문위원으로 활동하며 여성부 장관 하마평에 오르기도 했다.

2008년부터 사단법인 한국여성연구소 이사장, 2016년부터 사단법인 시민 이사장을 맡고 있다.

◆ 학력

이화여자고등학교를 졸업했다.

1975년 서울대학교 사범대학 사회교육과(역사전공) 졸업했다.

1979년 서울대학교 대학원에서 서양사학 석사학위를 받았다.

1984년 독일 보훔대학교 대학원에서 역사학 박사학위를 받았다.

◆ 가족관계

미혼으로 노모를 모시고 살고 있다고 한다.

◆ 상훈

2005년 여성부 차별개선위원회 위원으로 활동하며 성평등에 기여한 점을 평가 받아 국민훈장목련장을 받았다.

◆ 기타

2017년 6월 여성가족부 장관에 내정된 뒤 보유재산으로 서울 영등포구 여의도동 오피스텔 1억1160만 원, 예금 6억216만 원, 채권 7억5천만 원, 2004년식 SM3승용차 170만 원, 여의도동 오피스텔 임대채무 1천만 원 등 14억5545만원, 모친명의의 서울 서초구 아파트 6억5900만 원 등 20억8896만 원을 신고했다. ‘민족주의와 역사교육’ 등 저서 21권의 지적재산권도 신고했다.

저서로 ‘민족주의와 역사교육’ ‘노동운동과 노동자문화’ ‘글로벌시대에 읽는 한국여성사’ ‘처음 읽는 여성의 역사’ ‘여성사 다시 쓰기’ ‘민족과 페미니즘’ ‘서양의 가족과 성’ ‘주거 유토피아를 꿈꾸는 사람들’ 등이 있다.

▲ 2007남북정상회담 특별수행원들이 2007년 10월3일 노무현대통령이 주최한 평양 옥류관 오찬을 마치고 대동강을 배경으로 기념사진을 찍고 있다. (왼쪽부터) 이상열 민주당 정책위의장, 권홍사 대한건설협회장, 김승유 하나금융지주회장, 백낙청 6.15 공동선언실천 남측위 상임대표, 도올 김용옥 교수, 정현백, 문정인 연세대 교수, 최태원 SK회장.

◆ 어록

“한일 위안부 합의는 기본적으로 잘못됐다고 생각한다. 2015년 12월 이뤄진 한·일 간 위안부 합의는 피해 당사자, 관련 여성단체들의 의견과 입장이 반영되지 않았기 때문에 후속조치가 필요하다고 생각한다.” (2017/06/15 중앙일보와 전화인터뷰에서)

“최근 서울대를 비롯해 대부분의 대학 교수들은 역사 교과서 국정화에 반대하는 의견을 내고 있다. 이런 상황에서 교육부가 국정화를 강행한다고 해도 오류 없이 제대로 역사를 서술할 양질의 집필진을 섭외하기가 쉽지 않을 것이다.” (2015/09/10 한국사 교과서 국정화에 반대하는 성명을 내며)

“5·18과 노무현 대통령의 죽음, 세월호 참사와 진실규명을 위한 지난한 투쟁을 기억해야 한다. 이명박 정부와 박근혜 정부 들어 후퇴한 민주주의를 회복하려면 이런 슬픈 역사를 기억하고 미래를 말해야한다.” (2015/05/17 노무현 전 대통령 서거 6주기를 앞두고 서울광장에서 열린 ‘5월 민주주의 시민축제 그대에게’에서)

“민영화 우려가 큰 가운데 철도노조가 문제제기를 했고 공론의 장으로 끌어들여 민영화라는 파국으로 치닫지 않게 제동을 걸었다는 점을 높이 평가한다. 새 정부에서 중요하게 생각해야 할 노동문제와 관련해 국민적 관심을 환기시켰다는 점도 이 파업이 국내 노사문제에 미친 영향이라고 본다.” (2013/12/31 철도노조의 장기간 파업 뒤 동아일보와 인터뷰에서)

“독일에서도 나치의 과거청산과 관련해 비슷한 현상이 있었는데 사람들은 자기가 직접 경험하지 않은 시대 문제를 더 객관화해 볼 수 있다. 인터넷 등을 통해 감춰진 과거정보들이 공개돼 2030세대가 박정희 정권에 대해 더 냉철히 평가하는 것으로 볼 수 있다.” (2012/12/26 2030세대가 박정희 정권과 관련한 반감이 상대적으로 심한 이유에 대해 동아일보와 인터뷰에서)

“이명박 정부의 남북대결정책이 공공연히 추진된 지난 4년 동안 평화와 통일의 길은 높은 장벽으로 막혔다. 전쟁위험을 해소하고 평화통일로 가는 열쇠는 남북공동선언의 존중과 이행에 있다.” (2012/08/12 광복 67주년을 맞아 서울광장에서 열린 ‘남북공동선언 이행과 한일정보보호협정 저지를 요구하는 범국민대회’에서)

“유엔 안보리 결의의 정신에 따라 평화 형성과정에 여성의 통찰력과 재능을 사용할 수 있는 기회를 확보해야 한다. 6자회담에 여성의 시각이 반영되도록 동북아관련 다자협상에서 공식협상대표나 워킹크룹 혹은 옵서버로 여성 대표성을 인정하고 6자회담을 뒷받침하는 민간차원 활동에서 여성들의 활동을 지원해야 한다.” (2009/11/05 ‘여성이 바라본 동북아 평화와 남북 사회문화 통합’이라는 주제의 토론회 발표문에서)

“과거 ‘미선이 효순이’ 촛불 집회에는 100만명이 모였지만 이라크전 반전평화 호소에선 2,3천 명도 안 모였고 최근 이스라엘의 가자폭격에 반대하는 집회에도 20,30명밖에 모이지 않았다.” (2009/03/31 사단법인 ‘통일맞이’가 주최한 통일관련 심포지엄에서 국내 평화운동의 척박한 토양을 지적하며)

“여성노동자의 70%가 비정규직이다. 여성의 비정규직화를 막을 수 있는 특단의 방안이 필요하다. 단순히 일자리를 늘린다고 해결되는 문제는 아니다. 일하는 여성을 위해 사회가 돌봄노동을 지원할 수 있도록 보육시설을 국공립화하고 기업에 정부지원을 늘리는 것이 시급하다. 여성문제와 관련한 인식과 문화를 바꾸는 데 정책 결정권자들의 의지가 절대적이다.” (2007/12/19 연합뉴스가 진행한 ‘이명박 당선자에게 바란다’에서)

“남과 북의 출입사무소를 통과하는 데 걸리는 시간을 제외하면 자유로에서 개성공단까지는 채 30분이 걸리지 않았고 개성에서 평양까지를 잇는 평평한 도로를 달리는 데 2시간이 걸리지 않았다. 최초로 육로를 통해 이루어지는 정상회담에 특별수행원으로 방문하는 내가 느낀 최초의 감회는 이렇게 가까운 실제 거리와 우리 마음 속 거리 사이의 간극에서 오는 당황스러움이었다.

그리고 ‘우리가 얼마나 오랫동안 이 거리를 당연한 것으로 생각하고 방치하며 살아왔는가’하는 자책의 심정도 피할 길이 없었다. 어렵기는 하지만 갈 수 없는 길은 아니었다는 자각이 이번 정상회담의 성과를 지켜보면서 드는 생각이었다.” (2007/10/05 남북정상회담의 특별수행원으로 다녀온 뒤 연합뉴스에 기고한 ‘갈 수 없는 길은 아니었다’에서)

“한국 여성의 높은 교육수준에도 불구하고 여전히 여성은 정치, 경제, 사회적 지위에서 하위직에 머물러 있음을 반영하는 수치이다. 이런 현실을 감안한다면, 국회는 헌법재판소장 임명동의안의 신속한 처리를 통해, 보수적인 사법부가 좀더 여성인권 개선에 앞장서도록 견인하는 역할을 해야 하지 않겠는가.” (2006/11/26 경향신문에 기고한 ‘여 헌재소장, 왜 발목잡나’에서)

“독일 통일과정에서 동독여성은 사측의 감원과 정리해고로 서독여성은 동독남성의 노동시장 진입으로 각각 최대의 피해 당사자였다. 이를 보면 통일과정에서 여성의 적극적인 참여가 중요하다.” (2006/10/22 연합뉴스와 인터뷰에서)

“군사적 대결을 부추기거나 전쟁을 유발할 수 있는 모든 시도들에 결연히 맞서야 한다. 6·15공동선언을 실천하는 통일과정에서 여성의 역할을 확대해야 한다.” (2005/09/12 평양에서 열린 ‘6·15공동선언 실천과 반전평화를 위한 남북여성통일연단’ 연설에서)

“역사란 한 마디로 ‘흘러간 과거’다. 중요한 문제는 수많은 흘러간 과거들 가운데 무엇을, 어떻게 기억해야 하는가 하는 것이다. 예를 들어 독재시절에는 광주는 잊어버리라 하고 경제성장만 기억하라고 하지 않았는가. 무엇을 기억할 것인가, 어떻게 기억할 것인가는 국민의 자기정체성을 형성하는 데 중요한 역할을 하고 국민이 얼마나 민주적 의식을 지니느냐와 직접 연관 된다. 일본이 국민에게 역사교과서 왜곡을 통해 자국의 침략을 합리화하는 방식으로 역사를 기억시킨다면 일본은 민주주의 국가가 될 수 없다. 그런 점에서 역사교육은 정말 중요하다.” (2005/04/29 연합뉴스와 인터뷰에서 역사교육의 중요성을 묻는 질문에)

“이제는 한국사회가 ‘지속가능한 성장’에 눈을 돌려야 할 때다. 한국사회는 생태, 평화, 인권을 고려한 인간과 자연이 감당할 수 있을 정도의 성장전략이 필요하다. 웰빙의 이름 아래 ‘소비’에 치중하는 경향이 있는데 진짜 필요한 성장은 타인을 배려하는 내면의 성숙이다.” (2005/01/06 경향신문과 인터뷰에서 대한민국의 내일을 묻는 질문에)

“가난에 몸부림치다 학비를 벌기 위해 이라크에 가서 비참하게 죽은 아들을 둔 어머니의 심정을 생각하며 눈물을 흘렸다.” (2004/06/23 이라크 무장단체에 살해된 김선일씨와 관련해 경향신문과 인터뷰에서)

“의료, 공병, 민생치안 등 다른 대안도 생각해볼 필요가 있다. 미리 결정하기보다는 시간을 두고 절차를 충분히 거쳤으면 한다.” (2003/10/17 노무현 대통령이 시민단체 및 종교계 지도자를 청와대로 초청해 이라크 파병문제와 관련한 의견을 듣는 자리에서)

“여성은 모성과 돌봄의 윤리를 지니고 있기 때문에 평화운동의 적극적인 주체로 나서야 한다. 특히 분단현실과 군사주의문화, 산업화에 따른 사회적 황폐화 등을 극복하기 위해 여성종교인들이 적극 나설 필요가 있다.” (2003/10/03 불교, 천주교, 개신교, 원불교 등 4대종단 여성성직자들이 지리산 노고단에서 연 생명평화를 위한 기도회에 참석해 ‘모성, 지리산, 그리고 평화’ 주제강연에서)

“이제라도 20대는 자신의 열악한 상황이 왜곡된 사회구조에 기인하고 그래서 그 해결은 집단적이어야 한다는 점을 명확히 인식해야 한다. 나아가 자신의 문제를 냉철히 직시하고 청년이 지니는 광범한 정보소통망을 토대로 자신들의 정책적 요구를 과감히 제기하고 선거를 통한 문제해결을 시도해야 할 것이다. 며칠 안 남은 선거에서 20대 청년들이 탈정치화의 오명을 벗고 선거혁명의 주인공이 되기를 바란다.” (2002/12/10 한겨레에 기고한 글 ‘탈정치 세대여! 저항하라’에서)

“6·15 선언의 실천을 위해 생활공간에서 평화운동을 적극 전개하자.” (2002/10/16 북한 금강산 김정숙휴양소에서 열린 ‘6·15 공동선언 실천과 평화를 위한 남북여성통일대회’에서)

Worm Juice

Worm Juice
“A worm will eat all that once was living and convert it to a rich SOIL & PLANT CONDITIONER” WHAT IS WORM JUICE?
A COMPLETE PLANT FOOD ON ITS OWN OR AS A SUPPLEMENT TO OTHER FERTILISERS
Worm Juice is a by-product of nature in liquid form, WORM JUICE is rich in good nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the key is the 100,000CFU/ml bacteria plus ready available liquid minerals and trace elements for immediate plant uptake.

WHAT MAKES WORM JUICE WORK?
Worm Juice provides a wealth of nutrients and minerals (over 60 different elements providing many of the requirements of your plants). It is the enzyme in the worm’s digestive systems that allows all the nutrients and trace elements to become water soluble, therefore readily available for plant life.

WHAT WORM JUICE IS NOT!!!!
Worm Juice is not a NPK fertiliser. Whilst it contains some Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium it’s major strength lays in it biological activity and complex range of other nutrients and minerals. Plants need more than NPK to grow well and we suggest you maintain your normal fertiliser program initially. However, once you have been applying Worm Juice for a while you will be able to reduce your fertiliser application as the soils natural processes will have re-established and the plants will be sourcing the Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium that was previously locked up in your soil. Remember, the value of Worm Juice is in the millions of beneficial bacteria that starts work in your soil and on your plants as soon as it is applied.

HOW IS WORM JUICE APPLIED?
WORM JUICE can be applied at any time in wet or dry conditions, is safe and easy to use. If possible, avoid application during the midday heat. It is applied through a boom or any spray equipment. WORM JUICE can be used in trickle and spray irrigation systems. WORM JUICE can be applied on it's own and farmers have reported using it as plant food/wetter combined with herbicides and insecticides (with very good results). Also very effective as a seed dress for all types of seeds, WORM JUICE promotes germination.

WHY DOES PRE SOWING APPLICATION OF WORM JUICE HELP?
WORM JUICE stimulates the microbial activity in the soil, giving a healthy environment for the crop or pasture to be sown. Bacteria and microbes help in the uptake of nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, free of charge. The increased microbial activity in the soil aids the release of "locked up" nitrogen and other nutrients, thus helping the development of a vigorous root system in your crop.

WHY DOES SEED DRESSING HELP?
WORM JUICE coats the seed with nitrogen and bacteria, giving the seed a kick-start when germinating. WHY DOES FOLIAR SPRAYING WITH WORM JUICE HELP?
WORM JUICE applied at the "early tillering" & "boot" stages helps to top up the crop with readily available nitrogen and trace elements. When applying WORM JUICE as a foliar spray the loss of valuable "N" from the foliar application to the atmosphere & leaching is virtually non-existent. Natural growth factors are taken up by plant tissue within a short time after application. These compounds have a significant impact on plant health. They encourage cell division and strengthen the natural defence mechanism against fungal disease. It stimulates flowering and fruit set and improves the

HOW IS WORM JUICE MIXED AND AT WHAT RATES?
For Home Garden use:
PLANT FOOD: Stir 100mls. of WORM JUICE into a container holding 1ltrs. of water and apply around
base of plant. Repeat in about 6 weeks and again in about 3 months for maximum effect.

SOIL & FOLIAGE ACTIVATOR: Stir 100mls. of WORM JUICE into a container holding 5ltrs. of water and
apply to plant foliage or around base of plant. Repeat in about 6 weeks and again in about 3 months for
maximum effect.

For Broad Acre use:
WORM JUICE can be used from 5 litres to 40 litres per hectare depending on requirements. It's preferred
to use 80 litres of water in your boom per hectare for better coverage, but this can be reduced if
necessary, e.g. 40 litres of water per hectare when aerial spraying. As a seed dress WORM JUICE can
be mixed at 15 parts water to 1 part WORM JUICE and applied at 1 litre of mixture to 20kg of seed.

APPLICATION RATES TO GROW A HIGH YIELDING & HIGH PROTEIN CROP?
1. Use 10 litres per hectare of WORM JUICE with your pre-emergent spray.
2. Seed dress with WORM JUICE 1:15 mixture. (3.3mls WORM JUICE per kg seed)
3. Use your current fertilizer program (if applicable) when sowing.
4. If required use WORM JUICE at 5 to 10 litres per ha. with post emergent spray or simply as a top up.
WHAT IS OUR SUGGESTION FOR PASTURE?
1. Apply 10 lts per hectare of WORM JUICE
2. Apply an additional 5 lts per hectare after 6 weeks.
The benefits of using WORM JUICE liquid plant food, is
(a) that the major/secondary/and trace elements are immediately available because of their dissolved
state &
(b) WORM JUICE's high bacteria count, upon application, immediately inoculates the soil, kick
starting microbial activity helping to break down organic matter much quicker. Thus increasing plant
growth, soil aeration, moisture absorption, and a healthier soil.
A typical WORM JUICE sample analysed

Healthy bacteria
Phosphorus(P)
Sulphate
Nitrogen(N)
Potassium(K)
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Iron
Boron
100,000 CFU/ml
64 mg/L
21 mg/L
940 mg/L
82 mg/L
62 mg/L
150 mg/L
120 mg/L
276 ug/L
105 ug/L
.26 mg/L
1.5 mg/L
.41 mg/L

CONSUMER INFORMATION: Do not inhale. Wear rubber gloves. Do not use any container for storage of food or drink for
human consumption if this product has been in that container. Wash hands after using this product.

How to Make Worm Castings Tea: 10 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow

How to Make Worm Castings Tea

Worm tea may not sound too appetizing but your plants will really love it. You can buy this amazing fertilizer from a number of online sites but if you have a worm bin, you can make your own. Worm tea lets you fertilize without adding bulk to your soil and water your garden with something really "nutritious" for your plants. Your garden will practically jump up and shout "Hallelujah!" when fertilized with worm castings tea, and you will be amazed at the growth and flowering that results.

Ingredients

2 cups of well composted worm castings (no large scraps, preferably sifted)
2 tablespoons of corn syrup or unsulphured molasses
Water which has been left to stand overnight or rainwater.

Steps

1
Fill a 5-gallon bucket with water. Either use rainwater or let the water stand so the chlorine can evaporate out. You don't want to kill the beneficial micro-organisms, which is the point of municipal chlorine. Using a bubbler will speed up the release of Cl- ions from the water, cutting down the time the water needs to stand.
2
Add the corn syrup or molasses to the water. This will serve as food for the micro-organisms. It helps to dissolve the molasses in a small volume (like half a cup) of hot water before adding it to the bucket. This prevents potential obstruction of your air bubblers.
3
Place castings in the bucket by either:
- putting the castings into a thin mesh "teabag" of pantyhose or a similarly sheer sock and knotting the end. The knotted end of the bag can be hung down and submerged so the tea bag is situated above the rising bubbles. Some simply dump the teabag in.
- putting the castings directly in the bucket (with no tea bag) if you plan to use a watering can anyway, otherwise, straining through cheesecloth or mesh may be necessary when using backpack-type sprayer with nozzles that could clog easily with debris and detritus.
4
Realize the grade or particle sizes of your choice of castings (determined by source and packaging process) play a role in making this choice. Casting particles in sizes larger than marbles, or even bark mulch. Others are finely ground castings, smaller than ball bearings. The difference in total surface area exposed to water is much larger for the finely ground which has more exposure to the aerated water.
5
Put the worm castings in directly into the bucket. Some people say put the castings in an old sock or stocking hose that has no holes and tie the opening closed. This does not allow the castings to exchange into the water freely and slows the growth of the micro critters. Both ways give satisfactory results with the castings right in the water. Also, slime mould formations which are micro critter super colonies, may form. This shows the intense populations of tea made this way. You can use a plastic watering can without the strainer on the end and apply the tea in total - castings and all.
6
Use a bubbler like an aquarium pump and air stone if you have one. Place it in the the bucket and hold the air stone to the bottom with a rock. Plug in the bubbler so the the water is aerated.
7
Let water and castings bubble (or at least soak) for 24 hours. If you don't have a bubbler, consider stirring occasionally- don't worry you cannot hurt the micro critters (microbes) by stirring. The air stone at the bottom of the bucket will cause the tea to be in constant mix - this is the best way to get a high yield tea.
8
To produce high yield tea, conditions should be desirable for the microbes to proliferate, multiplying exponentially. The microorganisms from the digestive system of the worm are extruded in their castings. These aerobic (oxygen-dependent) microbes are "good" microbes for plants (nature's way). Bad microbes are typically anaerobic (oxygen kills them) and many give off offensive odors as they release byproducts of metabolism like hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell). Aerating the tea improves conditions (agitation, circulation, aeration) for the good microbes, which enhance (survival, reproduction, growth). Aeration helps suppress the presence or growth of bad "bugs" that will compete against the good ones. Use of a bubbler helps along dissolution of the molasses food as well; it dissolves and diffuses more rapidly. Some instructions for tea setups without a bubbler recommend up to three days of brewing.
9
Use within 48 hours. Exponential populations in limited spaces eventually peak and then plunge with massive population loss. We want the tea to be biologically active, alive, with good microbes like Bacillus subtilis. To avoid losing the beneficial microorganisms you created, use the worm compost tea as soon as possible.
10
Refrigerate (in a sealed, labeled container) for up to 3 days. Non-pleasing odors from the tea after initial brewing or prolonged refrigeration may signal a low quality brew which should probably be dumped. This could be added to a composter or wormery to prevent waste.

Community Q&A
New! Make a stranger's day. Answer a question.

Is it beneficial to plants?
wikiHow Contributor
Yes. I have had success that surpasses "fake nutrients" or chemical fertilizers. For a science project, my 6th grader son compared regular soil for planting 30 violas to 30 viola plants planted in the same top soil with liquid fertilizer bought at a 'garden' store to worm casting tea with the same top soil and 30 more violas. The 30 violas with the worm casting tea had 80% more flowers and were an inch to a 1/2 inch larger.
Not Helpful 2 Helpful 11
I'm wondering about using worm tea as a fertilizer for hydroponics. If I just want the nutrients from the tea and not the microbes, can it be sterilized and retain good nutrient levels?
wikiHow Contributor
There is almost no macro nutrient content to worm casting tea. For hydro gardening you'll need to add nutrients from another source. Worm casting tea adds microbes to the soil or solution, which helps break down the soil, making the nutrients readily available to the plants.
Not Helpful 4 Helpful 14
How much water should I add to my five gallons of worm tea to spray one acre?
wikiHow Contributor
None - use it pure. You don't want to dilute because the more microbes that reach each leaf, the better the result.
Not Helpful 1 Helpful 4
Is this good for pecan trees?
wikiHow Contributor
Yes. Aerated VermiCompost Tea (AVCT) is beneficial to all plant life.
Not Helpful 0 Helpful 0

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Tips

If using an old sock, it may need washing. "Bad," anaerobic microbes may be present (such as those which produce bad foot odor).
If making tea mid season, sources of phosphorus, like bat guano can be added to boost flowering and fruiting if worm cast tea will be a main source of feeding your soil.
Some people recommend adding epsom salts (magnesium sulfate and calcium) at 1 tsp to 1 Tbsp per gallon, which can help soften up rigid soil.
For the same reason, you should always use water that is chlorine free. rainwater is best but you can also let the water in the bucket stand overnight and the chlorine will dissipate.
Castings tea must be "brewed" (allowed to set or "steep") as directed above to be most effective. By steeping the castings and aerating the mixture you encourage the growth of micro-organisms which are beneficial to plants.

Warnings

Worm tea is extremely poisonous to cats and apparently somewhat desirable - do not leave out uncovered
Juice that drips from the bottom of the worm bin is "leachate" and most likely full of unhealthy anaerobic bacteria (hence the horrible smell). It is not worm tea!
Remember that water and electricity don't mix well. Dry your hands before you plug in anything.
Worm tea is not for human or animal ingestion -- just give it to your garden!

Things You'll Need

5 gallon (18.9 L) bucket
Aquarium pump, airline, and bubbler stone (optional)

Nature's Footprint – Leachate vs. Worm Compost Tea

Nature's Footprint – Leachate vs. Worm Compost Tea

Leachate vs. Worm Compost Tea
Keeping the distinction between these terms is actually quite important.
Definitions

Leachate – The liquid run off (or seepage) that settles in or below the vermicompost or worm castings. Check for accumulated leachate in your vermicomposter frequently (when you feed, or weekly).

Worm tea – The end result of suspending worm castings in highly oxygenated water (brewing).

Leachate
Leachate can contain phytotoxins (toxins that can harm plants and humans). Some of these toxins are created by bacteria. Every worm bin has good and bad microbes. This is ok of course, as long as the good ones outnumber the bad ones. Some leachate can contain harmful pathogens because it has not been processed through the worms intestinal tract. It should not be used on edible garden plants.

During decomposition, waste releases liquid from the cell structure. This liquid or leachate seeps down through the worm composter into the collection area. The leachate should be drained regularly and if you are getting more than 2-4 ounces of liquid in a week, the composter is probably too wet! We recommend leaving your spigot open with a container underneath to catch the leachate to avoid having it build up in your system. Just keep an eye on it to make sure your container doesn’t overflow!

While leachate can have value as a liquid fertilizer it should be treated with caution. For every story extolling the benefits of using leachate there is one lamenting the problems from having used it. If you decide you want to use the leachate we recommend taking some extra steps.

1. DO NOT use it if it smells bad! Pour it out on an area where it cannot harm living plants like a roadway or driveway.
2. Dilute it ten parts water to one part leachate (10:1)
3. Aerate it with an air pump if available.
4. Use it outdoors on shrubs, ornamentals or flowering plants only. DO NOT use on plants you intend to eat.

-----------------

Worm Tea

Worm compost tea is known mostly for its ability to boost microbiological activity in soil by adding bacteria, fungi, acinomycetes, and protozoa to the soil. It is brewed by either soaking a porous bag full of worm castings in water or simply dumping the castings into a container of clean chemical free water. Molasses (a food source) is then added to the water as a catalyst to stimulate growth of the microbes. Then last, an air pumping system is installed to increase an aerobic (oxygenated) environment for the inoculation of the microorganisms.

Worm tea is beneficial in so many ways. The microbes delivered in worm tea help plants by out-competing anaerobic and other pathogenic organisms and by occupying infection sites on plants’ root and leaf surfaces.

The purpose behind creating worm tea is to speed up the growth rate of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes, and to multiply their numbers exponentially. One reason for applying the tea to your plants is that it is absorbed more rapidly by the plant than castings, which are released over time.

When you spray or pour the tea on the soil not only are you feeding the plant, but you increase the number of beneficial microbes in the soil, thus crowding out the bad. It has been proven that the tea, along with the castings, can significantly increase plant growth, as well as crop yields, in the short term (a season) and especially the long term over a period of seasons.

Along with these great benefits come a boost in the plant’s own immune system to be able to resist parasites like the infamous aphid, tomato cyst eelworm, and root knot nematodes. Plants produce certain hormones (like the jasmonic hormone) that insects find distasteful so they are repelled. Worm tea also helps a plant to resist diseases such as Pythium and Rhizoctonia.

When worm tea is sprayed on leaves and foliage, the bad disease-causing microbes are again outnumbered and cannot populate to the levels of taking over a single plant. The tea also aids the plant in creating the “cuticle”, a waxy layer on top of the epidermis, or plant skin. This waxy surface protects the leaves from severe elements and reduces attacks by certain harmful microorganisms and insects.

Making an organic compost tea involves several important steps

1) choosing the right compost,

2) choosing the right nutrients and

3) brewing and applying tea correctly.

Our instructions here are only meant to give you some background to tea making.

The compost used in making tea is like the starter you use in making yoghurt, or bread. The compost inoculates the tea with organisms. Thus, you want the compost you begin with to have a good diversity of beneficial organisms!

Plants differ in their soil preferences. Some need a bacterial-dominated soil, others want a fungal-dominated soil, and still others like a soil that’s somewhere in between.

To make an organic compost with more fungi,

mix in larger amounts of cardboard, paper, sawdust, wood shavings and heavy stalk plant material as you prepare the compost.

For bacterial dominance,

use food waste and green plant waste.

Whatever compost you use, be sure it is finished, well-stabilized compost, and that it’s fairly fresh.
Always use only dechlorinated water, rainwater, pond or distilled water.

Brewing nutrients also influence the finished tea.

To encourage the development of fungi in the tea,

mix two parts humic acids,
two parts yucca, saponin or aloe vera and
one part fish hydrolyzate or other proteins

into the water.

For bacterial dominance,

you’ll feed one liquid ounce black strap molasses per gallon of tea and and an equal amount of cold-water kelp.

For the molasses, you can also substitute brown sugar, honey or maple syrup if you like.

2017/12/21

Korean natural farming - Wikipedia

Korean natural farming - Wikipedia

Korean natural farming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Korean Natural Farming (KNF) takes advantage of indigenous microorganisms (IMO) (bacteria, fungi, nematodes and protozoa) to produce fertile soils that yield high output without the use of herbicides or pesticides.[1] A result is improvement in soil health, improving loaminess, tilth and structure, and attracting large numbers of earthworms. KNF also enables odor-free hog and poultry farming without the need to dispose of effluent. This practice has spread to over 30 countries, and is used by individuals and commercial farms.[2]

Contents [hide]
1History
2Principles
3Effective microorganisms
4Indigenous microorganisms
4.1Soil nutrient cycling
4.2Bacteria
4.3Mycorrhizae
4.4Nematodes
5Stages of plant development
5.1Vegetative growth
5.2Flowering/reproduction
5.3Fruiting
6Amendments
6.1Fermented items
6.2Minerals
6.3Soil
7Applications
7.1Soil enrichment
7.2Foliar feeding
7.3Animal husbandry
7.4Composting
7.5Pest management
7.6Insect Attractants
7.7Soap water and hot pepper water
8Experience
8.1United States
8.2South Korea
8.3Mongolia
8.4China
9See also
10Sources
11References
12External links
History[edit]

Cho Han Kyu, or Cho Han-kyu, born in 1935 in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, Korea, invented the Korean Natural Farming method. Cho completed high school education at the age of twenty-nine, while he worked on his family's farm. In 1965, he went to Japan as an agriculture research student for three years, and studied the natural farming method of three teachers: Miyozo Yamagishi (Japanese: 山岸巳代蔵), Kinshi Shibata (柴田欣志) and Yasushi Oinoue (大井上康). [3]

Upon his return to Korea, Cho combined his newly acquired knowledge with the Korean traditional farming method and fermentation methods, used in such Korean food such as Kimchi, and gradually invented what we now call Korean Natural Farming, putting it into practice by setting up a "Labor-Saving Abundant Harvesting Study Group" in 1966. As he gained more practice, he opened the Natural Farming Life School and Research Farm in Goesan County, North Chungcheong Province, in 1995. [4]

Cho's international activities had started early by means of his contribution to the magazines and seminars aboroad. From 1992, he contributed 21-part articles in the "Modern Agriculture" magazine (Japanese: 現代農業) published in Japan, and, in 1995, held a large-scale one-week seminar in Japan foｒ the leaders of the all-powerful Central Association of the Agriculrural Cooperatives of Japan (農業協同組合中央会). Cho, together with his son, Cho Yongsang, has since held seminars in various countries of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe. [5] [6] As of 2014, they have trained over 18,000 people at the Janong Natural Farming Institute. Hoon Park brought KNF to Hawaii from South Korea where, as a missionary, he noticed KNF commercial piggerieswith virtually no odor.[2]

In 2008, he renamed his natural farming school and lab to "Cho Han-kyu Global Village Natural Farming Research Institute", or Janon Natural Farming Institute.
Principles[edit]

The fundamental insight of KNF is to strengthen the biological functions of every aspect of plant growth to increase productivity and nutrition. Biology thereby reduces or eliminates the need for chemical interventions, whether to protect against predation and competition with other plants. For example, IMO metabolism produces complete proteins, while insects prefer incomplete proteins.

KNF avoids the use of waste products such as manure, which reduces the chance of transferring pathogens from the waste back into the food production chain, although in nitrogen-poor conditions adding manure can increase yield.[7][8]
Use the nutrients contained within the seeds
Use indigenous microorganisms (IMO’s)
Maximize inborn potential with fewer inputs
Avoid commercial fertilizers
Avoid tilling
No use of livestock waste
Effective microorganisms[edit]

KNF uses aerobic microorganisms. So-called effective microorganism techniques use predominantly anaerobic organisms.
Indigenous microorganisms[edit]

KNF makes use of IMOs to exploit the full potential of the ecosystem in which crops are grown. Potential benefits include increased rates of soil organic matter decomposition,increases in nutrient availability, improved plant yield, a reduced pathogenic microorganisms and an increase in plant defenses.[9][10]

Beneficial microorganisms can significantly suppress fungal pathogen activity in crops of mildly susceptible Rhododendron cultivars, but highly susceptible cultivars may even be harmed. IMOs can reduce initial yield losses when transitioning from conventional to organic farming, by accelerating soil recovery. Soils depleted by the use of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides may have reduced soil microorganisms.[9]

A healthy rhizosphere contains some 7 million microorganisms per hectare. Its rhizome contains diverse species and a relatively small concentration of microorganisms that damage plant life and a relatively large amount of plant secretions. Mold constitutes 70-75%, bacteria 20-25% and small animals the rest. The microorganisms contain approximately 70 kg of carbon and 11 kg of nitrogen, similar to the amount of nitrogen typically applied as fertilizer.[11]
Examples of microorganism reproductionMinutes per generationGenerations per dayTemperatureProliferation per day
Lactic acid bacteria 38 38 25 2.5x10¹¹
Coliform bacillus 18 85 37 3x10²³
Free nitrogen fixation bacteria 110 13 25 8x103
Hay bacillus 31 46 30 6x1013
Photosynthetic bacteria 144 10 30 1x103
Yeast fungus 120 12 30 4x103

Soil nutrient cycling[edit]

Nutrients are taken up and deposited in a natural cycle unless disrupted by human intervention. As plants decay,"detrital" nitrogen and phosphorus is returned to the soil. Soil fungus and bacteria absorb these nutrients. The fungus and bacteria are consumed by fungal and bacterial-feeding namatodes, respectively. These nematodes are in turn consumed by omnivorous predatory nematodes. At each stage, some inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus is returned to the soil and is absorbed by the plant.[8]
Bacteria[edit]

Four types of bacteria common in KNF include lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and yeast.[12]
Mycorrhizae[edit]

Mycorrhizae are “fungus roots”, a mutualistic association between a fungus (Myco) such as Aspergillus oryzae and plant roots (rhiza). This provides an interface between plants and soil. The fungus grows into the roots of crops and out into the soil, increasing the root system many thousand-fold. The fungus use their enzymes to convert soil nutrients into a form that crops can use and turn plant carbohydrates into soil amendments, “sequestering” carbon. Miles of mycorrhizae can be found in a single ounce of soil. Mycorrhizal soil inoculation increases soil carbon accumulation by depositing glomalin, which increases soil structure by binding organic matter to mineral particles. Glomalin gives soil its tilth (texture), buoyancy and water absorption ability. Biochar (charcoal) shelters mycorrhizae in myriad, tiny holes.[2] Other mycorrhizaeal impacts include enhanced water uptake, reduced water needs (increased drought resistance), increased pathogen resistance and overall increased plant vigor.[8]
Nematodes[edit]

Nematodes such as the reniform nematodeare (Rotylenchulus reniformis are often seen as harmful to agriculture and are a frequent target of pesticides. However, KNF asserts that 99% of nematodes are beneficial and even consume parasitic nematodes. Herbivorous, fungivorous, bacterivorous and omnivorous nematodes are important participants in nutrient cycling.[8]

Tillage and other soil management practices affect nematode variety and populations. Conservation tillage benefits bacterivores and fungivores, but the structure index (SI) is not different between cover cropping and fallow fields. In one experiment simple no-till and strip-till failed to show increases in soil food web structure over two years, but did after six years. In the greenhouse, green manure increased omnivorous and predatory populations. Strip-till of sunn hemp cover crop followed by mulching soil surface periodically with sunn hemp residues enhanced SI within 2 cropping cycles.[13]
Stages of plant development[edit]

KNF posits three primary stages of plant growth. Each stage requires a different balance of nutrients.[14]
Vegetative growth[edit]

In the growth phase, the plant extends its roots, branches and foliage. The key nutrient in this stage is nitrogen. KNF prefers the use of a preparation of fish amino acids for this phase.[14]
Flowering/reproduction[edit]

After the plant has reached sufficient size, the plant diverts its energy into making flowers to attract pollinators. The key nutrients in this stage are calcium and phosporous. KNF prefers the use of a preparation of fermented plant juice and other amendments for this phase.[15]j
Fruiting[edit]

Once flowering is complete, the plant shifts its focus to bringing its fruit to full ripeness. Calcium enhances the size and sweetness of the plant and its fruit. KNF prefers the use of a preparation of pulverized egg shells in BRV for this phase.[15]
Amendments[edit]

KNF uses a variety of amendments either to directly enhance plant growth or to enhance IMO proliferation. Note: all water first stands in an open container for several days to allow chlorine and any other volatiles to escape. Amendments are diluted 500-1000:1 for use.[16]
Fermented items[edit]

KNF ferments a variety of materials for use in different contexts. Fermented products are produced in glass or ceramic (not metal or plastic) containers filled to 2/3-3/4 of their capacity and covered with porous paper or cloth. They employ brown sugar or jaggery (BS/J) as a fermentation agent. KNF does not use molasses, which contains excess moisture. Fermentation takes place in a dark, cool area and the results must be refrigerated or kept in a cool environment. The ideal temperature for fermentation is 23–25 °C (73–77 °F).[17]
Fermented fruit juice[edit]

Fermented fruit juice (FFJ) uses the juice of locally-grown fruits with a relatively high sugar content, such as banana, papaya, mango, grape, melon or apple. FFJ from grapes and/or citrus should be used only on crops of grapes or citrus, respectively.[18]

FFJ is diced or mashed fruit diluted .65:1 with water and 1:1 with BS/J, fermented for 4–8 days with periodic stirring.[18]
Fermented plant juice[edit]

Fermented plant juice (FPJ) provides material that successful plants have produced for reincorporation into other plants. FPJ uses a single species of weed that flourishes in/around the fields that are undergoing cultivation or the plants to be cultivated there, harvested in the morning after a dry day. Purslane and comfrey have proven effective choices.[19][20]

Layers of chopped plants alternate in 1-inch layers with BS/J. Pressure applied after each layer appropriately minimizes the amount of air.[19][20]

After 7–10 days the mixture is fully liquified, although any remaining solids must be strained from the result.[20]

FPJ are not helpful in the presence of high precipitation and/or high nitrogen conditions.[19]
Fish amino acids[edit]

Fish amino acids (FAA) provide nitrogen to enhance early growth. Fish heads, guts, bones, etc. (preferably tuna or other blue-backed fish), crushed to separate flesh and bone are fermented with an equal amount of BS/J, possibly with added sliced green papaya.[21]

Two to three teaspoons of IMO3 can dissolve any fat that develops on the surface.[21]The top layer is a mixture of BS/J, IMO4, OHN, mineral A and rice straw.[22]

Fermentation generally takes 7–10 days.[21]
Kohol Amino Acid[edit]

Kohol Amino Acid (KAA) are made from the Kohol or golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculataor is an introduced pest in the Philippines that proliferates in rice paddies and consumes young rice seedlings. Proper water management and transplanting the rice seedlings can mitigate its effects. Due to high its protein content (12%), Kohol may be used to manufacture a crop amendment referred to as Kohol Amino Acid (KAA), as an alternative to FAA in inland regions who do not have access to affordable fish materials. The Kohol has to be removed from the rice paddy anyway.

The kohol are fermented in the usual way by diluting with BS/J and water and adding IMO3, after boiling to kill the animals and separate them from their shells. Fermentation takes 7–10 days after which remaining solids are removed. During storage, additional BS/J is added to nourish the IMO.[9]
Maltose[edit]

KNF maltose is made from sprouted barley (malt). The sprouts are then crushed and repeatedly soaked and separated from water. The malt then rises to the surface and is separated from the water and fermented.[23]
Oriental Herbal Nutrients[edit]

Oriental herbal nutrients (OHN) are fermented from unwashed, dried angelica gigas, cinnamon bark and licorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra along with garlic and ginger.[24]
Preparation and storage[edit]

While each herb is fermented separately, the results are combined for use, at the ratio of 2 parts angelica to 1 part of each of the other four.[24]

The material can be fermented 5 times, removing 2/3 of the liquid after each cycle.[24][25]

Ginger and garlic must be crushed (not ground) to aid fermentation. One herb is mixed with rice wine in equal parts and fermented for 1–2 days. BS/J equal to the amount of herb is added and the mix fermented for 5–7 days. Soju, vodka or another distilled (30~35%) alcohol equal to half of the mixture is added and the mix is fermented for 14 days.[24]
Fermented mixed compost[edit]

Fermented mixed compost (FMC) is the result of applying KNF techniques to turn familiar compost materials into IMO-rich material with readily available nutrients.[26]

In the late fall, bacterial activity subsides and fermenting microbes flourish, producing sugar and the best environment for FMC.

A shady, sheltered location with good drainage on an earthen floor provides the best environment. The minimum batch size is 500 kg, to optimize fermentation.[26]

FMC includes at least one item each from the garden (fallen leaves or fruits), rice field (rice bran, straw), field (litter from oil cake or bean cake and ocean (seaweed, fish waste). The bulk of the material is high-protein animal matter with added plant matter. During fermentation, periodic turning is used to keep temperatures below 50 °C. Excess heat or moisture can produce an unpleasant/foul smell, signaling that the batch is ruined.[27]

Wet compost mixes IMO4 with oil cake, fish waste, bone meal and bean oil cake and water to reach 60% moisture level (damp enough that the material maintains its shape when squeezed by hand). The mixture produces hormones such as auxin (from yeast and filamentous fungus) gibberellins from red fungus and cytokines from germs and yeast.[26]

Dry compost ferments the same ingredients except water with commercial organic fertilizer for 7–14 days.[28]
Rice bran/rapeseed[edit]

Another approach surrounds a dampened 10:1 rice bran/tree leaf mixture with a 30:4;2:1:1 mix of rapeseed oil residue/fish waster/bone meal/crab shell/bean cake oil mix, amended with KNF inputs and dampened to reach 50-60% moisture content. The mixture is covered with rice straw sprayed with WSP or biochar.[29]
Lactic acid bacteria[edit]

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are anaerobic. In the absence of oxygen, they metabolize sugar into lactic acid.[30] LAB improves soil ventilation, promoting rapid growth of fruit trees and leaf vegetables.[31]

LAB ferments "rice wash water" (water that has been used to wash rice), producing a sour smell when complete, then diluted and fermented again with 3[17]-10:[30] 1 with raw (preferred) or pasteurized milk.[31] and fermented a third time after removing flotsam and jetsam and diluting with BS/J 1:1.

Combining LAB with FPJ increases effectiveness.[32]
Minerals[edit]

KNF provides techniques for converting essential minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and potassium into a form suitable for absorption by plants, by making them water-soluble. Many inorganic mineral sources cannot be processed by plants.[33] The resulting solutions may contain allergens.[34]
Water-soluble calcium[edit]

Calcium (Ca) is a common substance. However, the majority exists in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO
3), which cannot be directly absorbed by plants.

Egg, clam or other shells can be turned into an excellent source of bio-available, water-soluble calcium (WSCA). Adequate Ca prevents overgrowth, firms fruit, prolongs durability, promotes absorption of phosphoric acid, helps crops to accumulate and utilitze nutrients, is the major component in forming cell membranes, enables smooth cell division and removes harmful substances by binding with organic acids.[35]

Signs of Ca deficiency include underdeveloped roots, discolored, dry leaves, empty bean pods, poor ripening, soft flesh, insufficient fragrance. Leafy vegetables may contract Rhizoctonia, while root vegetables become spongy/hollow, lack sugar and fragrance and lack durability in storage. Rice and barley may display low starch, lack of luster and fragrance and low resistance.[36]

WSCA is produced by grilling and crushing cleaned egg shells and steeping them in BRV until no bubbles are present.[36] The bubbles indicate that the vinegar is reacting with organic matter to produce Co
2.[33]
Water-soluble calcium phosphate[edit]

Calcium phosphate is soluble in acids, but insoluble in water. Bones including FAA leftovers can be converted into a source of bio-accessible calcium, phosphate and other minerals by boiling them to create a traditional bone broth. The (edible) broth is removed from the bone residue and the bones are burnt to charcoal at a low heat. The bones are diluted with 10x BRV and steeped until the bubbling stops (7–10 days).[24][37]
Water-soluble phosphoric acid[edit]

Phosphoric acid makes up part of the cell nucleus and reproductive system. Phosphoric acid is involved in photo phosphorylation and electron transport in photosynthesis, anabolite transport and in protein synthesis.

Deficiency hinders cell division and reproduction. Symptoms first appear on the petiole and veins of older leaves. New leaves grow slowly and are dark in color. Flowering is reduced[38]

KNF water-soluble phosphoric acid (WSPA), is made by burning phosphoric acid-rich sesame stems into charcoal. The charcoal is soaked in aerated water to dissolve the acid.[38]
Water-soluble potassium[edit]

Although soils that have been treated with lime may have substantial potassium (K), it may be in an insoluble form. Potassium deficiency can also occur in sandy soil which has less humus.[39]

K does not become part of plant structure, but acts to regulate water balances, nutrient and sugar movement and drives starch and protein synthesis and legume nitrogen fixation.[40] Prior to fruiting, its principal function is to grow meristematic tissues. K promotes synthesis of carbon dioxide fixing enzymes, decreases the diffusive resistance of CO2 in the leaf and activates various enzyme reaction systems.

Potassium is highly mobile in plants. Leaf potassium content decreases rapidly during fruiting, because the fruit requires substantial K.[39]

Symptoms of K deficiency include lower growth rates, smaller fruit and seed sizes, reduced root systems, disease and winterkill susceptibility and lower moisture and nitrogen absorption and content.[40] Chlorosis starts from old leaves after K moves to other plant parts. Their edges become yellowish brown and appears as a spot in the middle of leaves in some plants.[39]

Water-soluble potassium (WSK) is made from steeping bite-sized pieces of tobacco stems in water for 7 days and diluting the result 30:1 with water.[39]
Seawater[edit]

Lower-salinity surface seawater and/or brackish water carries beneficial microbes. Fermenting this water (diluted 30:1 with fresh water and again 200:1 with rice-washed water), OHN and mugwort/dropwort diluted FPJ, uncovered, for a few days increases microbial populations.[41]
Biochar[edit]

Biochar is a porous charcoal that has been designed to produce high surface area per unit volume and small amounts of residual resins. Biochar serves as a catalyst that enhances plant uptake of nutrients and water. Its surface area and porosity enable it to adsorb or retain nutrients and water and provide a microorganism habitat.[42]
Bacterial mineral water[edit]

Bacteria Mineral Water (BMW) steeps granite, limestone, basalt, elvan and other basaltic rocks along with IMO4 to leach minerals from the rocks, recirculating the output with refreshed IMO4 to increase mineral concentrations.[43]

Silicon can be pulled out of basalt#Life on basaltic rocksic rock with oxygenated water. O2 reacts with the Si out of the rock to form SiO
2 (glass). The rock becomes a reddish dirt. The significant amounts of reduced iron, Fe(II), and manganese, Mn(II), present in basaltic rocks provide potential energy sources for bacteria.[44]

BMW are abundant minerals and trace elements. It promotes plant growth, improves storability and deodorizes manure.[43]
Soil[edit]

In KNF existing soil is amended by a mixture of cultured microorganisms, biochar and growth media. Microorganisms accelerate the conversion of organic compounds and other nutrients from dead plants and animals into a readily-absorbable form. Outputs can include antibiotics, enzymes and lactic acids that can suppress diseases and promote healthy soil conditions.

The basic approach proceeds in four steps, each of which produces a usable amendment. The process takes 3 to 4 weeks.[45]
Microorganism recruitment (IMO1)[edit]

A cloth-covered wooden or cardboard box containing fairly dry steamed rice and a few bamboo leaves in a shady area protected from rain left 4–5 days attracts and nourishes local microorganisms. Microorganisms from a somewhat higher altitude than the target fields tend to be more robust. Successful recruitment is indicated by the presence of a white fuzz. Black, green or other prominent colors indicate unwanted strains, requiring a restart.[46][13] Mixing cultures from different locations, sun exposures and weather increases diversity.[46]

Other ways to collect IMO include filling the hollow core of a freshly-cut bamboo stump with rice[47] or placing the collection box in a rice paddy after harvest.[48]
BS/J nourishment (IMO2)[edit]

Diluting the "inhabited" rice with an equal amount of BS/J or jaggery provides nourishment for microorganism growth. After the microorganisms consume the sugar (7 days)[49] the result can be used immediately or stored.[50]
Mill run of wheat (IMO3)[edit]

A mix of 40 millilitres (1.4 imp fl oz; 1.4 US fl oz) of IMO2 with 16 ml of BRV, 16ml of FPJ and 40 ml of OHN with 30 pounds of wheat mill run or rice bran dampened with 20 litres (5.3 US gal) of water provides a medium for further IMO culturing. The result can be extended with 4 litres (1.1 US gal) of biochar. The highly porous biochar provides superior habitat for IMO flourishing and retains carbon in the soil.[13]

IMO3 is fermented in 12-inch high shaded furrows for 7 days, sheltered from rain and covered with straw mats or gunny bags, turning as needed to ensure that its internal temperature remains around 110 °F (43 °C).[13] The resulting mixture's moisture level should be approximately 40%.[16]

Alternative dilutants are rice bran or rice flour.[17]
Soil (IMO4)[edit]

Diluting IMO3 with an equal amount of soil, half from the field and half from a locally fertile area allows the microorgansms to reach a larger area.[13]
Alternative mixture (IMO-A)[edit]

Another source recommends an alternative mixture as follows, for each hectare:[51]
Final mixtureIngredientQuantity
IMO - 2 1,250 ml
FPJ 1,250 ml
OHN 1,250 ml
BRV 1,250 ml
LAB 750 ml
WSCP 750 ml
FAA 750 ml
Biochar 125 kg
Soil 1250 kg
Salt Water 7.5 l
Water 500 l
Farmyard manure 2,500 kg

Applications[edit]
Soil enrichment[edit]

IMO3 or IMO4 can be distributed thinly on a field, covered with a layer of mulch to retain moisture and provide a dark environment for further IMO growth.

IMO-A should be applied 7 days before planting, 2–3 hours before sunset and a few hours after mixing. For unproductive fields, apply 14 days before planting.[51]

LAB (diluted 5-10000:1) solubilizes phosphate in phosphate-accumulated soil and encourages phosphate decomposition.[32]

Sun-dried salt can be applied to soil at 5 kg for every 10 acres.[52]
Fertilizer[edit]

FMC applied 2–3 hours before sunset on a cloudy day and covered with soil/mulch (or lightly plowed with a 1 to 2 inch rotary hoe adds nutrients and microorganisms to depleted soil. Alternatively, FMC can produce liquid fertilizer by placing it in a cloth bag and immersing in water with other KNF inputs.[53]
Foliar feeding[edit]

Other inputs are applied directly via foliar feeding to crops at different stages of crop development. Foliar delivery reduce the amount of nutrients required, since they are delivered directly to the plant. Young seedlings with smaller root systems can still be effectively nourished during the reproductive stage when root activity decreases. Foliar nutrient uptake during the reproductive stage is increased due to a decrease in root activity, and the ability to modify the nutrient inputs accordingly.[34]

Nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients bind with the soil complex easily, making them unavailable for crops. More soluble nutrients such as nitrogen easily leach from the soil and end up polluting groundwater or streams.[34]
Seeds/seedlings[edit]

KNF prepares seeds for planting by soaking them in a mixture of 2 parts FPJ, 2 parts BRV, 1 part OHN in 1000 parts water.

Soak fast-germinating seeds such as turnip, cabbage and bean for 2 hours.

Soak average-germinating seeds such as cucumber, melon, lotus and squash for 4 hours.

Soak slow-germinating seeds such as rice, barley and tomato for 7 hours.

Soak other seeds such as potato, ginger, garlic and taro for .5–1 hours.

Underdeveloped seedlings can be treated with 1 ml of FAA added to this mix. Overdeveloped seedlings can be treated with 1 ml of WSCA added to the mix.
Vegetative growth[edit]

Initially, FPJ (diluted 1000:1) from mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) and bamboo shootshelp crops become cold-resistant and grow fast and strong.[17] Later arrowroot and water/marsh plants with a firm stem help provide nitrogen (diluted 800 1000:1).[54]

Nitrogen-rich FAA can support vegetative plant growth. For leafy vegetables, it is possible to use FAA continuously to increase yield and improve taste and fragrance.[55] Mackerel amino acids help control mites and the green house whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).[55]

WSCA sprayed on leaves enhances growth. LAB helps increase fruit and leaf size, but the amount of LAB used should be reduced at later growth stages.[56]
Flowering[edit]

Use FFJ from grape, papaya, mulberry or raspberry on fruit crops to provide phosporic acid.[57]

Alternatively, apply WSPA (diluted 200:7) or a mixture of WSPA and WSCA. WSCA helps the plant to accumulate nutrients in flower buds, improving future yields and fruit quality.[58]

Use seawater for seedling treatment of onions, big leeks and garlic.[52]
Fruiting[edit]

WSCA and FFJ from apple, banana, mango, papaya, peach, and grape enhance flavor and firmness of fruit.[18]

Fermented seawater increase fruit's sugar content and enhance ripening. Fermented seawater prevents and controls anthracnose.[18]
Animal husbandry[edit]

Cultured soil can be used in a piggery or hen house. It converts excrement into soil and thereby allows the piggery to operate without the noxious emissions that have afflicted hog production since agriculture began. With no effluent, the piggery no longer attracts flies and does not require periodic cleaning. No special ventilation is used. Pens are laid with sawdust and wood chips with IMO to break down the manure. Hogs are fed agricultural waste.[1]

LAB mixed with FPJ and optionally WSCA can be used as drinking water for livestock, to help with digestion.[32]

Fermented seawater mixed with BRV and WSC and fed to chickens can be used to prevent feather loss in chickens during the summer.[59]
Composting[edit]

LAB can reduce damage to compost by neutralizing ammonia gas produced by immature compost.[60]
Pest management[edit]

FPJ and/or FFJ diluted with rice bran and water can preferentially attract pests away from crops.[61]

Aphids can be controlled with .7 liters of soap water mixed with 20 liters of water. Alternatively, use HPW. Apply to the plant as a foliar spray.[61]

To control mites, dilute soap water 20x with water. Alternatively, use HPW.[61]
Insect Attractants[edit]

KNF insect attractants are non-toxic methods of pest control. During the egg-laying season.[62]

AIA and FIA devices are installed at the height of fruits or leaves in and around the field. They are usually employed during the peak of the reproductive growth of fruit-bearing plants and during the height of vegetative growth of leafy vegetables.[62]
Aromatic[edit]

An Aromatic Insect Attractant (AIA) is a mixture of alcohol and rice wine or brandy and FFJ or FPJ (diluted 300:1) in an open container hung when pests lay their eggs.[62]
Fluorescent[edit]

A Fluorescent Insect Attractant (FIA) uses a zinc sheet bent in an “L” shape hung so that the shorter side acts as a roof and the other side hangs vertically. A fluorescent light hangs vertically from the corner of the sheet to attract pests. A water-filled basin containing a few drops of gasoline/kerosene hangs underneath the light to kill insects that alight.[63]
Soap water and hot pepper water[edit]

Soap water (SoWa) and hot-pepper water (HPW) are used for controlling aphids and mites. When soap water is applied as a foliar spray, sunlight evaporates the water. Evaporation, heat loss and condensation kill the pests.[61]

SoWa is chopped lye soap, boiled in water to make a thick soup and then diluted.[61]

HPW is chopped hot peppers, boiled and diluted.[61]
Experience[edit]
United States[edit]

In Hawaii, crop productivity increased 2-fold with the use of KNF, while reducing water use by 30% and eliminating the use of pesticides.[1] Cane grass proved to be a superior cover crop on degraded Hawaii fields.
South Korea[edit]

Natural Farming was adopted by the South Korean government after successful trials growing rice in one county, where every farmer followed the practice. They increased yields, saved money on inputs and obtained a price premium. Rivers and coastal waters experienced environmental benefits.[2]

A co-op of 40 strawberry farmers used KNF exclusively in 300 foot-long greenhouses, producing increasing output and obtaining a higher price.[2]

In another experiment, farmers in an entire county used KNF to become self-sufficient, with each farm raising 500 chickens, 20 pigs and 5 beef cattle.[2]
Mongolia[edit]

In the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, harsh wind and minimal rainfall defeated three attempts to plant trees. With KNF, the trees had a 97% survival rate and as of 2014 had reached 20 feet in height. Corn and barnyard grasses provide livestock feed. Watermelon farming provides a stable income to farmers there.[2]
China[edit]

The Chinese Army feeds its service members using its own resources. For the Beijing Olympics, it brought pigs into the city, setting off violent protests over the odour. It then dispatched two officials to South Korea to study Natural Farming. KNF techniques successfully eliminated the odour. The University of Peking now offers Masters and PhD programs in KNF.[2]
See also[edit]
Soil microbiology
Natural farming
Effective microorganism
Compost
Sources[edit]
Reddy, Rohini (2011). Sai, D. V. R.; Ismail, Sultan Ahmed, eds. "Cho's Global Natural Farming" (PDF). South Asia Rural Reconstructio Association. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
References[edit]

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Jump up^ "-Fish Amino Acid" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August2016.
Jump up^ "Maltose" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Oriental Herbal Nutrients" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up^ "Natural Farming: Oriental Herbal Nutrient" (PDF). College of Tropical Agriculture University of Hawaii at Manoa.
^ Jump up to:a b c Reddy 2011, p. 74.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 73.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 75.
Jump up^ "Fermented mixed compost" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Jump up to:a b "Lactic Acid Bacteria" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Jump up to:a b Reddy 2011, p. 41.
^ Jump up to:a b c Reddy 2011, p. 42.
^ Jump up to:a b "Water-soluble Calcium" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Jump up to:a b c Wang, Koon-Hui; DuPonte, Mike; Chang, Kim (December 2012 – February 2013). "Use of Korean Natural Farming for Vegetable Crop Production in Hawaiʻi" (PDF). Hānai‘Ai / The Food Provider.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 54.
^ Jump up to:a b Reddy 2011, p. 55.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 60.
^ Jump up to:a b Reddy 2011, p. 50.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Reddy 2011, p. 45.
^ Jump up to:a b "Potassium Fertilization in Crop Production - Agriculture". Agriculture.gov.sk.ca. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Jump up^ "Seawater and Fermented Seawater" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up^ Hunt, Josiah; DuPonte, Michael; Sato, Dwight; Kawabata, Andrew (December 2010). "The Basics of Biochar : A Natural Soil Amendment" (PDF). CTAHR Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Jump up to:a b "Bacterial Mineral Water" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up^ http://naturalfarminghawaii.net/2013/10/bacteria-mineral-water-research/
Jump up^ Korean Natural Farming: How Does It Work?
^ Jump up to:a b Reddy 2011, p. 10.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 13.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 16.
Jump up^ "Indigenous Microorganisms" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 11.
^ Jump up to:a b Reddy 2011, p. 72.
^ Jump up to:a b "Seawater and Fermented Seawater" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 78.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 26.
^ Jump up to:a b Reddy 2011, p. 39.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 56.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 31.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 51.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 70.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 43.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Soap water and Hot pepper water" (PDF). Cho Global Natural Farming. 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Jump up to:a b c Reddy 2011, p. 80.
Jump up^ Reddy 2011, p. 81.
External links[edit]
Natural Farming Hawai'i
Janonglove
- 9:30am to 4:30pm (2014-05-03). "Korean Natural Farming | Northeast Organic Farming Association: Massachusetts Chapter". Nofamass.org. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Cho, Han Kyu; Koyama, Atsushi (1997). Korean Natural Farming: Indigenous Microorganisms and Vital Power of Crop/livestock. Korean Natural Farming.
Fukuoka, Masanobu (8 September 2010). The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming. New York Review Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-392-3.
Fermented Plant Juice 1 on YouTube
Fermented Plant Juice 2 on YouTube
IMO on YouTube
KNF piggery on YouTube
Bacterial mineral water on YouTube
How to make biochar on YouTube
"Korean natural farming uses organic items to replenish soil | News, Sports, Jobs - Maui News". www.mauinews.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.

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