The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy by Bret W. Davis PDF | PDF | Japanese Philosophy | Shintoism

The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy by Bret W. Davis PDF | PDF | Japanese Philosophy | Shintoism

 

 

C󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳

Preace

xi

Contributors

xv Introduction: What Is Japanese Philosophy?󰀱B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳

PART I SHINTŌ AND THE SYNTHETIC NATUREOF JAPANESE PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

 󰀱 Prince Shōtoku’s

Constitution

 and the Synthetic Nature of Japaneseought󰀸󰀳T󰁨󰁯󰁭󰁡󰁳 P. K󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁩󰁳 󰀲 Philosophical Implications of Shintō󰀹󰀷I󰁷󰁡󰁳󰁡󰁷󰁡 T󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁫󰁯 󰀳 National Learning: Poetic Emotionalism and Nostalgic Nationalism󰀱󰀱󰀱P󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 F󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁣󰁫󰁩󰁧󰁥󰁲

PART II PHILOSOPHIES OF JAPANESEBUDDHISM

 󰀴 Saichō’s Tendai: In the Middle of Form and Emptiness󰀱󰀲󰀹P󰁡󰁵󰁬 L. S󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 B󰁲󰁯󰁯󰁫 Z󰁩󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁹󰁮 󰀵 Kūkai’s Shingon: Embodiment of Emptiness󰀱󰀴󰀵J󰁯󰁨󰁮 W. M. K󰁲󰁵󰁭󰁭󰁥󰁬 󰀶 Philosophical Dimensions of Shinran’s Pure Land Buddhist Path󰀱󰀵󰀹D󰁥󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁳 H󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁡 󰀷 Modern Pure Land inkers: Kiyozawa Manshi and Soga Ryōjin󰀱󰀸󰀱M󰁡󰁲󰁫 U󰁮󰁮󰁯

 

 

 viii 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳

 

󰀸 e Philosophy of Zen Master Dōgen: Egoless Perspectivism󰀲󰀰󰀱B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳 󰀹 Dōgen on the Language of Creative Textual Hermeneutics󰀲󰀱󰀵S󰁴󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮 H󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰀱󰀰 Rinzai Zen Kōan Training: Philosophical Intersections󰀲󰀳󰀱V󰁩󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲 S󰅍󰁧󰁥󰁮 H󰁯󰁲󰁩 󰀱󰀱 Modern Zen inkers: D. T. Suzuki, Hisamatsu Shin’ichi, andMasao Abe󰀲󰀴󰀷M󰁯󰁲󰁩 T󰁥󰁴󰁳󰁵󰁲󰅍 (󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳. B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳), M󰁩󰁮󰁯󰁢󰁥 H󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁳󰁨󰁩(󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳. B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳), 󰁡󰁮󰁤 S󰁴󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮 H󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁥

PART III PHILOSOPHIES OF JAPANESECONFUCIANISM AND BUSHIDŌ

 󰀱󰀲 Japanese Neo-Confucian Philosophy󰀲󰀷󰀳J󰁯󰁨󰁮 A. T󰁵󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁲 󰀱󰀳 Ancient Learning: e Japanese Revival of Classical Confucianism󰀲󰀹󰀱J󰁯󰁨󰁮 A. T󰁵󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁲 󰀱󰀴

Bushidō

 and Philosophy: Parting the Clouds, Seeking the Way󰀳󰀰󰀷C󰁨󰁲󰁩󰁳 G󰁯󰁴󰁯-J󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁳

PART IV MODERN JAPANESE PHILOSOPHIES

 󰀱󰀵 e Japanese Encounter with and Appropriation of WesternPhilosophy󰀳󰀳󰀳J󰁯󰁨󰁮 C. M󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁤󰁯

THE KYOTO SCHOOL

 󰀱󰀶 e Kyoto School: Transformations Over ree Generations󰀳󰀶󰀷Ō󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁨󰁩 R󰁹󰅍󰁳󰁵󰁫󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 A󰁫󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁩 K󰁡󰁴󰁳󰁵󰁹󰁡 (󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳. B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳) 󰀱󰀷 e Development of Nishida Kitarō’s Philosophy: Pure Experience,Place, Action-Intuition󰀳󰀸󰀹F󰁵󰁪󰁩󰁴󰁡 M󰁡󰁳󰁡󰁫󰁡󰁴󰁳󰁵 (󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳. B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳)

 

 

󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 ix

 

󰀱󰀸 Nishida Kitarō’s Philosophy: Self, World, and the NothingnessUnderlying Distinctions󰀴󰀱󰀷J󰁯󰁨󰁮 C. M󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁤󰁯 󰀱󰀹 e Place of God in the Philosophy of Tanabe Hajime󰀴󰀳󰀱J󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁳 W. H󰁥󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁧 󰀲󰀰 Miki Kiyoshi: Marxism, Humanism, and the Power of Imagination󰀴󰀴󰀷M󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁡 A󰁮󰁮󰁥-M󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥 C󰁵󰁲󰁬󰁥󰁹 󰀲󰀱 Nishitani Keiji: Practicing Philosophy as a Matter of Life and Death󰀴󰀶󰀵G󰁲󰁡󰁨󰁡󰁭 P󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁳 󰀲󰀲 Ueda Shizuteru: e Self at Is Not a Self in a Twofold World󰀴󰀸󰀵S󰁴󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁮 D󰃶󰁬󰁬

OTHER MODERN JAPANESE PHILOSOPHIES

 

󰀲󰀳 Watsuji Tetsurō: e Mutuality of Climate and Culture and an Ethicsof Betweenness󰀵󰀰󰀳E󰁲󰁩󰁮 M󰁣C󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁨󰁹 󰀲󰀴 Kuki Shūzō: A Phenomenology of Fate and Chance and anAesthetics of the Floating World󰀵󰀲󰀳G󰁲󰁡󰁨󰁡󰁭 M󰁡󰁹󰁥󰁤󰁡 󰀲󰀵 Comparative Philosophy in Japan: Nakamura Hajime and IzutsuToshihiko󰀵󰀴󰀳J󰁯󰁨󰁮 W. M. K󰁲󰁵󰁭󰁭󰁥󰁬 󰀲󰀶 Japanese Christian Philosophies󰀵󰀶󰀳T󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁯 K󰁡󰁺󰁵󰁹󰁯󰁳󰁨󰁩 󰀲󰀷 Yuasa Yasuo’s Philosophy of Self-Cultivation: A eoryof Embodiment󰀵󰀷󰀵S󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁯󰁲󰁩 N󰁡󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁯 󰀲󰀸 Postwar Japanese Political Philosophy: Marxism, Liberalism, and theQuest for Autonomy󰀵󰀹󰀱R󰁩󰁫󰁫󰁩 K󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮

 

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x 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳

 

󰀲󰀹 Raichō: Zen and the Female Body in the Development of JapaneseFeminist Philosophy󰀶󰀱󰀳M󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁫󰁯 Y󰁵󰁳󰁡 󰁡󰁮󰁤 L󰁥󰁡󰁨 K󰁡󰁬󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰀳󰀰 Japanese Phenomenology󰀶󰀳󰀱T󰁡󰁮󰁩 T󰅍󰁲󰁵 󰀳󰀱 e Komaba Quartet: A Landscape of Japanese Philosophy in the󰀱󰀹󰀷󰀰s󰀶󰀴󰀹K󰁯󰁢󰁡󰁹󰁡󰁳󰁨󰁩 Y󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁯

PART V PERVASIVE TOPICS IN JAPANESEPHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

 󰀳󰀲 Philosophical Implications of the Japanese Language󰀶󰀶󰀵R󰁯󰁬󰁦 E󰁬󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁥󰁬󰁤 (󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳. B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳) 󰀳󰀳 Natural Freedom: Human/Nature Nondualism in Zen and Japaneseought󰀶󰀸󰀵B󰁲󰁥󰁴 W. D󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁳 󰀳󰀴 Japanese Ethics󰀷󰀱󰀹R󰁯󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁴 E. C󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀳󰀵 Japanese (and Ainu) Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art󰀷󰀳󰀵M󰁡󰁲󰁡 M󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 Y󰁡󰁭󰁡󰁳󰁡󰁫󰁩 K󰅍󰁪󰁩 󰀳󰀶 e Controversial Cultural Identity of Japanese Philosophy󰀷󰀵󰀵Y󰁯󰁫󰁯 A󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁡󰁫󰁡

Index

󰀷󰀸󰀱

 

 

 

P󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁥

W󰁨󰁥󰁮 Peter Ohlin of Oxford University Press first approached me in 󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀱 aboutsubmitting a proposal for this

Handbook o Japanese Philosophy 

, my first thought wasthat it was indeed high time for such a volume to be produced. e timing was espe-cially fortuitous, given the impending publication of

 Japanese Philosophy: A Sourcebook

 (󰀲󰀰󰀱󰀱), edited by James Heisig, omas Kasulis, and John Maraldo, which would for thefirst time make accessible in a single volume a wide selection of key texts in translationfrom the entire history of philosophical thinking in Japan. In the belatedly burgeoningfield of Japanese philosophy, what was called for next, it seemed to me, was a

Handbook

 that would, in effect, complement the

Sourcebook

. at is to say, what was called for wasa collection of interpretive elucidations and critical engagements with a selection of themost important topics, figures, schools, and texts from the entire history of philosoph-ical thinking in Japan.My second thought, however, was how daunting the task of producing such a

Handbook

 would be. As I began to envision the range of material that would need tobe covered and to dra a table of contents, I quickly realized that the project could bedone properly only if I were able to assemble a veritable “dream team” of contributors.In the end, aer just a bit of groveling and arm twisting, almost every one of the scholarsI contacted on account of their unparalleled expertise and acumen graciously agreedto collaborate. Although I regret not having been able to include in this project a fewother established and upcoming scholars, I am very grateful to those who contributedfor carving time out in their busy schedules and for their willingness to work closelywith me on what has, I think, turned out to be a remarkably coherent and comprehen-sive volume. ey proved willing to write not just outstanding articles that could eachbe savored independently but, moreover, articles that were contentiously composed aschapters with the vision of the volume as a whole in mind.Japanese philosophy is now a flourishing field, with thriving societies, conferences,and journals dedicated to it in North America and Europe as well as in Japan—not tomention an ever-growing library of translations, books, and articles. However, it is still arelative newcomer on the academic landscape. In particular, aer having long been con-fined to fields such as Asian Studies and Religious Studies, it is still finding its legs in thefield of Philosophy. Accordingly, it seemed exigent to begin this

Handbook

 with an ex-tensive introductory chapter that addresses head-on the many complex and controver-sial issues enfolded in the deceptively simple question, “What is Japanese Philosophy?”One of the main questions addressed in the Introduction is that of the semanticand historical range of “Japanese philosophy.” Of course, the material presented in the

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An Illustrated History of the Mandala: From Its Genesis to the Kalacakratantra

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Everyone’s heard of mandalas; now we have a uniquely rich history and explanation of their history and meaning.

This book is a history of the genesis and development of the mandala from the fifth and sixth centuries, when the mandala first appeared in India, to the eleventh century, when the Kalacakratantra appeared just before the disappearance of Buddhism in India. The 600 years of Indian esoteric Buddhism that concluded the 1,700-year history of Indian Buddhism could be said to have been the history of the development of the mandala. (The Kalacakratantra integrated earlier mandala theories into a single system and established a monumental system unprecedented in the history of esoteric Buddhism. It was thus the culmination of the development of Indian Buddhism over a period of 1,700 years.) The analysis is at the micro level and includes numerous illustrations and charts. Particular attention is paid to proper names, mudras, and mantras that have been overlooked by scholars in philosophy and doctrine, and the author tackles issues that cannot be explained solely from a historical viewpoint, such as geometric patterns, the arrangement of deities, the colors, and their meaning in Buddhist doctrine.

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Wisdom Publications

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Dec 4, 2018

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9781614292920

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Kimiaki Tanaka

Presenting Japanese Buddhism to the West by Judith Snodgrass - Ebook | Scribd

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Presenting Japanese Buddhism to the West: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and the Columbian Exposition


By Judith Snodgrass
586 pages
11 hours

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Japanese Buddhism was introduced to a wide Western audience when a delegation of Buddhist priests attended the World's Parliament of Religions, part of the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In describing and analyzing this event, Judith Snodgrass challenges the predominant view of Orientalism as a one-way process by which Asian cultures are understood strictly through Western ideas. Restoring agency to the Buddhists themselves, she shows how they helped reformulate Buddhism as a modern world religion with specific appeal to the West while simultaneously reclaiming authority for the tradition within a rapidly changing Japan.

Snodgrass explains how the Buddhism presented in Chicago was shaped by the institutional, social, and political imperatives of the Meiji Buddhist revival movement in Japan and was further determined by the Parliament itself, which, despite its rhetoric of fostering universal brotherhood and international goodwill, was thoroughly permeated with confidence in the superiority of American Protestantism. Additionally, in the context of Japan's intensive diplomatic campaign to renegotiate its treaties with Western nations, the nature of Japanese religion was not simply a religious issue, Snodgrass argues, but an integral part of Japan's bid for acceptance by the international community.


Philosophy
United States
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PUBLISHER:
The University of North Carolina Press
RELEASED:
Dec 4, 2003
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9780807863190
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JSJudith Snodgrass


Judith Snodgrass is senior lecturer in Japanese history at the University of Western Sydney in Australia. She also edits the journal Japanese Studies.

Korean Buddhism by Frederick Starr - Ebook | Scribd

Korean Buddhism by Frederick Starr - Ebook | Scribd




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Korean Buddhism


By Frederick Starr
103 pages
2 hours

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The author does not overestimate the importance of this little book: it is nothing more than its title claims. It consists of three lectures given to popular audiences, with the accompaniment of many illustrations. It represents, however, a considerable amount of work in an almost virgin field. It has involved hard journeys to remote mountain monasteries, and days and nights of conversation and inquiry with many monks and priests. It is not, however, a profound study nor an exhaustive presentation. It barely touches many a subject, which would alone furnish more material than could be treated in three such lectures. It but scratches the surface.
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PUBLISHER:
Frederick Starr
RELEASED:
Sep 21, 2015
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9788893152150
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FSFrederick Starr

Engaging Dogen's Zen by Wisdom Publications - Ebook | Scribd

Engaging Dogen's Zen by Wisdom Publications - Ebook | Scribd




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Engaging Dogen's Zen: The Philosophy of Practice as Awakening


By Wisdom Publications
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How are the teachings of a thirteenth-century master relevant today? Twenty contemporary writers unpack Dogen's words and show how we can still find meaning in his teachings.



Zen Master Dogen, the thirteenth-century founder of Japanese Soto Zen Buddhism, is widely regarded as one of the world’s most remarkable spiritual thinkers. Dogen influence on both Japanese and Western Zen Buddhism cannot be overstated. His writings, emphasizing the nonduality of practice and enlightenment are vastly subtle, endlessly sophisticated—and renownedly challenging to read on one’s own.

This unique collection of essays opens up for the reader new pathways for connecting to and making use of Dogen's powerful teachings. Some of Soto Zen’s leading scholars and practitioners offer a masterfully guided tour of Dogen’s writings, organized around two key texts: Shushogi, which is a classical distillation of the whole of Dogen’s teachings, and Fukanzazengi, Dogen universal instructions for Zen meditation. Along the way, the reader will gain an enriched understanding of the Zen practice and realization, of shikantaza or “just sitting,” and of the essence of Mahayana Buddhism—and a much deeper appreciation of this peerless master.

Includes essays from Kosho Itagaki, Taigen Dan Leighton, Tenshin Charles Fletcher, Shudo Brian Schroeder, Glen A. Mazis, David Loy, Drew Leder, Steven DeCaroli, Steve Bein, John Maraldo, Michael Schwartz, Tetsuzen Jason M. Wirth, Leah Kalmanson, Erin Jien McCarthy, Dainen David Putney, Steven Heine, Graham Parkes, Mark Unno, Shudo Brian Schroeder, and Kanpu Bret W. Davis.
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PUBLISHER:
Wisdom Publications
RELEASED:
Jan 17, 2017
ISBN:
9781614292692
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Eihei Dogen: Mystical Realist by Hee-Jin Kim, Taigen Dan Leighton - Ebook | Scribd

Eihei Dogen: Mystical Realist by Hee-Jin Kim, Taigen Dan Leighton - Ebook | Scribd


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Eihei Dogen: Mystical Realist


By Hee-Jin Kim and Taigen Dan Leighton

3/5 (1 rating)
566 pages
20 hours

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Eihei Dogen, the founder of the Japanese branch of the Soto Zen Buddhist school, is considered one of the world's most remarkable religious philosophers. Eihei Dogen: Mystical Realist is a comprehensive introduction to the genius of this brilliant thinker. This thirteenth-century figure has much to teach us all and the questions that drove him have always been at the heart of Buddhist practice.

At the age of seven, in 1207, Dogen lost his mother, who at her death earnestly asked him to become a monastic to seek the truth of Buddhism. We are told that in the midst of profound grief, Dogen experienced the impermanence of all things as he watched the incense smoke ascending at his mother's funeral service. This left an indelible impression upon the young Dogen; later, he would emphasize time and again the intimate relationship between the desire for enlightenment and the awareness of impermanence. His way of life would not be a sentimental flight from, but a compassionate understanding of, the intolerable reality of existence.

At age 13, Dogen received ordination at Mt. Hiei. And yet, a question arose: "As I study both the exoteric and the esoteric schools of Buddhism, they maintain that human beings are endowed with Dharma-nature by birth. If this is the case, why did the buddhas of all ages - undoubtedly in possession of enlightenment - find it necessary to seek enlightenment and engage in spiritual practice?" When it became clear that no one on Mt. Hiei could give a satisfactory answer to this spiritual problem, he sought elsewhere, eventually making the treacherous journey to China. This was the true beginning of a life of relentless questioning, practice, and teaching - an immensely inspiring contribution to the Buddhadharma.

As you might imagine, a book as ambitious as Eihei Dogen: Mystical Realist has to be both academically rigorous and eminently readable to succeed. Professor Hee-Jim Kim's work is indeed both.
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PUBLISHER:
Wisdom Publications
RELEASED:
Jun 25, 2012
ISBN:
9780861718399
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HKHee-Jin Kim

Heart of the Shin Buddhist Path by Takamaro Shigaraki - Ebook | Scribd

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Heart of the Shin Buddhist Path: A Life of Awakening


By Takamaro Shigaraki

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283 pages
7 hours

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In his Heart of the Shin Buddhist Path, Takamaro Shigaraki examines Shin Buddhism anew as a practical path of spiritual growth and self-transformation, challenging assessments of the tradition as a passive religion of mere faith. Shigaraki presents the core themes of the Shin Buddhist path in fresh, engaging, down-to-earth language, considering each frankly from both secular and religious perspectives. Shigaraki discloses a nondual Pure Land that finds philosophical kinship with Zen but has been little discussed in the West. With its unassuming language and insights drawn from a life of practice, Heart of the Shin Buddhist Path dispels the fog of misconception that has shrouded Western appreciation of Shin traditions to reveal the limitless light of Amida Buddha that reaches all.
Buddhism
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Theology
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PUBLISHER:
Wisdom Publications
RELEASED:
Feb 18, 2013
ISBN:
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TSTakamaro Shigaraki


Takamaro Shigaraki is a Buddhist priest and scholar, recognized as one of the leading Shin Buddhist thinkers in the world today. His innovative approach to traditional Shin Buddhist ideas via comparative religious scholarship and rational analysis has made him a cause celebre in the Shin Buddhist world. He has served as president of Ryukoku University, one of Japan's oldest and most prestigious universities, where he received his PhD in literary studies and is a Professor Emeritus of Shin Buddhist studies. Dr. Shigaraki has also served as Chairman of the Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai, the largest Shin Buddhist organization in the world.

Kukai: Major Works: Kūkai, Hakeda, Yoshito: Books

Amazon.com: Kukai: Major Works: 9780231059336: Kūkai, Hakeda, Yoshito: Books






Kukai: Major Works Paperback – October 15, 1972
by Kūkai (Author), Yoshito Hakeda (Translator)
4.3 out of 5 stars 23 ratings

Kukai, more commonly known by the honorific Kobo Daishi, was one of the great characters in the development of Janpanese culture. He was active in literature, engineering, calligraphy, and architecture and is represented in this work in terms of his major effort--the introduction of esoteric Buddhism from China, which resulted in the formation of the Shingou sect still active in Japan. Eight of his works are presented here.


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Editorial Reviews

Review
Kukai was a polymath who has achieved the status of demigod in popular legend: in part because of his virtuosity as a writer of Chinese, his books are too difficult to read by any but a very few scholars in Japan today. Hakeda's achievement in arriving at these lively and intelligible translations is of the highest order. ― Choice

This book serves two functions remarkably well: being an easy to follow, lucidly written introductory work for the non-initiated, and providing for the expert for the first time in English eight of Kukai's major works. ― World Literature Today
About the Author
Hakeda was Associate Professor of Japanese in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures and Associate Professor of Religion at Columbia University. Ryuichi Abe is the Reischauer Institute Professor of Japanese Religions in the Department of Eas Aisan Languages and Cultures at Harvard University.


Product details
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Columbia University Press; Reprint edition (October 15, 1972)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 303 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0231059337
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0231059336
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.05 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 8.9 x 6 x 0.9 inchesBest Sellers Rank: #67,686 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)#24 in Buddhist Sacred Writings (Books)
#316 in Literary Criticism & TheoryCustomer Reviews:
4.3 out of 5 stars 23 ratings




Customer reviews
4.3 out of 5 stars
4.3 out of 5
23 global ratings



Doug M
5.0 out of 5 stars A comprehensive, accessible look at Kukai and ShingonReviewed in the United States on July 27, 2011
Verified Purchase
Kukai, more commonly known in Japan as "Kobo Daishi" or just "Odaishisama" is one of the pre-eminent figures in Japanese Buddhist history. His life and his work are still the stuff of legend in contemporary Japanese culture, as well as the Buddhist world there. What makes Kukai such an extraordinary figure was his talent for grasping difficult Buddhist teachings, but eloquently teaching them to a wide variety of people through his writings and through the esoteric rituals in Shingon Buddhism.

Books on Kukai in English are few and often scholarly, and difficult to read, but Professor Hakeda's book is a look both at the life and accomplishments of Kukai, an overview of his teachings, but also translated samples of his writings. The history and teaching sections alone are interesting, and worth a read, but it's also a great opportunity to read Shingon Buddhist writings that are otherwise very difficult hard to find outside of Japan. Kukai was a master of esoteric Buddhism, so at times his writings can seem very obtuse (hence the need for training under a reputable Shingon priest in good-standing), but other times his writings are brilliantly Buddhist and really speak to important matters.

For those looking for a broad overview of Kukai and his teachings, this is a great place to start.

18 people found this helpful

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Gretchen Hintz
5.0 out of 5 stars Brilliant biography on KukaiReviewed in the United States on April 2, 2009
Verified Purchase
I'm currently researching famous Japanese figures for a novel I'm writing. I purchased a few books focused on Kukai and Shingon Buddhism and this was definitely the most informative in getting a real understanding of Kukai, Shingon Buddhism, and the impact Kukai made upon Japan. The book is very thorough and feels incredibly authentic. Kukai made such a huge impact on Japan and it's sad that most of the western world does not even know he existed. This book was easy to pick up and read. Even one who barely understands Buddhism in general could benefit from this book, though it does go in-depth for the more experienced reader/researcher.

14 people found this helpful

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Dara
5.0 out of 5 stars ... teh history of the Shikoku Pilgrimage this is a wonderful book.Reviewed in the United States on July 8, 2015
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If you are interested in teh history of the Shikoku Pilgrimage this is a wonderful book.

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Amazon Customer
4.0 out of 5 stars Four StarsReviewed in the United States on May 30, 2017
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indepth knowledge


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Lord Kuz
2.0 out of 5 stars Not the highest standard that Kukai's life and philosophy/thought deserves.Reviewed in the United States on October 31, 2013

A rather emotionless treatment of the life of Kobodaishi / Kukai, Shingon Buddhisms founder. Although this is primarily a translation of some of Kukai's work - the lead up chapters that deal with his life and thought, are not very extensive and lack emphasis on the importance of his life and work.
I expected the actual writings of Kukai to be heavy going, and that is certainly so, especially with a severe lack of reference or footnotes. What is given, tends to assume that the reader is already well versed in Taoist and Confucian writings and thought. I found myself constantly searching through other texts to gain some more information on terms and references, that could have been provided by the author - if he had been a bit more dedicated to writing a in depth study of the subject.
Most disappointing is the lead in chapters that give an account of Kukai's life and his philosophical thought. It is adequate from the point of view of a novice researcher of Shingon, but why such a person would be reading the full texts of Kukai's writings is a mystery. I feel that Kukai's life is of far more importance than is given - and the style of writing there, seemed even more heavy going than the actual text of Kukai's "esoteric" writings.
On the positive side, a student of Shingon needs to eventually read the full words and works of it's founder - and even for native English speakers who have acquired some mastery of Japanese, are going to need an English translation. So I do not regret purchasing this book - but will seek and recommend other publications to compliment an understanding of this subject.

7 people found this helpful

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Unknown
5.0 out of 5 stars A must have!Reviewed in the United States on November 30, 2013

One of the best English-language resources available on the life and work of Kukai. If you're interested in Japanese buddhism then you should have this book. Further, the first 100 pages or so of this book are a great primer for the more extensive work,

2 people found this helpful

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Amazon Customer
4.0 out of 5 stars A Look at the Life, Though and Works of Kobo Daishi KukaiReviewed in the United States on May 10, 1999

There has perhaps been no other more influential force in Japanese religious and societal beliefs than Kobo Daishi Kukai. This book tells the life of this colorful saint of the Japanese people, and presents an explanation of his thoughts and teachings. Here, the major religious writings of Kukai are translated, allowing the reader to glimpse at the depths of Japanese esoteric thought.

22 people found this helpful

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Renato Alahmar
4.0 out of 5 stars Expansão da ConsciênciaReviewed in Brazil on February 1, 2019
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Ajudou muito na minha Jornada de estudos durante 2 meses na região de Shikoku - Japão
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永澤　護
5.0 out of 5 stars 最高の入門書Reviewed in Japan on September 14, 2019
Verified Purchase

空海の主要著作の英訳と空海に関する論考。これ以上の入門書は和書以外ではないだろう。昨日から読み始めた。本書23頁で著者の羽毛田義人氏は空海の処女作「三教指帰」が引用・示唆的指示をしているものとして特に法華経、華厳経、大乗起信論を挙げている。少なくてもこの三つが若き日の空海の、従って彼の生涯の土台だということだ。
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Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Three – Buddhistdoor Global

Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Three – Buddhistdoor Global


Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Three
By Alena Eckelmann
June 1, 2021



The first official pilgrimage along the Zao Kodo after the beginning of the Shugendo revival on Mount Zao. Image courtesy of Zao Kodo Kai

Zao is the name of a mountain in the north of Japan and also the name of a Shugendo deity: Zao Gongen. However, the locals of the Mount Zao area did not know about this connection until recently, when they began to rediscover their Shugendo past.

Mount Zao used to be a site for religious pilgrimages where Shugendo was practiced. Place names, old stone monuments, and small shrines and temples hint at the previously flourishing pilgrimage tradition that possibly lasted for more than 1,000 years. It had been all but forgotten during the last century.

This article is an account of the first stage of the Shugendo revival on Mount Zao, compiled from information kindly provided by Ryounin Tatsumi, the head monk of Sakuramotobou temple. The author thanks Mr. Tatsumi and the members of the Zao Kodo Kai for allowing us to make this information public.
x

Situating Mount Zao

Mount Zao is a group of volcanoes on the border between Yamagata Prefecture and Miyagi Prefecture in the Tohoku region (the area north of Tokyo). The mountain range is divided into North, Middle and South Zao. The Middle Zao range features bare volcanic mountain peaks and flat expanses of volcanic ash. The North and South of Zao’s peaks are covered in thick forest. Since 1963, the Zao mountain range has been a Quasi-National Park.

Its highest peak, Mount Kumano (in reference to the sacred site of the Kumano Sanzan on the Kii Peninsula), rises to an elevation of 1,841 meters and overlooks the Okama, a mysterious crater lake with emerald green water.

At the base of Mount Zao on the Yamagata Prefecture side lies Zao Onsen, and on the Miyagi Prefecture side lies Togatta Onsen. Both are hot spring villages and popular tourist destinations for trekking in summer and for skiing in winter. The Zao Echo Line, a scenic driving route, cuts through the Zao mountains and connects the two hot spring villages. The Zao Highline, a branch road, leads from the Echo Line directly to the Okama. Visitors nowadays drive to come here.

The Zao-Yoshino personal connection

The beginning of the Zao Shugendo revival might lie in a personal relationship. It all began with a connection between a taiko group (Japanese drumming) from Mount Zao in Miyagi Prefecture and Sakuramotobou temple on Mount Yoshino in Nara Prefecture. Mount Yoshino is an active Shugendo center on the Kii Peninsula. From Zao to Yoshino is a distance of 800 kilometers.

In 2005, Ryounin Tatsumi, the head monk of Sakuramotobou, was invited to Miyagi Prefecture to attend an anniversary celebration of this taiko group. Since then the taiko performers and Tatsumi have formed a strong bond and the group comes to Mount Yoshino in October each year to perform at a religious festival at Sakuramotobou.

During the troupe’s anniversary celebrations in 2005, Tatsumi met many local people from the Zao mountain area. One of them, Endo Yuichi, would later become the leader of the Zao revival group.
Tatsumi guides members of the Zao Kodo Kai along the Zao Kodo. Image courtesy of Zao Kodo Kai

Inspiration and first revival talks

After the Great Tohoku Earthquake on 11 March 2011, which devastated the Tohoku coastline with a powerful tsunami and resulted in a nuclear meltdown at Fukushima, Tatsumi returned to Miyagi Prefecture. His Miyagi acquaintances had requested him to conduct a goma fire ritual and to pray with the locals for the recovery of Tohoku.

After the goma ritual, some Zao locals approached Tatsumi and told him that they were interested in reviving the Shugendo tradition on Mount Zao. They talked about the possibility of a rival and sought his advice.

From the conversation, Tatsumi understood that they did not have any knowledge about, or experience of, Shugendo; they just had a “feeling” and Tatsumi decided that “their blood knows” about the past. They also did not know about Zao Gongen, a major Shugendo deity that is worshipped on Mount Yoshino. They had not yet made a connection between Zao, the name of their mountain range and town, and the Shugendo deity Zao Gongen.

When they watched Tatsumi conduct the fire ritual, during which a prayer to Zao Gongen was chanted, “something clicked” and they thought that Zao Gongen was the key in the search for their roots. This is when they approached Tatsumi and started a discussion about Zao and Shugendo.

Walking the Aosa Kodo again, an old pilgrimage trail on Mount Zao that has been renovated in recent years. Image courtesy of Zao Kodo Kai

First step: fixing the trails

After this they took Tatsumi to the top of the mountain by car to Kattamine Shrine. This shrine was the destination of the old pilgrimage trails, but after a road to the shrine was built, people stopped walking the mountain trails and instead drove by car. Gradually, the pilgrimage trails were forgotten and fell into disrepair.

The old mountain trails around Mount Zao had been disused for many years and the revival initiators understood that they needed to restore the pilgrimage trails as a first course of action.

In 2017, Endo Yuichi visited Sakuramotobou temple. He informed Tatsumi that the trails had been repaired and were once agein ready for pilgrims to walk, and that they wanted Tatsumi to walk with them. It would take another three years until this walk took place.

Second step: organizing

The Zao Kodo Kai is a group of local people from the Zao area who have come together for the purpose of rebuilding the Shugendo tradition on Mount Zao. The leader of the group is Endo Yuichi, the owner of a café. In 2020, he also became a town counsellor in order to facilitate the revival.

Sakai Yosuke, in his 40s, works at a tourism agency in Zao Onsen. He is one of the main members of the Zao revival organization. Early in 2020, he visited Sakuramotobou temple and introduced several other members of the association. He also repeated the Zao revival team’s wish to walk the renovated Zao Kodo trails with Tatsumi.

Initially the group was small, but more and more locals have since joined. They include the owners of shops and restaurants, cafés and hotels, professional mountain guides, representatives from local tourism offices, and the mayor of Zao town.

The Shinto priest from Kattamine Shrine cooperates with the revival efforts, but none of the group members were Buddhist monks and none of them had any prior experience as Shugendo practitioners.
Members of the Zao Kodo Kai wear their new pilgrimage “uniform” during their first pilgrimage with Sendatsu (pilgrimage guide) Ryounin Tatsumi from Mount Yoshino. Image courtesy of Zao Kodo Kai

First pilgrimage on the restored trails

In August 2020, Tatsumi and members of the Zao Kodo Kai walked Zao Kodo and the Aosa Kodo, two of the pilgrimage trails that had been restored. Participating group members included women and men, younger and older people, all of whom had prepared by training their bodies and by studying the Shugendo tradition.

The Zao Kodo Kai members wore newly designed Zao Kodo T-shirts for their first pilgrimage. The shirts are now the “official” outfit of the Zao Kodo Kai: white with the name “Zao Kodo” in Roman letters on the front and in Japanese kanji on the back.

White is the traditional color for pilgrimage outfits in Japan, representing purity. But it also symbolizes death because the pilgrimage is seen as a journey of death and rebirth. They also wore long white towels around their foreheads, in the traditional style of headwear during a pilgrimage in the Tohoku area.

Tatsumi was the only person to wear a formal Shugendo monk’s uniform.

The group walked the trails and performed gongyo (prayers) at each sacred place, such as small shrines and stone monuments with spiritual significance. Tatsumi would lead the rituals and recited all the prayers. The participants joined in when they could.
Tatsumi chants prayers inside a small temple along the Aosa Kodo, while members of the Zao Kodo Kai listen. Image courtesy of Zao Kodo Kai

Tatsumi taught the participating members the Yama Nenbutsu: zange zange, rokkon shojo (Repent. Repent. Purify your six senses), a prayer that is commonly chanted by Shugendo practitioners when they climb a mountain trail. This was the only Shugendo practice that he taught them during this first walk.

The Zao Fudoson, a stone statue of Fudo Myo-o (Wrathful Wisdom King), is one of the main Shugendo deities and one of the landmarks along the trail where the gongyo was held. Another is a small temple, Gangyo-ji, which the locals have been taking care of over the centuries. They did not know that Gangyo is also the name of the uncle of En no Gyoja, the founder of Shugendo.

At the entrance to the trail, and now spanning the width of the road, stands a large red torii, the distinctive gate that marks the entrance to a Shinto shrine. The large plate on top reads: Zao Daigongen O-torii. The destination of the walk was Kattamine Shrine Okumiya (Innermost Shrine), previously called Zao Gongen Shrine, which sits at a high point overlooking the Okama crater lake.
The destination of the pilgrimage along the Zao Kodo is the Okama crater lake. Image courtesy of Zao Kodo Kai

The next step: Shugendo education

The Zao Kodo Kai asked Tatsumi to give some lectures and hold a seminar to teach the members about the basics of Shugendo, about the founder, En no gyoja, and about the “Shugendo spirit.”

They appear to be mostly interested in En no Gyoja, a legendary figure who is said to have lived in the seventh century in the Kansai area, near Mount Yoshino. He is also said to have opened many mountains around Japan for ascetic training.

The members of the Zao Kodo Kai now believe that En no gyoja came all the way from Mount Yoshino to Mount Zao and opened the mountains in their local area for ascetic practices. They view this as a “truth that lives on forever,” despite the disruption that Shugendo experienced during the Meiji period about 150 years ago.

They mentioned to Tatsumi that “knowing the roots and the origin of their hometown would make their community stronger. It would make people prouder of their village, and it would make the bond with Mount Yoshino stronger.”
Members of the Zao Kodo Kai include women and men from the Zao area. Tatsumi from Mount Yoshino, center, wears his Shugendo uniform for the pilgrimage. Image courtesy of Zao Kodo Kai

Setting a sign: official instalment of Zao Gonen

Now that the pilgrimage trails have been restored, a core group of Shugendo revival participants has been formed and branded “Zao Kodo,” the next step is to raise funds for a large metal statue of Zao Gongen, to be placed on top of Mount Zao. This is similar to the statue of Shakyamuni Nyorai, the historical Buddha, that was placed on top of Mount Shakka, one of the many peaks on the Okugake ascetic training trail on the Kii Peninsula.

The Zao Kodo Kai has already commissioned Tatsumi to conduct a goma fire ritual in front of the new Zao Gongen statue once it is erected in 2021 or 2022.

The future

For now, the members of the revival group want to focus on walking the Zao Kodo trails as often as possible, together with a trained gyoja—ideally a monk from an official Shugendo temple. They hope that Tatsumi will come to Miyagi and walk the pilgrimage trails with them every year.

By being seen on the trail and talking about their walks, the members hope to reach a wider audience. They want to let the local people and visitors know that the Zao Kodo, the old Shugendo pilgrimage trails on Mount Zao, have been revived. They believe that for their revival efforts to be successful, “a connection with many people and a passion for revival” are most needed.

The members of the Zao Kodo Kai do not aim to learn any Shugendo rituals, such as the goma fire ritual, themselves. However, they strongly hope that there will be a person from the Zao region who wants to become a gyoja, a Shugendo practitioner.

Because: “Who passes the Shugendo traditions on to the next generations? Gyoja do!”
Exhausted but happy at the end of the first Zao Kodo pilgrimage, after instigating the Zao Shugendo revival. Image courtesy of Kodo Kai
Related features from Buddhistdoor Global

Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part One
Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Two
Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Four
Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Five
Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Six
Connecting the Past and Present of Shugendo – The Revival of Japan’s Ancient Mountain Ascetic Tradition, Part Seven
See more from The Shugendo Diaries by Alena Eckelmann
Tags: asceticism, buddhism, buddhism in japan, japan, Mahayana, Miyagi Prefecture, Mount Kumano, Mount Zao, mountains, Okama, pilgrimage, Ryounin Tatsumi, Sakuramotobou, Shugendo, Tohoku, Yamagata Prefecture, Zao Gongen, Zao Kodo



Alena Eckelmann
Alena Eckelmann is from east of the Wall and south of Berlin, in Germany. She holds an MA in Asian Studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London and an MA from Passau University in Germany. In 2005, Alena traveled to Tokyo under the EU-sponsored Executive Training Program and worked as assistant director for the Japan Market Expansion Competition. She has been writing about Japan since her days in Tokyo. In 2011, she moved to Kumano in the south of the Kii Peninsula to begin training with a Shugendo monk. In 2016, she received tokudo from Sakuramotobou Temple in Yoshino, where she continues her Shugendo training. She qualified as a licensed guide for the Kumano Kodo and Koyasan, and is a licensed forest therapy guide. Alena has a deep interest in the spirituality and nature of Japan, which she would like to share with the world. The Shugendo Diaries is published bimonthly.

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