2021/08/26

[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 지난한 삶의 여행에서, 그는 무얼 찾았을까? < 글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재 < 교육&문화 < 테마 < 기사본문 - 한국농어민신문

[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 지난한 삶의 여행에서, 그는 무얼 찾았을까? < 글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재 < 교육&문화 < 테마 < 기사본문 - 한국농어민신문


[글 쓰는 농부 전희식의 서재] 지난한 삶의 여행에서, 그는 무얼 찾았을까?

기자명 한국농어민신문
승인 2017.12.26 15:48
신문 2972호(2017.12.29) 16면

남북한을 꿰뚫고
여러 대륙을 아울러 온
1922년생 저자의
굴곡진 지구별 여행기
나는 이렇게 평화가 되었다
일선 이남순, 정신세계원,
15,000원

한국 최초·최고의 여행가였던 김찬삼의 세계여행기를 읽은 때가 1975년 여름이었으니 내 나이 10대 말이었다. 이 책은 엄청난 독서량이 쌓여가는 내 기억 속에 오랫동안 여행기 최고의 자리를 차지했다.

그 뒤로 ‘창비’에서 나온 <이븐 바투타 여행기>가 최고봉에 올랐었고 작년에 읽은 ‘베르나르 올리비에’가 쓴 3권짜리 <나는 걷는다>가 뒤를 이었다. 이제 그 자리에 최근에 읽은 이 책을 두려고 한다. ‘현재’는 강렬했던 모든 기억을 ‘과거’로 돌리고 존재를 지배하는 법이라서 그렇다지만 이 책이야말로 여행기의 전형이 아닐까 싶어서다. 대자아를 발견하고 평화를 이루는 것. 모든 여행의 진면목일 것이다.

<나는 이렇게 평화가 되었다(일선 이남순. 정신세계원. 15,000원)>는 한 존재의 지구별 여행기라고 하고 싶지만 요즘 유행하는 우주시민들의 초월적 이야기로 오해 받을 수 있다. 남북한을 꿰뚫고 여러 대륙을 아우르는 가족사 중심의 인문사회 입체 여행기라고 하면 어떨까.

저자인 일선 이남순은 1922년생으로 일본에 유학을 했고 귀국해서는 모교에서 교원생활을 했지만 전쟁 통에 죽을 고비를 여러 차례 넘긴다. 브라질과 캐나다에서 42년 동안 이민자로 살면서 북에 가서 26년 만에 아버지를 만났다. 해외 통일운동을 했으며 아들과 딸의 안내를 기꺼이 받아들이며 감성치유와 영성운동으로 거듭났다.

저자는 어떤 계기로 2006년에 제주도로 영구 귀국하여 영성공동체 ‘에미셔리’를 가족과 함께 일구었다. 책은 이러한 과정의 굴곡을 곡진하게 담고 있다.

그런데 이렇게만 이 책을 소개하기에는 뭔가 부족하다. 영국과 호주와 미국 등지에 살았던 4남매 자녀들이 이 책을 같이 엮었다. 그들의 마음에 담긴 어머니 모습은 주고받은 편지와 기억의 교차 확인으로 시대와 삶을 아우르는 여행의 입체감을 잘 보여준다.

저자는 여행자의 삶이 어떠해야 하는지를 당신의 삶 전체를 놓고 전해준다. 역경을 내적 성장을 위한 디딤돌과 자양분으로 삼는다. 아흔을 바라보는 나이 일 때도 자신에게 맞는 1시간짜리의 수련프로그램을 직접 만들어 매일 수행했으며 자기교정을 계속한다. 마음의 상처와 아픔을 회피하지 않고 직시하며, 재 경험하고, 뚫고 지나감으로써 뿌리 깊은 어두운 기운을 탈바꿈시키는 작업을 게을리 하지 않았다. 여행자는 환경을 탓하지 않는 법이다. 단지 바라보고 그 순간 최선의 긍정 선택을 한다. 인생 여행의 진수라 하겠다.

독자로 하여금 다다르게 하는 결론은 대자유의 평화다. 저자와 그의 둘째딸 반아님이 강조하고 있는 ‘남북의 영세중립평화통일’은 사실, 소자아를 벗어나 대자아에 이르는 지난한 여행의 종착역을 말하는 것으로 보인다. 나처럼 22년생 어머니의 막내아들인 박유진은 저자인 어머니를 ‘삶을 가르쳐주고 영혼을 일깨워 줬다’고 고백한다. 이 아들에 대한 저자의 고백도 유사하다. 여행은 이렇게 서로에게로 흐르고 흐르는 과정인가 보다.

2021/08/25

The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity: A Modern Practical Guide to the Ancient Way: Reid, Daniel: 9780671648114: Amazon.com: Books

The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity: A Modern Practical Guide to the Ancient Way: Reid, Daniel: 9780671648114: Amazon.com: Books
The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity: A Modern Practical Guide to the Ancient Way Paperback – July 15, 1989
by Daniel Reid (Author)
4.6 out of 5 stars    451 ratings







406 pages
With a detailed introduction to the ancient philosophical, ethical, and religious Chinese practice of Taoism, The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity is a unique, comprehensive, and practical self-help guide to live a balanced and positive Taoist lifestyle.
Written by a Westerner for the Western mind, The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity is perfect for the modern reader interested in exploring the balanced and holistic health care system used by Chinese physicians, martial artists, and meditators for over 5,000 years.

Drawing on his extensive personal experience and research from original sources, author Daniel Reid covers all aspects of the healthy Taoist lifestyle, delivering concise information and instruction on diet and nutrition, fasting, breathing and exercise, sexual health, medicine, and meditation.

Featuring helpful charts and illustrations, The Tao of Health, Sex and Longevity makes the ancient practice easier to understand and more applicable to a modern Western audience than ever before.
===============

Editorial Reviews
About the Author
Daniel Reid was born and educated in America and lived in Taiwan, where he studied under numerous Tao masters. He is a Taoist practitioner and the author of several books, including the bestselling The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity; Guarding the Three Treasures; Chi-Gung; and Chinese Healing Herbs. He lives in Thailand.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
====
Chapter 1

Diet and Nutrition

Food and drink are relied upon to nurture life. But if one does not know that the natures of substances may be opposed to each other, and one consumes them altogether indiscriminately, the vital organs will be thrown out of harmony and disastrous consequences will soon arise. Therefore, those who wish to nurture their lives must carefully avoid doing such damage to themselves.
[Chia Ming, Essential Knowledge for Eating and Drinking, 1368]

One of the great advantages of learning Tao is that the same basic principles apply to everything from the macrocosmic to the microscopic. In the case of diet, the overriding Taoist principle of balance between Yin and Yang is established by harmonizing the Four Energies and Five Flavors in foods.

The Four Energies in food are hot, warm, cool and cold. These categories define the nature and the intensity of energy released in the human system when food is digested. Hot and warm foods belong to Yang; cool and cold foods belong to Yin. The former are stimulating and generate heat, while the latter are calming and cool the organs.

The Five Flavors are more subtle distinctions based on the Five Elemental Activities: sweet (earth), bitter (fire), sour (wood), pungent (metal) and salty (water). Each of the Five Flavors has a 'natural affinity' (gui-jing) for one of the five 'solid' Yin organs and its Yang counterpart: sweet influences pancreas/stomach; bitter moves to the heart/small intestine; sour has affinity for the liver/gallbladder; pungent affects the lungs/large intestine; and salty associates with the kidneys/bladder.

The therapeutic effects of the Four Energies and Five Flavors are as follows:

* Cool and cold Yin foods calm the vital organs and are recommended for summer menus, as well as for combating 'hot' Yang diseases such as fever and hypertension. Yin foods include soy beans, bamboo shoots, watermelon, white turnips, cabbage, pears, squash and lemons.

* Warm and hot Yang foods stimulate the vital organs, generate body heat and are recommended for winter consumption, as well as palliatives for 'cold' Yin diseases such as anemia, chills and fatigue. Yang foods include beef, mutton, chicken, alcohol, mango and chilies.

* Sweet 'earth' foods disperse stagnant energy, promote circulation, nourish vital energy and harmonize the stomach. Corn, peas, dates, ginseng and licorice are examples of sweet foods.

* Bitter 'fire' foods such as rhubarb and bitter melon tend to dry the system, balance excess dampness, and purge the bowels.

* Sour 'wood' foods such as olives and pomegranate are astringent, tend to solidify the contents of the digestive tract, stop diarrhea and remedy prolapse of the colon.

* Salty 'water' foods such as kelp soften and moisten tissues and facilitate bowel movements.

* Pungent 'metal' goods such as ginger, garlic and chili neutralize and disperse accumulated toxins in the body.

Taoists balance their diets according to favorable combinations of energies and flavors and strictly avoid combinations that conflict. They also avoid excessive consumption of any single variety of food-energy. For example, frequent excessive consumption of 'hot' fatty Yang foods can cause fevers, heartburn, congestion, chest stagnation and other unpleasant effects of 'heat-energy excess'. As this excess 'evil heat' seeks escape from the body, carbuncles and absesses may develop. Too much pungent food can cause gastro-intestinal distress, upset the stomach and result in hemorrhoids. Even the freshest, most wholesome foods are rendered nutritionally useless if consumed in combinations that interfere with digestion, cause putrefaction and fermentation, block assimilation and cause internal energy conflicts.

Mother Nature's Menu

When formulating personal dietary guidelines, it is helpful first to determine your own basic metabolic type, of which there are three: vegetarian, carnivore and balanced. The vegetarian and carnivorous types each represent about 25 per cent of the general population, with the remaining 50 per cent falling into the balanced category. These human metabolic types stem from the prehistoric switch by some segments of the human species from a fruit and nut based diet to a meat diet.

Vegetarian metabolisms are 'slow oxidizers', which means that they burn sugars and carbohydrates slowly. Because the body must burn sugar in order to provide sufficient energy to digest meat and fat, slow oxidizers have trouble burning sugar fast enough to efficiently digest large quantities of meat, eggs, fish and other concentrated animal proteins. Consequently, large doses of protein foods tend to make vegetarian types feel tired and sluggish after meals. An easy test for metabolic type is to eat a large steak or a whole chicken and see how you feel afterward. If it leaves you feeling 'wiped out', mentally depressed and lethargic, then you probably tend towards a slow-oxidizing vegetarian metabolism, in which case you should restrict protein and fat consumption and favor vegetables, fruits and carbohydrates in your diet. If a large intake of concentrated animal protein leaves you feeling strong, vital and mentally alert, then you probably lean towards a fast-oxidizing carnivorous metabolism.

Since carnivorous metabolisms burn sugar and carbohydrates very rapidly, excess consumption of sugar or starch tends to make them excessively nervous and agitated due to overstimulation of the nervous system. Fast oxidizers derive energy by digesting large quantities of animal fats and proteins, which are sent to the liver for conversion into glycogen. The liver then dispenses the glycogen into the bloodstream in the form of glucose -- the only form of fuel the body can burn -- in gradual measured doses, as needed. That's why fast oxidizers require a steady supply of protein and fat in their diets and should restrict intake of sugars and starches.

Fortunately, most of us have balanced metabolisms that can handle both varieties of food when properly combined. Although our digestive tracts were originally designed by nature for a diet of fruit and vegetables, our digestive systems have evolved the capacity to produce the gastric juices required to digest the meat that became part of the human diet 50,000-100,000 years ago. If large quantities of animal protein don't leave you feeling depleted, and if large doses of sugar and starch don't make you nervous, then you are probably a balanced metabolizer who needs only worry about selecting wholesome foods from both categories and combining them properly for consumption. In the Tao of diet, however, these are just the first steps in regulating diet. Season and climate, for example, must also be considered in order to ensure that the extreme external cold winter is balanced by the extra internal heat of Yang-foods, hot summer weather is complemented by cooling Yin-foods, dry climates are compensated with extra moisturizing foods, and so forth. Foods consumed out of harmony with season and climate can cause all sorts of problems, including skin eruptions, constipation, gas, fatigue and bad breath.

Taoists tend to favor local produce because it is far more likely to be fresh and brimming with the vitality of its own chee. Today, the modern food-processing industry, in conjunction with high-speed transport, has made it possible to eat Florida oranges in Alaska, frozen prawns in the middle of the desert and all sorts of processed packaged 'junk food' any time of day or night, anywhere on earth. As a result, modern diets are completely out of synchrony with the natural prevailing conditions of geography, season and unseen cosmic forces.

Taoists also make a point of eating foods with natural affinities for their weakest organs and related energy systems. Taoist diets aim at strengthening four major systems in the body: digestive, excretory, respiratory and circulatory. When these four functional systems are properly nourished, harmonized and healthy, the health and vitality of the entire organism are assured.

A major goal of Taoist diets is to enhance sexual potency by stimulating sexual glands and strengthening sexual organs. The purpose here is not to increase sexual pleasure -- though that is a definite side benefit -- but rather to increase the body's store of hormones, semen and other forms of 'vital essence' required for optimum vitality and immunity. Sexual essence provides our greatest internal source of chee, and sexual potency is a major indicator of good health.

Since meat forms such a large part of Western diets, a few Taoist guidelines on meat consumption should be helpful. The great Tang physician Sun Ssu-mo and other Taoist dieticians have always warned against the long-range ill effects of eating large quantities of domestic animal meats, such as beef and pork. The only domestic meat they regarded as safe and healthy for the human system was dog, and that was recommended only for its potent warming effects during the intense cold of mid-winter. The reason that domestic animals are such a poor source of human nutrition is that their own diets consist mainly of kitchen slops, garbage and dried straw. Today, the situation is further aggravated by all the synthetic hormones, antibiotics and other drugs routinely fed to livestock.

Taoists have always recommended wild game as the most nutritionally beneficial type of meat for man. Venison is especially good, primarily because deer feed on all sorts of wild nuts, leaves, berries, barks and other herbs which appear in the Chinese pharmocopeia as remedies for man. The benefits of a wild deer's herbal diet are naturally transmitted to your own system when you eat its meat, just as all the chemical drugs injected into livestock today are transferred to your system when you eat a hamburger or fried chicken.

Note, however, that you will gain very little nutritional benefit from even the freshest wild game if you cook it 'to death'. Any meat that is suitable for human consumption should be eaten as rare as possible, preferably raw or at least partly raw. Steak tartare and Carpaccio are good examples of raw beef dishes that are brimming with their own natural enzymes and are delicious as well. Japanese sashimi (raw fish) is even better; indeed sashimi is arguably the most nutritionally potent, enzymerich, naturally digestible form of animal protein on Mother Nature's entire menu, a fact reflected by the longevity of the Japanese people. Taoists always recommend wild fish from seas and rivers over domestic fish raised in stagnant ponds and fed on 'fish chow'.

The same principle applies to chicken. Chinese physicians today still recommend that their patients consume only tu-ji ('earth chickens') and avoid yang-ji ('cultivated chickens'). Earth chickens are those left to roam about fields and forests to forage for themselves, rather than being fed the artificial, denatured diets of domestic fowl.

In order to prevent putrefaction, promote digestion and facilitate rapid elimination of wastes, all meals in which cooked meats form the major element should be supplemented with a dose of active proteolytic ('protein-digesting') enzymes, which are readily available at health and food stores today.

You may assist rather than interfere with Mother Nature's digestive principles by observing the following basic Taoist dietary guidelines:

* Eat sparingly, and you will live a long and healthy life. The basic Taoist measure is to eat till you are 70-80 per cent full. Mother Nature invariably punishes gluttons with all sorts of misery. The human body simply cannot utilize the enormous quantities and complex combinations of food with which civilized, sedentary man tends to gorge himself daily.

* Chew food thoroughly before swallowing it. This applies especially to carbohydrates, which require initial digestion by the alkaline ptyalin enzyme in the saliva of the mouth. Gandhi's advice on this subject rings with the wisdom of Tao: 'Drink your food and chew your beverages', which means that solid foods should be chewed to liquid form before swallowing, and liquids should be swallowed as slowly as solid food.

* Avoid extreme hot and cold temperatures in foods and beverages. Excessively hot soup, for example, irritates the tender lining of the mouth and esophagus, which impairs salivation and peristalsis. One of the worst digestive offenses is to drink ice water or other freezing cold fluids with meals. Such freezing infusions on a stomach full of food freeze shut the tiny ducts which secrete gastric juices in the stomach, thereby halting digestion and permitting putrefaction and fermentation to occur instead. By the time the temperature of the stomach returns to normal, it is too late for proper digestion to commence. In fact, any beverage taken in large quantities together with food dilutes the gastric medium and impairs digestion. Wine and beer, however, are exceptions because they are fermented (i.e. pre-digested) and thus they actually assist digestion when taken in moderate quantities. Even the Bible advises one to 'take a little wine for the stomach's sake'.

The Human Dietary Devolution

Modern man bristles with pride on his 'evolution' from cave man to space traveler and looks upon his primitive past with disdain. When it comes to diet, however, the human species has experienced a severe 'devolution' in eating habits, a devolution sparked by the much ballyhooed advent of civilization, an event that has driven a permanent wedge between man and nature.

For millions of years prior to the tiny drop in the bucket of time which we call 'history', humans and other primates lived entirely on diets of coarse, fibrous foods gathered in nature and consumed raw. Throughout the realm of nature, animals that rely on diets with a high ratio of indigestible fibrous bulk and low concentrations of protein have evolved relatively long digestive tracts, whereas carnivores such as lions and tigers evolved short tracts. The human alimentary canal, which winds its way from mouth to anus with 40 feet of tubing, is one of the longest digestive tracts relative to body weight in all of nature.

Man's dietary devolution took a serious turn for the worse when he 'advanced' to become a hunter of animals and adopted meat as his major dietary staple. This occurred primarily in the northern hemisphere, where flesh became the only viable source of food in winter. Those human populations that switched to meat developed digestive juices and metabolisms capable of extracting nutrients from animal fats and proteins, even though their digestive tracts remained forever fixed in the vegetarian mold. This development is the source of the two basic metabolic types in man, one geared towards a bulky diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, the other to a fiberless diet of flesh.

Agriculture triggered the final stage of human dietary degeneration. When grain became the main staple of the human diet, a new element was introduced into the digestive tract, an element not at all intended by nature as food for man. That culprit is starch. The fact that grains are the only items in the entire human diet that cannot be eaten and digested in the raw state is sufficient proof that these items were not meant for human consumption. Grains became the world's first 'processed foods.'

Evidence indicates that precivilized man knew better than to consume grains as food. It seems that humans first began gathering and later cultivating grains not for food but rather to feed domestic animals and ferment beer. It was only after population pressure made wild plants and animals insufficient to feed the species that man turned to grains for sustenance.

Grains have been the mainstay of the human diet for only 6,000 or 7,000 years, and thus the Taoist sages of ancient China recognized them as relative newcomers to the human diet with deleterious effects on human health and longevity. Throughout the ancient Taoist literature on health and longevity we find the term bi-gu ('avoid grains') cropping up over and over. This agrees completely with the findings of such great contemporary nutritional scientists as Arnold Ehret, Dr Herbert Shelton, Dr Marsh Morrison, Dr Norman Walker and V.E. Irons, whose theories we'll look at in more detail later. The fact that for the past several thousand years the traditional Chinese diet has consisted of 80-90 per cent grains simply reflects the requirements of over-population. Taoists who 'avoid grains' live much healthier and longer lives than the general populace, but at least the traditional Chinese diet combines grains much more harmoniously than modern Western diets.

Thanks to the dietary devolution fostered by civilization, the human diet today, especially in the Western world, consists primarily of refined, denatured, overcooked food indiscriminately combined. Some of the consequences people suffer by eliminating coarse fibrous foods from their diets and relying instead on concentrated animal protein and concentrated refined starches are described here by Dr Robert Jackson:

The removal of this waste matter [fiber] also removes from our foods the natural stimulus to the muscular activity of the bowel wall...This means a slowing up of the intestinal current. Slowing up the intestinal current means the decomposition of the protein contents and a fermentation beyond what is normal of the carbohydrate contents, the former resulting in evolution of very depressing poisons and the latter of irritants to the tube lining...Thus a vicious cycle is set up, leading to a chronic state of body poisoning from the food canal, for slowing up not only adds to the fermentation and decomposition, it also allows more time for the absorption into the blood of the poisonous products produced.

About ten years ago, an interesting study was conducted to compare the average daily bowel movements of people in India and America. The results at first baffled researchers: although the average American consumed over three times as many calories every day as the average Indian, the latter produced daily bowel movements that weighed more than double the American average. India's diet, based primarily on vegetables and whole grains, provides a high ratio of fibrous bulk to propel wastes through the alimentary canal, while the typical American diet, rich in processed calories but poor in natural bulk, moves through the digestive tract so slowly that much of it putrefies and ferments rather than digests, and the resulting toxic wastes are retained for days, or even weeks, resulting in a chronic state of toxemia (a form of autointoxification of the blood caused by the constant presence of toxins in the stomach, colon, liver and other tissues). This condition is responsible for a host of chronic ailments rarely found in primitive societies, including arthritis, constipation, gastritis, fatigue, infertility, impotence and lack of immunity to infectious disease.

Master faster and colonic specialist V.E. Irons describes the modern American dietary disaster as follows:

In many cases, food can stay in a person for months or even years. This food will rot and decay and will get buried in the crevices and folds of the colon...Most people's colons, instead of being fast-moving sewer systems, have become stagnant cesspools.

Trophology: The Science of Food Combining

Compared to Taoist concepts of balance, the Western notion of a 'balanced diet' is simplistic and superficial. Western physicians advise everyone to take 'a little of everything at every meal,' jumbling together such disparate ingredients as meat, milk, starch, fat and sugar. Such indiscriminate consumption of food is no different than pouring a combination of gas, oil, alcohol and sugar into the gas tank of a car. These blends will not burn efficiently, will provide little power and will quickly clog up the engine so badly that the entire system grinds to a halt. The advice given in the quote at the beginning of this chapter, from a book presented to the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty on the occasion of the author's 100th birthday, clearly reflects the fact that the ancient Chinese were well aware of the importance of the science of food combining. This wisdom was once known to the West as well, as evidenced by Moses' strict regulation that meat and milk must never be consumed at the same meal.

In plain English, the Yin and Yang of diet boils down to 'trophology', a term which you and no doubt your doctor have probably never heard before. Modern medical training in the West, especially in America, is notoriously deficient in nutritional science, although there are a few enlightened nutritional scientists in America and Europe today who, despite sneers from their peers in the medical establishment, are making great medical strides through the science of trophology.

The Western scientific equivalent of Yin/Yang balance in food combinations is something we all learned in elementary high school chemistry: acid/alkaline balance, or 'pH'. We all know that if we did add a measure of alkaline to an equal measure of acid, the resulting chemical solution is as neutral as plain water. That's the principle behind reaching for bicarbonate (a strong alkaline) to relieve 'acid indigestion'.

It is an established scientific fact in Western medicine that, in order to initiate efficient digestion of any concentrated animal protein, the stomach must secrete pepsin. But it is also a well-known fact that pepsin can function only in a highly acidic medium, which must be maintained for several hours for complete digestion of proteins. It is an equally well-established fact of science that when we chew a piece of bread or potato or any other carbohydrate/starch, ptyalin and other alkaline juices are immediately secreted into the food by the saliva in the mouth. When swallowed, the alkalized starches require an alkaline medium in the stomach in order to complete their digestion.

Anyone should be able to figure out what therefore happens when you ingest protein and starch together. Acid and alkaline juices are secreted simultaneously in response to the incoming protein and starch, promptly neutralizing one another and leaving a weak, watery solution in the stomach that digests neither protein nor starch properly. Instead, the proteins putrefy and the starches ferment owing to the constant presence of bacteria in the digestive tract.

This putrefaction and fermentation are the primary cause of all sorts of digestive distress, including gas, heartburn, cramps, bloating, constipation, foul stools, bleeding piles, colitis, and so forth. Many so-called 'allergies' are also the direct result of improper food combinations: the bloodstream picks up toxins from the putrefied, fermented mess as it passes slowly through the intestines, and these toxins in turn cause rashes, hives, headaches, nausea and other symptoms commonly branded as 'allergies'. The same foods that cause allergic reactions when improperly combined often have no ill side-effects whatsoever when consumed according to the rules of trophology. The final fact of the matter is this: when you immobilize your stomach and impair digestive functions by consuming foods in indiscriminate combinations, the bacteria in your alimentary canal have a field day. They get all the nutrients and thrive, while you get all the wastes and suffer.

According to a recent survey in America, the average American male today carries about 5 pounds of undigested, putrefied red meat in his gut. Leave 5 pounds of meat in a dark, warm, moist place for a few days and see for yourself the results of putrefaction. The severely septic condition of the human intestinal tract is unique in nature, yet Western physicians take it for granted and even insist that it is harmless to the rest of the system.

In fact, however, in order to protect itself from the chronic toxic irritation of improperly combined meals, the colon secretes large quantities of mucus to entrap toxic particles before they damage the colon's sensitive lining. When this occurs at every meal, every day, every week, throughout the year -- as is quite typical in modern Western diets -- the colon ends up secreting a constant stream of mucus, which accumulates and gets impacted in the folds of the colon. This results in a narrowing of the passage through the colon and a constant seeping of toxins into the bloodstream by osmosis. When the impacting of toxic mucus in the colon reaches a critical pressure, it causes a pocket to balloon outward through the colon lining, causing a condition called diverticulosis. Colitis and cancer are the next stages of colon deterioration caused by these conditions.

Having correlated the Tao of diet with Western scientific terminology, let's take a close look at the practical side of trophology with some concrete examples of food combining. The following categories of food combinations cover most of the 'culinary crimes' against nature committed daily throughout the world today. This list is based mainly on the work of Dr Herbert M. Shelton, one of America's most distinguished nutritional therapists and author of the 'bible' of correct culinary combinations, Food Combining Made Easy:

* Protein and starch. This is the worst possible combination of foods to mix together at a single meal, and yet it is the mainstay of modern Western diets: meat and potatoes, hamburgers and fries, eggs and toast, etc. When one consumes protein and starch together, the alkaline enzyme ptyalin pours into the food as it's chewed in the mouth. When the masticated food reaches the stomach, digestion of starch by alkaline enzymes continues unabated, thereby preventing the digestion of protein by pepsin and other acid secretions. The ever-present bacteria in the stomach are thus permitted to attack the protein and putrefaction commences, rendering nutrients in the protein food largely useless to you and producing toxic wastes and foul gases, including such poisons as indol, skatol, phenol, hydrogen sulphide, phenylpropionic acid, and others.

If that is the case, you may well wonder, then why does the stomach have no trouble handling foods that naturally contain both protein and starch, such as whole grains? As Dr Shelton points out, 'There is a great difference between the digestion of a food, however complex its composition, and the digestion of a mixture of different foods. To a single article of food that is a starch-protein combination, the body can easily adjust its juices, both as to strength and timing, to the digestive requirements of the food. But when two foods are eaten with different, even opposite, digestive needs, this precise adjustment of juices to requirements becomes impossible.'

Rule: Eat concentrated proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and cheese separately from concentrated starches such as bread, potatoes and rice. For example, eat toast or eggs for breakfast, the hamburger patty or the bun for lunch, meat or potatoes for dinner.

* Protein and Protein. Different proteins have different digestive requirements. For example the strongest enzymatic action on milk occurs during the last hour of digestion, whereas on meat it occurs during the first hour and on eggs somewhere in between. It is instructive to recall the ancient dietary law which Moses imposed on his people, forbidding the simultaneous consumption of milk and flesh.

Two similar meats such as beef and lamb, or two types of fish such as salmon and shrimp, are not sufficiently different in nature to cause digestive conflict in the stomach and may thus be consumed together.

Rule: Eat only one major type of protein at a single meal. Avoid combinations such as meat and eggs, meat and milk, fish and cheese. Insure the assimilation of the full range of vital amino acids by varying the types of concentrated proteins taken at different meals.

* Starch and acid. Any acid food taken together with starch suspends secretion of ptyalin, a biochemical fact of life upon which all physicians agree. Therefore, if you consume oranges, lemons and other acid fruits, or acids such as vinegar, along with starch, no ptyalin is secreted in the mouth to initiate the first stage of starch digestion. Consequently, the starch hits the stomach without the vital alkaline juices it needs to digest properly, permitting bacteria to ferment it instead. A single teaspoon of vinegar, or its equivalent in other acids, is all it takes entirely to suspend salivary digestion of starch in the mouth.

Rule: Eat starches and acids at separate meals. For example, if you eat toast or cereal for breakfast, skip the orange juice as well as eggs. If you're eating a starch-based meal of noodles or rice, avoid vinegar as well as concentrated protein.

* Protein and acid. Since protein requires an acid medium for proper digestion, you'd think that acid foods would facilitate protein digestion, but that's not the case. When acid foods enter the stomach, they inhibit the secretion of hydrochloric acid, and the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin can work only in the presence of hydrochloric acid, not just any acid. Therefore, orange juice inhibits the proper digestion of eggs, and a strong vinegar dressing on salad inhibits the digestion of a steak.

Rule: Avoid combining concentrated proteins and acids at the same meal.

* Protein and fat. In McLeod's Physiology in Modern Medicine, we find a fact accepted by all physicians: 'Fat has been shown to exert a distinct inhibiting influence on the secretion of gastric juice.' For two to three hours after the ingestion of fat, the concentration of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach is sharply decreased. This delays digestion of any proteins taken together with the fat, which gives bacteria ample opportunity to putrefy the protein. That is why fatty meats such as bacon and 'marbled' steaks, or lean meats fried in fat, sit so heavily in the stomach for hours after eating them.

Rule: Eat concentrated proteins and fats at separate meals. When you cannot avoid mixing them, eat plenty of raw vegetables to assist their digestion and passage.

* Protein and sugar. All sugars, without exception, inhibit the secretion of gastric juices in the stomach. That's because sugars are digested neither in the mouth nor in the stomach. Instead, they pass directly into the small intestine for digestion and assimilation. When consumed in combination with protein, such as cake after steak, not only do the sugars inhibit digestion of proteins by suppressing gastric secretions, the sugars themselves get trapped in the stomach instead of moving swiftly to the small intestine, and this delay permits bacteria to ferment the sugars, releasing noxious toxins and gases which further impair digestion.

Rule: Avoid consuming sugars and proteins at the same meal.

* Starch and sugar. It has been established that, when sugar enters the mouth along with starch, the saliva secreted during mastication contains no ptyalin, thereby sabatoging starch digestion before it reaches the stomach. Furthermore, such a combination blocks passage of sugar through the stomach until the starch is digested, causing it to ferment. The by-products of sugar fermentation are acidic, which in turn further inhibits digestion of starches, which require alkaline mediums for digestion. Bread (starch) and butter (fat) is a perfectly compatible combination, but when you spread a spoonful of honey or jam over it, you introduce sugars to the blend, which interfere with the digestion of the starch in bread. The same principle applies to breakfast cereal sprinkled with sugar, heavily frosted cakes, sweet pies, and so forth.

Rule. Eat starches and sugars separately.

* Melons. Melons are such a perfect food for humans that they require no digestion whatsoever in the stomach. Instead, they pass quickly through the stomach and move into the small intestine for digestion and assimilation. But this can happen only when the stomach is empty and melons are eaten alone, or in combination only with other fresh raw fruits. When consumed with or after other foods that require complex digestion in the stomach, melons cannot pass into the small intestine until the digestion of other foods in the stomach is complete. So they sit and stagnate instead, quickly fermenting and causing all sorts of gastric distress.

Rule: Eat melons alone or leave them alone.

* Milk. Now we come to one of the most controversial and misunderstood items in the Western diet. Orientals and Africans have traditionally avoided milk -- except as a purgative. But in the Western world, people are told to drink milk every day throughout their lives.

If we look at nature, we see that the young feed exclusively on milk until weaned away from it with other foods. The natural disappearance of the milk-digesting enzyme lactase from the human system upon reaching maturity proves that adult humans have no more nutritional need for milk than adult tigers or chimpanzees. Though milk is a complete protein food when consumed raw, it also contains fat, which means that it combines poorly with any other food except itself. Yet adults today routinely 'wash down' other foods with cold milk. Milk curdles immediately upon entering the stomach, so if there is other food present the curds coagulate around other food particles and insulate them from exposure to gastric juices, delaying digestion long enough to permit the onset of putrefaction. Therefore, the first and foremost rule of milk consumption is, 'Drink it alone or leave it alone.'

Today, milk is made even more indigestible by the universal practice of pasteurization, which destroys its natural enzymes and alters its delicate proteins. Raw milk contains the active enzymes lactase and lipase, which permit raw milk to digest itself. Pasteurized milk, which is devitalized of lactase and other active enzymes, simply cannot be properly digested by adult stomachs, and even infants have trouble with it, as evidenced by cholic, rashes, respiratory ailments, gas and other common ailments of bottle-fed babies. The lack of enzymes and alteration of vital proteins also renders the calcium and other mineral elements in milk largely unases immediately upon entering the stomach, so if there is other food present the curds coagulate around other food particles and insulate them from exposure to gastric juices, delaying digestion long enough to permit the onset of putrefaction. Therefore, the first and foremost rule of milk consumption is, 'Drink it alone or leave it alone.'

Today, milk is made even more indigestible by the universal practice of pasteurization, which destroys its natural enzymes and alters its delicate proteins. Raw milk contains the active enzymes lactase and lipase, which permit raw milk to digest itself. Pasteurized milk, which is devitalized of lactase and other active enzymes, simply cannot be properly digested by adult stomachs, and even infants have trouble with it, as evidenced by cholic, rashes, respiratory ailments, gas and other common ailments of bottle-fed babies. The lack of enzymes and alteration of vital proteins also renders the calcium and other mineral elements in milk largely unassimilable.

During the 1930s, Dr Francis M. Pottenger conducted a 10-year study on the relative effects of pasteurized and raw milk diets on 900 cats. One group received nothing but raw whole milk, while the other was fed nothing but pasteurized whole milk from the same source. The raw milk group thrived, remaining healthy, active and alert throughout their lives, but the group fed on pasteurized milk soon became listless, confused and highly vulnerable to a host of chronic degenerative ailments normally associated with humans, including heart disease, kidney failure, thyroid disfunction, respiratory ailments, loss of teeth, brittle bones, liver inflammation, etc. But what caught Dr Pottenger's attention most was what happened to the second and third generations. The first offspring of the pasteurized milk group were all born with poor teeth and small, weak bones -- a clear-cut sign of calcium deficiency, which indicated lack of calcium absorption from pasteurized milk. The offspring of the raw milk group remained as healthy as their parents. Many of the kittens in third generation of the pasteurized group were stillborn, while those that survived were all sterile and unable to reproduce. The experiment had to end there because there was no fourth generation of cats fed on pasteurized milk, although the raw milk group continued to breed and thrive indefinitely. If that is insufficient proof of the ill effects of pasteurized milk, take note of the fact even that newborn calves fed on pasteurized milk taken from their own mother cows usually die within six months, a fact which the commercial dairy industry is loathe to admit.

Despite such scientific evidence in favor of raw milk and against pasteurized milk, and despite the fact that until the early twentieth century the human species thrived on raw milk, it is actually illegal to sell raw milk to consumers in all but a few states in America today. It is far more profitable to the dairy industry to pasteurize milk to extend its shelf-life, though such denatured milk does nothing whatsoever to extend human life. Furthermore, pasteurization renders milk from sick cows in unsanitary dairies relatively 'harmless' by killing some, but not all, dangerous germs, and this too cuts costs for the dairy industry.

It required only three generations for Dr Pottenger's pasteurized milk fed cats to become sterile and enfeebled. That's about how many generations of Americans and Europeans have fed on pasteurized milk. Today, infertility has become a major problem for young American couples, while calcium deficiency has become so rampant that over 90 per cent of all American children suffer chronic tooth decay. To make things worse, milk is now routinely 'homogenized' to prevent the cream from separating from the milk. This involves the fragmentation and pulverization of the fat molecules to the point that they will not separate from the rest of the milk. But it also permits these tiny fragments of milk fat to easily pass through the villae of the small intestine, greatly increasing the amount of denatured fat and cholesterol absorbed by the body. In fact, you absorb more milk-fat from homogenized milk than you do from pure cream!

Women worried about osteoporosis should take note of these facts about pasteurized milk products. That such denatured milk does not deliver sufficient calcium to prevent this condition is abundantly evident from the fact that American women, who consume great quantities of various pasteurized milk products, suffer the world's highest incidence of osteoporosis. Raw cabbage, for example, supplies far more assimilable calcium than any quantity of pasteurized milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, or any other denatured dairy product.

Recent studies at the Human Research Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota, indicates that the element boron is also an essential factor in absorbing calcium from food and utilizing it to build bones. Even more noteworthy, the level of estrogen in the blood of women given sufficient quantities of boron more than doubled, eliminating the need for estrogen replacement therapy, which is a common stopgap measure against osteoporosis in the West. And where do we find boron? In fresh fruits and vegetables, especially apples, pears, grapes, nuts, cabbage, and other leafy vegetables, where we also find calcium. Nature has already provided abundant sources of all the vital nutrients we need in synergistic form, but man insists on cooking and processing them to death, and then wonders why his diet doesn't 'work.'

Adults should seriously reconsider milk as a constituent of their daily diets, unless they are able to obtain raw certified milk, which is an excellent food. To stuff children with pasteurized milk in order to make them grow 'strong and healthy' is sheer folly, because they simply cannot assimilate the nutrients. Indeed men, women, and children alike should eliminate all pasteurized dairy products from their diets, for these denatured dairy products only gum up the intestines with layer upon layer of slimy sludge that interferes with the absorption of organic nutrients.

Rule: Eliminate pasteurized and homogenized milk entirely from your diet. If raw certified milk is available, consume it as a whole food in itself, not in combination with other foods.

* Desserts. One should avoid any sort of sweet dessert after a big meal, for this type of food combines poorly with everything. Even fresh fruit should be avoided right after a big meal, because it will back up in the stomach and ferment instead of digest. If you really have a 'sweet tooth' and crave cakes, pies and pastries, indulge your habit occasionally by making a whole meal of them. They are still not good for you, but at least taken alone they will not cause as much gastric distresss and toxic by-products as when taken after meals.

Rule: Avoid sweet starchy desserts, as well as fruits, after large meals of protein or carbohydrates.

Correctly combining foods makes all the difference in the world to proper digestion and metabolism. Without complete digestion, the nutrients in even the most wholesome food cannot be fully extracted and assimilated by the body. Moreover, incomplete digestion and inefficient metabolism are prime causes of fat and cholesterol accumulation in the body. A low-calorie diet of overcooked, processed and improperly combined foods will still make you fat and leave sticky deposits in your arteries, just as the wrong mix of fuels will leave carbon deposits on the spark plugs of an engine, clog the pistons, and create foul gaseous exhaust. On the other hand, if foods are properly combined for consumption, then regardless of how many calories or how much cholesterol they contain they will not make you fat or clog up your veins and organs, especially if at least half your daily food intake is taken raw.

If one follows the rules of trophology, there is no need to be a fanatic about controlling one's diet, no need to count calories, and no need to worry about cholesterol. Note also that there is no such thing as a food that is 100 per cent protein or 100 per cent carbohydrate. What counts is whether protein or carbohydrate is the major nutritional element in any particular food. Generally speaking, if a food item contains 15 per cent or more protein, then it's categorized as a 'protein food', while 20 per cent or more carbohydrate makes it a 'carbohydrate food'. When combining different types of food in a single meal, it doesn't matter much if a little bit of protein is added to a basically carbohydrate meal or vice versa, especially if plenty of raw vegetables are included to provide active enzymes and fibrous bulk. Appendix I at the end of this chapter lists a wide range of foods according to the categories of protein, starch, fats, fruits and vegetables. As this list clearly shows, there are plenty of wholesome foods from which to construct a healthy meal, without resorting to artificially refined, processed foods. Appendix II provides sample menus for a week.

Ideally, one should consume only one variety of food at a single sitting. A glance at nature proves this point. Carnivorous animals never consume starchy items with their meat, but they do supplement digestion and occasionally purge their bowels by chewing on wild weeds that have medicinal properties. It has also been observed by birdwatchers for centuries that birds eat bugs and worms at one time of day, seeds and berries at another, but never both together. What makes modern man think that his digestive tract is so different from all other species in nature?

Even though the traditional Chinese diet relies heavily on rice, a closer look at Chinese eating habits shows that, up until the mid-twentieth century, the rice was consumed according to the rules of trophology. For example, when Chinese families eat at home, their meals are usually heavy in fresh vegetables and beancurd products and very light in meats. When Chinese go out for a big banquet in a restaurant, rice is generally not served at all, specifically so that it does not interfere with the enjoyment and digestion of all the meat, fish and fowl that always appear on banquet menus. Today, however, modern lifestyles have eroded these healthy eating habits among urban Chinese, much to the detriment of their health and longevity.

Back in the 1920s, before the modern world had much impact on Chinese lifestyles, an extensive study was conducted in China by Western nutritional scientists to compare the typical eating habits of Chinese and Americans. The regions surveyed were located in central and coastal China, in rural areas where traditional lifestyles and eating habits had not changed much for many centuries, but where relative peace and prosperity gave local households the full range of choice in foods. The study revealed that the average Chinese derived over 90 per cent of their food energy from grains and grain products, with only 1 per cent coming from animal products and all the rest from fresh vegetable sources. A blend of 90 per cent carbohydrate and 1 per cent protein, supplemented with the enzymes and roughage of fresh fruits and vegetables, is about as close to a perfectly combined diet as is practically possible.

The same study then turned towards the eating habits of typical Americans, with most revealing results: 39 per cent of the average American's food energy came from grains, 38 per cent from animal products, and most of the remaining 23 per cent came from refined sugars. Vegetables and fruits accounted for a miniscule portion of the American diet. One could hardly concoct a more poorly balanced diet from the point of view of trophology! According to the results of Dr Pottenger's experiments with cats, the damage from such denatured diets can be transmitted to the next generation.

Let's take a close trophological look at the 'Great American Meal', which is rapidly spreading digestive and metabolic malaise throughout the world via huge corporate fast-food chains. That all-American meal consists of a cheeseburger with French fries, washed down with a milk shake or sweet cola. A cheeseburger combines two different varieties of concentrated protein -- meat and cheese. On top of that goes a big, fluffy bun of highly refined white flour -- pure starch. Next comes a big bag of deep fried potatoes, thereby adding more concentrated starch, further fattened by deep-frying in stale oil, to the meal. Finally, this mess is washed down with a big frozen milk shake, adding pasteurized milk to the meat and the starch and the fat, plus several spoons of refined white sugar to thoroughly gum up the works. Breaking one or two rules of trophology at any given meal is bad enough, but the Great American Meal breaks at least six. Small wonder that in a recent nationwide health survey in America, reported in an Associated Press bulletin in July 1986, 49 per cent of the population reported chronic, daily stomach pain, gastrointestinal distress, constipation, and other ailments of the digestive tract.

The dietary situation in the Western world is far more serious than any government health authorities care to admit. This is largely because the food industry has become one of the largest, most powerful businesses in the Western world, especially in America, where the processed food industry is represented by one of the most powerful lobbies in Washington. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which decides what foods may be sold in the market, is staffed primarily by professional bureaucrats, not nutritional scientists, and it conducts no scientific tests whatsoever. Instead, it relies on tests and reports submitted by the very corporations which want to get a new food product onto the market! Raw certified milk has become illegal in most states, and gone are the days when people could go down to a local open-air market to purchase fresh produce, as is still the custom in Asia and much of Europe. And so Americans continue to suffer among the world's highest incidence of heart disease, cancer, digestive disorders and other deadly ailments.

Facts are facts, so have a look at the following startling facts about diet and malnutrition in America, compiled by American medical scientists and published in the March/April 1958 edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. A careful comparative examination of the diets and health of beggars in India and apparently healthy young American teenagers revealed that in India the average daffy calorie intake of the typical beggar amounted to less than half that of the typical American. Yet only 6.25 per cent of the beggars showed any signs of nutritional deficiency, while a staggering 75 per cent of the American teenagers showed signs of severe malnutrition. Only 1.25 per cent of the Indian beggars suffered dental cavities, compared with over 90 per cent of the young Americans. Conclusion: the typical beggar in India derives greater health from his meager diet than the average American teenager does from his 'rich' diet.

A similar study in Mexico found similar results. The September 1951 issue of Harper's Magazine reports the results of a long-term study of the dietary habits of Mexican peasants, conducted by MIT's Dr Robert Harris. States the report,

To the surprise of investigators, these poverty-stricken Mexicans showed less evidence of malnutrition deficiencies than did Michigan school children...
Analysis of all their foods by Dr. Harris' group showed that the Otomis (Indians dwelling in the arid Mesquital Valley north of Mexico City), like the slum dwellers of Mexico City, were obtaining nearly adequate quantities of all nutrients except riboflavin. In fact, their nutrition was definitely superior to that of the average person living in the Boston and New York areas of the United States.

Enzymes: The Culinary Spark of Life

Another important principle in the Tao of diet is to select foods that are fresh rather than stale, 'living' rather than 'dead', and, as far as practically possible, to consume them either raw or lightly cooked.

The best working definition of 'live food' was made by Dr McCullum of Johns Hopkins University over 50 years ago: 'Eat nothing unless it will spoil or rot, but eat it before it does!' Refined white flour, for example, will not spoil, while freshly ground whole grains will. Indeed, rats fed on diets of refined white flour soon die of starvation. In America, food wholesalers are now adopting the heinous practice of extending the shelf-life of fresh produce by radiating it with powerful doses of gamma rays. Bugs and bacteria will not attack an apple or head of cabbage that has been radiated because such food is not fit for consumption, but the food industry knows that humans will eat almost anything due to ignorance of basic nutrition.

The distinguishing feature between live and dead foods is the presence of active enzymes in the fresh product. Taoist physicians refer to this active living factor in foods as chee, and enzyme-chee constitutes by far the most vital element for health in food. Western science knows perfectly well that enzymes are fragile compounds that are easily destroyed by exposure to high heat, excess moisture, oxygen, radiation, and synthetic chemicals, all of which occur during cooking, canning, refining, preserving and pasteurising food. All enzymes are effectively 'killed' at temperatures exceeding 130°F, which is far below the boiling point of water (212°F) and less than pasteurization (140°F).

Traditional East Asian diets are rich in two types of enzyme-active foods: flesh raw foods such as fruits and vegetables and, in the case of Japan, raw fish; and foods prepared for consumption by treatment with aspergillus plant enzymes, which provide all the enzymes required for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

Aspergillus plants, which have been used to prepare foods for centuries in Asia, are exceedingly rich in vital enzymes and are used to prepare such nutritious and therapeutically active foods as tofu (beancurd), yuba (beancurd skin), nado (fermented soy sprouts), miso (fermented porridge of barley, rice or soybean) and other traditional foods. By adding active aspergillus enzymes to cooked grains and beans, the enzymes destroyed in the cooking process are replaced, and the food is consumed without further cooking. Every bite of tofu, nado or miso provides the body with potent infusions of enzymes, the vital culinary spark of life.

The term 'natural food' has become a much-abused label on commercial food products these days, appearing on everything from pasteurized yoghurt to sweet starchy candy bars. For our purposes, we define a food as 'natural' only if all the natural enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and other vital nutritional factors are still intact, which eliminates almost everything labeled as 'natural' in modern markets. On the other hand, there are plenty of good natural foods to be found in any supermarket without being specifically labeled so, such as raw fruits and vegetables, raw meat and fish, molasses, and unblanched, unroasted nuts and seeds. Even certain dehydrated foods, such as prunes, raisins and dates, retain their vital enzymes in dormant state if they are sun-dried rather than sulphur-preserved, and these enzymes are activated by the warmth and moisture of the mouth and stomach.

A careful look at how enzymes act reveals why they are so important for proper digestion, efficient metabolism and overall physical health.

Enzymes are biochemical catalysts secreted by the pancreas and other glands and organs. Some are used for digestion, others enter the bloodstream to scavenge for dangerous microbes, dead and damaged cells, and toxins. In the stomach, there are about 5 million microscopic glands which secrete various enzymes required for digestion, such as pepsin. All enzymes are specific in their actions, fitting the biochemical reactions for which they are designed as precisely as a key fits a lock. When incompatible enzymes are secreted together, owing to conflicting signals sent by incompatible food combinations, their actions are impaired or neutralized.

But enzymes are far more than mere catalysts in the conventional chemical sense of the word. One of America's leading authorities on enzymes, Dr Edward Howell, supported by over 50 years of clinical experience in the field, wrote in a 1979 issue of Healthview Newsletter,

Catalysts are only inert substances. They possess none of the life energy we find in enzymes. For instance, enzymes give off a kind of radiation when they work. This is not true of catalysts.

Aske

Product details
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Fireside (July 15, 1989)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 406 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 067164811X
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0671648114
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.54 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 1.1 x 8.9 inches
Best Sellers Rank: #96,340 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
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Customer Reviews: 4.6 out of 5 stars    451 ratings
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daniel reid highly recommend must read thousands of years years ago sex and longevity easy to understand food combining eastern philosophy great book martial arts excellent book recommend this to anyone chinese medicine writing style book is excellent books ever thank you daniel wonderful book breathing exercises

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Jonathan Roseland
5.0 out of 5 stars I've been reading this book about Taoism and longevity.
Reviewed in the United States on August 27, 2019
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 So some people might hear Taoism and say: Isn't that like a religion? Isn't this a branch of Eastern Spirituality?
Yeah, it's kind of a religion, but it's like religion light.
There are no 10 commandments
There's no heaven
There's no hell
Mostly it's a lifestyle system to live a long, vibrant life with some spiritual undertones.

One of the things that become pretty obvious early on in this book is that Taoism is basically like The Force from Star Wars - minus the lightsabers (unfortunately) and the celibacy (fortunately!)

Taoist masters over a very long time developed a breathing technique that's very effective, proven and a little counter-intuitive so I think it's appropriate to say that this is how a Jedi would breath.
In principle, breathing is a science, but in practice it is an art. (3119-3120)
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sndmn
5.0 out of 5 stars Seriously good information come and get it.
Reviewed in the United States on December 9, 2013
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I can't remember how many copies I have bought of this book. I wind up loaning it to people that interested in the subject mater. Which is an explanation of how to look for in the Tao Way. I have read many books that relate the 5 elements, Air, Fire, Water and Earth or any combination of of them and which governs which part of the body. OK so how am I supposed to use this information to benefit my mind body and soul with sex thrown in. This is exactly where this book was the eye opener for my wife and my self. This book is focused more male centric a then from the female direction. However, any one can benefit from this information which is very easy to understand terms, then use the information of this to help your self make better decisions on what, when and what combinations you should eat. The author Mr Reid provides a beginning level exercise breathing which we all do and is the bases the level of exercise from None to hours. My wife and I followed the simple diet rules. You eat foods in the proper order and if so other foods that will help complicate nutrients of your meal. This is a simple rule as well eat the food that needs to travel to the lower intestine like Mellon and simple sugars, before you eat a food that is going have to set digest like heavy fats or oil in your gut which not equipped to separate the food groups to change the order if you add them in the wrong order. I just can't say enough about how comforting it is to learn and make tiny course correction to gain the health you are willing to invest effort time into. Start of with the seated breathing exercise and progress slow but steady into moving exercise.
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Laughsalot
5.0 out of 5 stars Lots of great insights and DIY home remedies for many issues
Reviewed in the United States on December 18, 2014
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Very informative book. Lots of great insights and DIY home remedies for many issues. I love the eye exercises; do them daily and have noticed a great deal of improvement. I don't wear glass; had to start using reading glasses about a year ago but am noticing that I don't need them as much since I've been doing the eye exercises. There's lots of great info in this book and I would highly recommend it to anyone who's interested in implementing a healthier lifestyle.
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John R Batcheler
5.0 out of 5 stars If you want to heal and accend consciously, this book is for you.
Reviewed in the United States on September 2, 2016
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Practiced for many years. Everything he explains is carefully presented for your use to awaken. Noone tells you how. He gives you the only way to understand what made us. He does say what Yoda said. Do it or don't. There is no half measure. I know what he means. This book should be added to the bible so people actually will possibly start to learn what Jesus taught. The "Way" or TAO Reid explains is our hopeful return to what Christianity calls "the garden of eden." Reid helps you understand the real reason you exists. I would suggest also reading a translation of the TAO te ching. Stephen Mitchell has a good one. Then put the TAO te ching down for 10 years. Then read it again after practicing everything in The TAO of Health, Sex and Longevity. Prepare to have a different understanding. Wait for it......this will show you how your consciousness is changing. 🖑
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Demitri Pevzner
3.0 out of 5 stars Not All It Claims To Be
Reviewed in the United States on February 24, 2009
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I would like to start by saying I have a few books written by Reed, and generally enjoy his writing. While this particular book contains a great wealth of information, some of it seems to contradict a variety of other materials on TCM, and some of the sources are dubious.

As one example, the author's advice on healthy eating where he advises to stick to raw foods, seems directly in conflict with much of the established TCM theory (see Bob Flaws' Arisal Of The Clear, Tao Of Healthy Eating, or Prince Wen Hui's cook book as perfect examples.) His advice to stay away from processed foods, however, is right on. I did find the fasting section to be interesting.

The Qi Gong (fitness exercise) section is ok, nothing special or unique, but helpful to a complete beginner. I am not qualified to comment on the Taoist sexual practices, but the information seems to be derived directly from the Yellow Emperor's Classic, and as such, seems genuine.

I also found it a bit disconcerting that the author advertises certain products that he is particularly fond of, as well as colonic baths. Much of the quotes and references in the book come from modern doctors and fitness gurus, which in my opinion detracts from this being a TCM book. Still, it can be said that every author/doctor has his own unique approach, so judge for your self, and ALWAYS cross reference the material.
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Red Moon Master
5.0 out of 5 stars One of the Greatest Books Ever!
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 6, 2019
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I wish I had read this book years ago. In fact, such an impression did it make on me, that I made a resolution to only read the most important books from now on. It must've been written a long time ago, though, as the author refers to the Soviet Union. Imagine what Mr Reid would say now -- in these days of electro-magnetic radiation, GM crops, fluoride, and chemtrails!
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John
5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting, Practical and Eye Opening.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on June 14, 2019
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So good I bought this twice. Well, I began with the kindle version but have also taken the plunge on a physical copy to let me use it as a more convenient reference. It's well thought out and designed to give you multiple ways to increase the quality of your life. More than just hearsay each recommendation is backed up with examples and ways to impliment. Who would have thought that a simple book would have got me to breathe differently, eat differently and even splash out on a juicer. Highly recommended.
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paddie1958
5.0 out of 5 stars Much ancient wisdom + a pinch of salt!
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on September 27, 2012
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I would have my reservations about eating this way forever as it made me so hungry. However: when I first read this book I had been discharged from hospital weighing around 60 pounds, with an open stoma and a large abscess which was still draining after a year and 10 months.This was from a series of complications following a perforated Gastric Ulcer.
There was practically no hope, my specialist told me, of the sinus healing as the abscess was not healing. I was pretty desperate to be honest!
I was still visiting the district nurse every other day to have the mess that was my stomach dressed.
I tried the diet: very strictly I might add. Did it work??? No one was more amazed than me:in 5 days my stoma had healed over. In 10 days my abscess stopped draining: I was advised to have the area lanced, which I did; but there was very little infectious matter in it. It healed over totally in the next 5 days and has remained closed ever since. I stayed on the Tao diet for the next year or so but once I got to a normal weight I now just eat a healthy (vegetarian mostly)diet.
OK some of his ideas may seem whacky: but the dietary advice certainly worked for me and if were ever ill again I would repeat the advised methods.
His sexual tips are pretty hot too, not sure about the benefits for men about "retention" though. Also he sounds a lovely guy but he does look very old for his age so perhaps the pinch of salt is his "life expectancy". A great alternative opinion: I am so very grateful ;-)
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Katya
5.0 out of 5 stars Incredible wealth of practical and spiritual knowledge
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 27, 2017
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As the title states, this book has provided me with some life changing tools which I have already started to employ on a daily basis, and an already enjoying the benefits. Just wish I found it when I was much younger!
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robert hay
5.0 out of 5 stars Wisdom of the ages
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on November 11, 2019
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Truly valuable information on wellness..My very first book on Taoist practise..My second copy as after 20 years first one fell apart..A must have😊
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태초에 신과 신, 나와 나의 싸움이 있었다 : 벗님글방 : 휴심정 : 뉴스 : 한겨레

태초에 신과 신, 나와 나의 싸움이 있었다 : 벗님글방 : 휴심정 : 뉴스 : 한겨레


태초에 신과 신, 나와 나의 싸움이 있었다

등록 :2021-08-25 

세상 차지 경쟁 신화의 존재론적 의미



테초 세계의 대극. 영원한 싸움을 낳은

아득한 옛날, 태초에 세상은 어떻게 존재했던가. 우리는 이미 그에 대해 살펴본 바 있다. 형체도 없는 원생명을 품은 거대한 알, 하늘과 땅 그리고 빛은 안에 품은 채 물결치는 아득한 어둠의 바다. 나는 이를 일컬어 인간의 존재적 뿌리이고 바탕이라고 했었다.

그리고 거기 대극(對極)이 있었다. 독액의 강과 춥고 탁한 안개의 땅 니플헤임과 용암의 열기로 바위가 녹아내리는 불의 땅 무스펠하임으로 표상되는. 또는 음(陰)과 양(陽)으로, 천(天)과 지(地)로 표상되는. 이 세상은 그 상반된 힘의 부딪침과 어울림 속에서 존재한다. ‘나’라고 하는 존재도. 내 위에 하늘이 있고 아래에 땅이 있어서 그 대극의 힘 속에 나는 존재한다. 내 안에 하늘이 있고 땅이 있다. 나는 하늘인 동시에 땅이며, 하늘도 땅도 아닌 그 무엇이다.



그 서로 다른 힘은 어떻게 작용할까? 평화로운 어울림이면 얼마나 좋을까만, 그들은 본래 성질이 전혀 다르다. 그들은 끊임없이 엇갈리고 부딪치며 소용돌이를 낳고 폭풍우와 천둥번개를 일으킨다. 이 세상은, 그리고 우리는 어느 한 순간도 그 부딪침의 격동으로부터 자유로울 수 없다. 평화와 조화란, 일시적이고 잠정적인 것일 따름이다. 당장 오늘도 눈을 뜨는 순간, 삶의 전쟁터로 나아가야 하지 않는가.



전 세계와 인류가 감당해야 하는 가없는 싸움의 시초에, 내가 일시도 벗어날 수 없는 존재적 투쟁의 뿌리에 태초의 싸움이 있었다. 신과 신 사이의. 세상의 명운(命運), 또는 역사(歷史)를 좌우하게 된.



브라흐마와 비슈누, 시바. 그리고 세 개의 나.

태초의 대극은 갈라졌고, 부딪쳤다. 그렇게 세상은 생겨났고, 역동했다. 신화는 그 갈라진 기운을, 그리고 그들이 펼쳐내는 역동을 신(神)으로 표현한다. 서로 다른 신들로. 만들어내는 신이 있는가 하면 파괴하는 신이 있다. 지키는 신이 있는가 하면, 흔들어 뒤집는 신이 있다. 파괴하고 뒤집는 신은 흔히 악마(惡魔)나 악귀(惡鬼)로 불린다. 또는 마귀(魔鬼)로도. 우리는 그것을 부정하면서 벗어나려 하지만, 그럴 수 없다. 그것은 태초로부터 존재하던 본래적인 힘이다. 영원에서 시작됐고 영원으로 이어질. 그 또한 신(神)이다.



그 신적 역학관계를 인도신화에서 원형적으로 볼 수 있다. 힌두신화에서 세상의 본바탕을 상징하는 삼주신(三主神)은 브라흐마(Brahma)와 비슈누(Vishnu)와 시바(Shiva)다. 각각 창조의 신과 유지의 신, 파괴의 신으로 설명되는 신들이다. 이 중 시원적 바탕이 되는 존재는 비슈누다. 비슈누의 배꼽에서 브라흐마가 나오고, 이마에서 시바가 탄생했다고 한다. 둘은 서로 다른 대극의 작용을 한다. 브라흐마가 만들어낸 만유를 시바가 나서서 파괴한다. 네 개의 얼굴과 여덟 개의 팔로써. 시바는 파괴의 신인 동시에, 물질의 신이고 욕망의 신이다. 그는 모든 것에 위력을 미치면서 그것을 뒤흔들고 깨뜨린다. 그렇게 세상은 끝없이, 변화한다.







창조는 어렵지만 파괴는 쉽다. 시바의 강력한 위력에 브라흐마는 빛을 잃는다. 숨듯이 뒤로 물러난다. 파괴로부터 세상을 지키고 재생하는 것은 비슈누의 역할이다. 시바를 포함해 모든 것의 바탕이었던 큰 힘. 하지만 그가 시바의 위력을 제어하는 일은 쉽지 않다. 그는 시바와 같이 네 개의 얼굴을 가지고 있지만, 팔은 네 개뿐이다. 전방위로 진행되는 파괴 속에서 본래의 생명적 질서를 지키고 되살리기 위해 지금도 분주할 비슈누의 네 팔……. 그것이 오롯이 힘을 내기를 바랄 따름이다. 브라흐마가 함께 제 몫을 해서. 그를 통해 시바의 파괴가 파멸이 아닌 발전적 창조로 이어지기를! 변증법적인.



비슈누와 브라흐마와 시바, 그들은 어디에 있는가. 세계 모든 곳에 있다. 그들이 곧 세계다. 그리고 그들은 내 안에 있다. 내가 곧 브라흐마이고 시바이며 비슈누다. 끝없이 이어지는 창조과 파괴와 재생의 역동. 오늘도 내 안에서는 원초적인 생명적 빅뱅이 속속 펼쳐진다. 거역할 수 없는 힘으로.



눈을 감고 돌아본다. 지금 이 세계를 움직이고 있는 것은, 나를 조종하며 지배하고 있는 것은 누구인가. 비슈누인가 브라흐마인가 시바인가. 답은 나와 있다. 그것은 시바(Shiva)다. 일컬어, 물신(物神)의 세상. 가없는 욕망의 물결 속에서 오늘도 시바는 검푸른 얼굴에 혀를 내민 채로 여덟 개의 팔을 흔들며 폭주한다. 과연 내 안의 비슈누는 그것을 제어할 수 있을까? 내 안의 브라흐마는 다시 힘을 낼 수 있을까? 삼위일체의 생명적 조화를, 나는 마침내 이루어낼 수 있을까?



오시리스에서 세트로, 티탄족에서 올림푸스 신으로. 그리고

대극에서 출발한 신과 신. 그들의 상관관계를 서양 신화는 서로 죽고 죽이는 투쟁으로 표현하곤 한다. 수메르신화가 그러하며, 이집트나 그리스 신화도 그렇다. 히브리와 북유럽 신화도. 끝없는 투쟁의 역사. 그렇게 움직여온 것이, 앞으로도 그리 움직여 나갈 것이 이 세상이라고 말한다.



이집트 신화에서 태초의 세계는 고요한 평화였다. 어둡고 쓸쓸한 태초의 바다. 그 속에 깃들어 있던 큰 신 눈(Nun)으로부터 태양신 레(라; Ra)가 눈을 뜨고 그 자손인 땅의 신 게브와 하늘의 여신 누트가 짝을 지으면서 세상에는 생명이 약동한다. 그 생명적 주재자는 슬기롭고 선한 신 오시리스였다. 오시리스가 주재하는 세상은 평화로웠고, 문명은 순조롭게 발전해갔다. 하지만 그 질서는 세트의 등장으로 뒤흔들린다. 욕망과 질투, 그리고 전쟁의 신. 그의 교활한 계략으로 오시리스는 관 속에 갇히고, 잠시 나무에 깃들었다가 열네 조각으로 갈기갈기 찢긴다. 그렇게 이어진 세트의 세상. 신화는 오시리스의 아들 호루스가 세트를 똑같이 찢어서 죽였다고 하지만, 그를 통해 본래의 평화는 돌아왔을까? 그럴 리 없다. 호루스가 행한 일은 세트와 꼭 닮은 또 하나의 폭력이었다. 그리고 세트는 사라지지 않는다. 독사가 되어 홍수를 일으킨다. 그에 대한 호루스의 재반격…… 그렇게 역사는 투쟁으로 점철된다. 그게 세상이다. 거대한 위력으로 되살아난 21세기 세트의 세상에서 우리의 호루스는, 아니 오시리스는 안녕하신지.






그리스 신화가 그려내는 신들의 투쟁사는, 또는 세계의 문명사는 더 복잡하고 역동적이다. 그리고, 가차 없다. 태초의 거대한 신 가이아와 우라노스가 낳았다는 티탄족 열두 남매와 외눈박이 거인과 백수(百手) 거인들, 그들은 어찌 움직였던가. 싸움과 분란의 연속이었다. 그 혼란을 제어하고자 나선 막내 티탄 크로노스가 한 일은, 낫으로 아버지 우라노스의 성기를 자른 일이었다. 그렇게 생명의 흐름을 끊고 세상의 지배자가 된 크로노스. 하지만 그가 맞이한 것은 자기가 낳은 아들에 의한 가차없는 공격이었고 하늘 끝으로의 유폐였다. 저 유명한 신 ‘제우스’에 의한. 그렇게 펼쳐진 티탄족과 올림푸스 신들 간의 일대 전쟁의 결과는, 젊은 신들의 승리였다. 그렇게 이 세계의 질서는 뒤바뀐다.



그리스 신화에서 티탄족과 거인의 세상은 극복됐어야 할 대상으로 그려지곤 한다. 상징으로 읽으면 티탄족은 원시의 거대한 자연성이고 야만성이다. 크로노스가 제 자식들을 차례로 삼키는 일은 야만적 폭력성의 표상이다. 야생의 자연이란, 이렇게 가차 없다. 그렇다면 그것을 제어하면서 펼쳐진 새로운 질서는, 올림푸스 신들이 지배하는 세계는 평화로운 낙원이었을까? 그럴 리 없다. 굳이 이런저런 이야기를 끌어오지 않아도, 다들 잘 알 것이다. 제우스가 어떤 욕망으로 어떻게 권능을 휘두르는지를. 신들이 서로 어떻게 갈등하고 싸우며 갖가지 재앙을 빚어내는지를. 신화는 제우스가 빚어낸 인간이 ‘철의 족속’이었다고 말한다. 노동하고 슬퍼하고 피곤하게 살다가 죽음을 맞이하는. 범죄와 배반, 약탈과 탐욕에 휘둘리고 쓰러지는. 남의 이야기가 아니다. 우리가 살고 있는 이 세상 얘기다.



비슈누와 브라흐마와 시바가 우리 안에 있는 것처럼 티탄족과 외눈박이 거인 백수(百手) 거인과 제우스가 우리 안에 있다. 포세이돈과 헤파이스토스와 하데스, 에로스와 타나토스와 나르시소스, 그리고 아테나와 아프로디테와 프쉬케도. 우리는 그 중 올림푸스 신들에게 지워진 존재인 티탄족을 잊곤 한다. 하지만 그들이 더 본원적인 생명이고 질서일 수 있다. 최초로 인간을 빚어낸 것이 티탄족의 프로메테우스라고 하지 않는가 말이다. 그리고 그 너머에 무엇이 있느냐면, 우라노스와 가이아가 있고 태초의 카오스가 있다.



다시 한번 눈을 감고 명상에 잠겨본다. 올림푸스를 넘어서 티탄으로. 크나큰 대지의 여신 가이아로. 그리고 그 이전 아득한 태초로. 하늘과 땅이 둘이 아니라 하나였던…….



미륵과 석가, 또는 대별왕과 소별왕의 길

세상을 놓고 벌이는 신과 신의 싸움은 동아시아 신화에서도 여러 형태로 펼쳐진다. 황제와 치우의 대결이 유명하지만, 그에 앞선 시원적인 싸움이 있으니 태초의 창조신들 간의 다툼이 그것이다. 알타이 신화에서는 윌겐과 에를릭이 부딪치며, 몽골 신화에서는 마이다르 보르항(미륵불)과 샥지투브 보르항(석가불)이 승부를 겨룬다. 창조의 주재자였던 윌겐이나 마이다르 보르항에 보조자나 후발주자였던 에를릭과 샥지투브 보르항이 도전한 형태의 싸움이었다. 그중 진정한 생명력 능력자는 윌겐과 마이다르 보르항이었지만, 그들은 속절없이 패배한다. 그리고 세상은 바뀐다. 모순과 부조리가 만연한 곳으로.






그 싸움은 한국 구전신화에서 미륵과 석가, 또는 대별왕과 소별왕의 대결로 말해진다. 미륵이 누구던가. 전에 이야기했듯이 태초의 크나큰 창조신이다. 하늘과 땅을 갈라서 이 세상을 만든. 그리고 하늘로부터 인간을 받아 내린. 신화는 그가 다스리던 시절이 태평성대였다고 한다. 사람과 동물, 사물 사이에 서로 말이 통하던, 함께 나란히 움직이며 어울리던 자연적 생명성의 시대였다고 한다. 하지만 그 시대는, 말하자면 원시적 공동체사회는, 영원할 수 없었다. 새로운 지배권력이 등장해서 세상을 흔든다. 그가 곧 석가다.



석가는 미륵 앞에 나타나서 “네 세월은 다 갔으니 이제 내 세월을 만들겠다”고 선언한다. 미륵은 아직 때가 아니라며 저항한다. 그리하여 펼쳐지는 세 번의 시합. 금줄 은줄 유지하기와 강물 얼리기, 무릎에 꽃피우기까지 모든 싸움의 승자는 미륵이었다. 하지만 세상을 차지한 것은 그가 아닌 석가였다. 미륵이 피운 꽃을 꺾어다가 제 무릎에 꽂은 뒤 승리를 선언한 것이다. 결국 버티지 못하고 물러나면서 미륵이 남긴 것은, 저주에 가까운 예언이었다. 꽃이 피어 열흘을 못 가고 심어서 십년을 못 가리라는. 집집마다 기생 과부와 무당 역적이 나고 갖가지 불구자가 나서 말세가 되리라는. 그리고 그 예언은, 실현된다. 바로 그 세상에 우리가 살고 있는 중이다. 갖은 차별과 모욕과 갈등과 다툼이 난무하는. 화무십일홍(花無十日紅), 질병과 노쇠의 고통을 면할 수 없는……. (여기서 석가는 불교의 석가모니불과는 다른 존재다. 태초의 창조신에 대한 현세의 문명신을 표상하는 존재다. 석가가 현세불이기에 신화에서 그 이름을 차용한 것이라고 보면 된다.)



제주도 신화 속 대별왕과 소별왕의 다툼도 크게 다르지 않다. 하늘과 땅의 힘이 만나서 탄생한 그들 쌍둥이 형제 중 진정한 능력자는 대별왕이었다. 그만이 제대로 ‘꽃’을 피울 수 있었다. 하지만 세상을 차지한 것은 꽃을 훔친 소별왕이었다. 그는 선악을 분별하고 세상의 체계를 세우지만, 위계의 질서이고 욕망과 배제, 폭력의 체계였다. 그에 의해 도륙되고 빻아진 수명장자는 재앙이 되어 온 세상으로 퍼진다. 그리고 우리는 그 재앙으로부터 자유로울 수 없다. 신화는 그것을 모기, 파리와 빈대, 각다귀 따위로 말하지만 어찌 그뿐이랴. 끊임없이 우리를 괴롭히며 부대끼게금 하는 것이 세상 한가득이다.



미륵과 석가는, 대별왕과 소별왕은, 그 또한 우리 안에 있다. 지금 우리는 미륵의 길을 가는가 석가의 길을 가는가. 이 시간 나는, 대별왕인가 아니면 소별왕인가. 또는 모기 파리 빈대 각다귀인가. 엄중한 질문 앞에, 아득해진다.




세상을 다시 세우고 나를 살리는 힘

신화의 신들은 시간을 넘어서 공존한다. 시바가 여덟 개의 팔을 휘두르며 세상을 마구 파괴하고 있는 한켠에 브라흐마가 비슈누가 있듯이, 세트에게 갈가리 찢긴 오시리스도 사라진 것은 아니었다. 신화는 그가 저승으로 들어가 왕이 되었다고 말한다. 제우스에게 유폐된 크로노스와 대전쟁에서 진 티탄족도, 그리고 그들의 부모인 우라노스와 가이아도 사라진 것이 아니다. 지금 이렇게 대지를 밟고서 하늘을 우러르고 있지 않은가.



미륵과 대별왕도 마찬가지다. 그들은 사라진 것이 아니다. 잠시 물러났을 따름이다. 소별왕에게 이승을 넘기는 대신 대별왕이 차지한 것은 저승이었다. 대별왕은 저승에 ‘맑고 청량한 법’을 세운다. 이승에서 훼손되고 뒤집힌 모든 것은 저승에서 빠짐없이 바로잡힌다. 욕망과 권세를 탐닉했던 무리는 지옥에 들어 만년의 고통을 겪고, 부조리와 고통을 감내하며 정도(正道)를 걸어간 이들은 영원한 복락을 누린다.



그것은, 단지 죽음 뒤의 일이 아니다. 신화에서 대별왕은 소별왕에게 세상을 넘기면서 이렇게 말한다. “만약 잘못하면 재미없으리라”라고. 언제라도 돌아올 수 있다는 말이다. 돌아와 세계 질서를 뒤집을 수 있다는 말이다. 그것은 곧 미륵의 일이기도 하다. 부조리와 차별, 고통이 만연한 이 세상은 그렇게 영속할 리 없다. 미륵불이 재림해서 본래의 생명적 질서를 회복할 것이다. 일컬어 후천개벽(後天開闢)! 사람들은 그 믿음과 의지를 가슴 깊이 품고서 꿋꿋이 버텼고, 장렬하게 싸웠다. 스스로 들불이 되어서. 그 순간 그들은, 미륵이었다.






엉클어진 마음을 가다듬으며 내 안의 미륵과 대별왕을 찾아서, 비슈누와 오시리스와 가이아를 찾아서, 길을 나선다. 자꾸만 아득히 숨어버리는 그들을 마침내 찾아내서, 그와 하나 되어서, 싸워 가리라. 정의와 생명의 세상을 향하여. 진정한 나의 삶을 향하여.



신동흔 / 건국대 국어국문학과 교수, 한국문학치료학회장

***이 시리즈는 대우재단 대우꿈동산과 함께 합니다.

원문보기:
https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/well/well_friend/1009008.html?fbclid=IwAR0R87FhGtsor6KyoA7A03UiuS7iKrRRoOTVC35W0GSYfslsSyJhZub5uOI#csidx8d022e6e5e825999a2db91f2d87f085

북미 관계, 비 온 뒤 땅이 굳기를 바라며 : 성Y김| 주인도네시아미국대사겸대북특사

북미 관계, 비 온 뒤 땅이 굳기를 바라며 : 칼럼 : 사설.칼럼 : 뉴스 : 한겨레모바일

북미관계  비온뒤땅이굳기를바라며
기고
성Y김|주인도네시아미국대사 겸 대북특사

비온뒤 땅이굳는다는속담처럼북-미관계에딱들어맞는말도없을것이다. 난관이끝없이이어지
지만그와중에도고요와평화를모색할기회가상존하는관계가아닌가이처럼고요와평화를모색
할또한번의기회를찾아 다시금서울을찾게되었다

최근3개월간서울을찾은것은이번이두번째다. 앞서웬디셔먼부장관이방한한적이있고그외에
도여러차례고위급회담이이어지며바이든해리스행정부가북한문제를비롯한다양한사안과관
련하여그만큼한미간긴밀한협조를중시한다는점을여러차례증명한바있다. 미대북특사로서나
의최우선과제는바로한국쪽카운터파트와지속적으로긴밀히협력하여한반도의완전한비핵화를
향해나아가는것이다. 주지하는바와같이결코쉬운목표는아니다. 그럼에도사전조율되고실용적
인calibrated and practical방식으로북한과의외교적기회를모색하고자한다. 이에북측을직접접촉하여대화를제의했고지금도북한과언제어디서나만날준비가되어있다

이지면을빌려미국은북한을적대시하려는의도가없다는점을분명히해두고싶다 현재진행중인
한미연합훈련은긴역사를지닌주기적방어적훈련으로한미양국의안보를지탱하는데그취지
가있다. 미국의목표는인도태평양지역의평화와안보증진이며이를위해북한과선의의협력을
할준비가되어있다

백지상태에서무작정협력에뛰어들겠다는것도아니다. 미국은한반도비핵화와북미관계개선을
위해지난4개행정부에걸쳐지속적으로노력한바있고앞으로도끊임없이노력할것이며북한또
한과거합의에서이목표를위해노력하겠다고수차례약속한적이있다. 2018년싱가포르공동선언
2018년판문점선언및2005년6자회담공동선언을비롯하여과거북한과합의했던사항이향후북
미외교의기반이될것이다

이에미국은북한이대화에복귀하여각자의의도와관심사에대해논의하고어떤진전을이룩할수
있을지모색할기회가있기를희망한다. 내외교인생전반에걸쳐북미관계에깊숙이관여한당사자
로서말하건대북미관계진전만큼중요하면서도어려운일도없다. 하지만진정성과창의성을보인
다면분명기회가열리리라는것이나의생각이다개인적으로대북특사로서바이든대통령과블링컨
국무장관으로부터얼마나큰신임을받는지를고려하면더나아가미국의행보하나하나가한국민들
에게얼마나큰영향을끼치는지를감안하면내게는이목표를이루어야할막중한책임도있다

다만미국은논의에진전이있기전까지는북한관련유엔안전보장이사회안보리결의를지속적으
로이행할책임이있음을밝혀둔다. 이점은사실여타안보리결의를이행할의무가있는것과다르지
않다. 미국은핵비확산을위한세계적노력을배가하여전인류의안전을도모한다는목표에따라모
든유엔회원국이각자의국제적의무를다할것을요청한다

더불어미국은현행정부의인권중시기조에발맞추어북한주민의인권옹호활동을지속할것이다. 
미국은인도주의분야공통의관심사에대해서도북한과협력할준비가되어있다. 인도적지원에대
한접근성및모니터링활동보장을위한국제적표준을준수한다는전제하에미국은비핵화진전유
무와관계없이북한내취약계층을위한인도적지원활동을앞으로도계속지원할것이다. 

또한남북 인도주의협력구상에도지지를보내고자하며더불어6·25전쟁와중에실종된미군의유해발굴을 위한협력재개를희망한다. 신뢰구축을위한실질적방안모색에도열려있다

미국은한반도의완전한비핵화와항구적평화체제구축이라는목표를향해동맹및동반자들과지속
적으로긴밀히협력할것이다. 이과정에서한반도번영을원하는당사자라면누구라도협력할것이
나특히한국및일본과의협력에중점을두고자한다. 이목표를위해북한이진지하게협상에임하는
쪽으로결정을내려주기를희망하며개인적으로도 내북측카운터파트를회담장에서다시한번만날
수있기를바란다


My Hope for USDPRK Diplomacy

AmbassadorSungYKimUSSpecialRepresentativefortheDPRK

AccordingtoaKoreanidiomaftertherainthegroundhardensItsaremindertomethat
whiletheUSDPRKrelationshiphasweatheredmanystormstherecontinuestobean
opportunityforcalmandpossibilityItswiththatinmindthatIampleasedtobebackin
Seoulinsearchofnewpossibilities
ThisismysecondtriphereinthelastthreemonthsItfollowsthevisitofDeputySecretary
WendyRShermanandotherhighlevelmeetingsthatreflecttheBidenHarris
AdministrationsfocusonclosecoordinationwiththeRepublicofKoreaROKincludingon
issuesrelatedtotheDPRKMytoppriorityastheUSSpecialRepresentativefortheDPRKis
tocollaboratecloselywithmyROKcounterpartstocontinuetoworktowardthecomplete
denuclearizationoftheKoreanPeninsulaWeknowthiswillnotbeeasyToreachour
objectivewearetakingacalibratedpracticalapproachthatwillexplorediplomacywiththe
DPRKTothatendwehavereachedoutdirectlytoPyongyangtoinitiatedialogueandstand
readytomeetanywhereanytime
TobecleartheUnitedStatesdoesnothavehostileintenttowardtheDPRKTheUSROK
combinedmilitaryexerciseswhicharecurrentlyunderwayarelongstandingroutineand

purelydefensiveinnatureandsupportthesecurityofbothourcountriesWeseekto
enhancepeaceandsecurityintheIndoPacificregionandwearepreparedtoworkwiththe
DPRKingoodfaithtowardthisgoal
WearenotstartingfromscratchWecontinuetoseekthecompletedenuclearizationofthe
KoreanPeninsulaandimprovingUSDPRKrelationsanaimthathasremainedconstant
throughfouradministrationsandonetowhichPyongyanghaspreviouslycommittedin
multipledocumentsOurdiplomaticeffortswillbuildonthe2018SingaporeJointStatement
andotherpastdocumentsandstatementsincludingthe2018PanmunjomDeclarationand
the2005SixPartyTalksJointStatement
ItsonthisbasisthatwehopetheDPRKwillcometothetabletodiscussourrespective
intentionsandconcernsandexplorewhatprogressmaybeachievableAsadiplomatwho
hasbeendeeplyinvolvedinUSDPRKrelationsthroughoutmycareerIknowthatmaking
progresswillbedifficultbutIbelievethatthroughacommittedandcreativeapproachwe
canfindapathforwardonthisimportantissueItakethisresponsibilityseriouslynotonly
duetothetrustthatPresidentBidenandSecretaryBlinkenhaveplacedinmeastheSpecial
RepresentativefortheDPRKbutalsobecauseoftheimpactouractionscouldhaveonall
Koreanpeople
InthemeantimewecontinuetohavearesponsibilitytoimplementtheUNSecurityCouncil
resolutionsaddressingtheDPRKjustasweimplementotherUNSecurityCouncil
resolutionsWewillcontinuetocallonallUNMemberStatestofulfilltheirinternational
obligationsaswellinlinewithourgoalofreinforcingglobalcounterproliferationefforts–this keepsusallsafer
FurthermoreconsistentwiththeBidenHarrisAdministrationsfocusonhumanrightswe 한
will continue toadvocateforthehumanrightsoftheNorthKoreanpeople

WearealsopreparedtoworkcooperativelywiththeDPRKtoaddressareasofshared
humanitarianconcern.TheUnitedStateswillcontinuetosupporttheprovisionof
humanitarianaidconsistentwithinternationalstandardsforaccessandmonitoringtothe
mostvulnerableNorthKoreansregardlessofprogressondenuclearization.Wewilllendour
supporttointerKoreanhumanitariancooperationprojectsandwehopetoresume
cooperationinrecoveringtheremainsofU.S.servicemenstillmissingfromtheKoreanWar.
Moreoverweareopentoexploringmeaningfulconfidencebuildinginitiatives.
TheUnitedStateswillcontinuetoworkcloselywithouralliesandpartnersespeciallythe
ROKandJapanaswellasotherswithaninterestinprosperityontheKoreanPeninsulato
chartapathtowardcompletedenuclearizationandalastingpeaceregimeontheKorean
Peninsula.IhopethattheDPRKwilldecidetoengageinseriousnegotiationswithustothis
endandIpersonallylookforwardtoseeingmyNorthKoreancounterpartsacrossthetable
onceagain.


8/25/2021 북미 관계, 비 온 뒤 땅이 굳기를 바라며 : 칼럼 : 사설.칼럼 : 뉴스 : 한겨레

2021/08/24

A Thousand Splendid Suns - Wikipedia

A Thousand Splendid Suns - Wikipedia

A Thousand Splendid Suns

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A Thousand Splendid Suns
A Thousand Splendid Suns.gif
First edition cover
AuthorKhaled Hosseini
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
PublisherRiverhead Books (and Simon & Schuster audio CD)
Publication date
May 22, 2007
Media typePrint (hardback & paperback) and audio CD
Pages384 pp (first edition, hardcover)
ISBN978-1-59448-950-1 (first edition, hardcover)
OCLC85783363
813/.6 22
LC ClassPS3608.O832 T56 2007

A Thousand Splendid Suns is a 2007 novel by Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini, following the huge success of his bestselling 2003 debut The Kite Runner. Mariam, an illegitimate teenager from Herat, is forced to marry a shoemaker from Kabul after a family tragedy. Laila, born a generation later, lives a relatively privileged life, but her life intersects with Mariam's when a similar tragedy forces her to accept a marriage proposal from Mariam's husband.

Hosseini has remarked that he regards the novel as a "mother-daughter story" in contrast to The Kite Runner, which he considers a "father-son story" and friendships between men.[1] It continues some of the themes used in his previous work, such as familial dynamics, but instead focusing primarily on female characters and their roles in contemporary Afghan society.

A Thousand Splendid Suns was released on May 22, 2007,[2] and received favorable widespread critical acclaim from Kirkus Reviews,[3] Publishers Weekly,[4] Library Journal,[5] and Booklist,[6] and became a number one New York Times Best Seller for fifteen weeks following its release.[7] During its first week on sale, it sold over one million copies.[8] Columbia Pictures purchased film rights in 2007, and a theatrical adaptation of the book premiered on February 1, 2017, at the American Conservatory Theater in San FranciscoCalifornia.[9]

Creation[edit source]

Title[edit source]

The title of the book comes from a line in Josephine Davis' translation of the poem "Kabul", by the 17th-century Iranian poet Saib Tabrizi:[10]

"Every street of Kabul is enthralling to the eye
Through the bazaars, caravans of Egypt pass
One could not count the moons that shimmer on her roofs
And the thousand splendid suns that hide behind her walls"

Hosseini explained "I was searching for English translations of poems about Kabul, for use in a scene where a character bemoans leaving his beloved city, when I found this particular verse. I realized that I had found not only the right line for the scene, but also an evocative title in the phrase 'a thousand splendid suns,' which appears in the next-to-last stanza."[1]

Inspiration[edit source]

When asked what led him to write a novel centered on two Afghan women, Hosseini responded:

"I had been entertaining the idea of writing a story of Afghan women for some time after I'd finished writing The Kite Runner. That first novel was a male-dominated story. All the major characters, except perhaps for Amir's wife Soraya, were men. There was a whole facet of Afghan society which I hadn't touched on in The Kite Runner, an entire landscape that I felt was fertile with story ideas...In the spring of 2003, I went to Kabul, and I recall seeing these burqa-clad women sitting at street corners, with four, five, six children, begging for change. I remember watching them walking in pairs up the street, trailed by their children in ragged clothes, and wondering how life had brought them to that point...I spoke to many of those women in Kabul. Their life stories were truly heartbreaking...When I began writing A Thousand Splendid Suns, I found myself thinking about those resilient women over and over. Though no one woman that I met in Kabul inspired either Laila or Mariam, their voices, faces, and their incredible stories of survival were always with me, and a good part of my inspiration for this novel came from their collective spirit."[1]

Writing[edit source]

"I hope the book offers emotional subtext to the image of the burqa-clad woman walking down a dusty street in Kabul."

—Khaled Hosseini in a 2007 interview.[11]

Hosseini disclosed that in some ways, A Thousand Splendid Suns was more difficult to write than his first novel, The Kite Runner.[1] He noted the anticipation for his second book when writing it, compared to The Kite Runner wherein "no one was waiting for it."[1] He also found his second novel to be more "ambitious" than the first due to its larger cast of characters; its dual focus on Mariam and Laila; and its covering a multi-generational-period of nearly forty-five-years in total.[1] However, he found the novel easier to write once he had begun, noting "as I began to write, as the story picked up the pace and I found myself immersed in the world of Mariam and Laila, these apprehensions vanished on their own. The developing story captured me and enabled me to tune out the background noise and get on with the business of inhabiting the world I was creating."[1] The characters "took on a life of their own" at this point and "became very real for [him]".[12]

Similar to The Kite Runner, the manuscript had to be extensively revised; with Hosseini ultimately rewriting the book five times before it was complete.[13] The novel's anticipated release was first announced in October 2006, when it was described as a story about "family, friendship, faith and the salvation to be found in love".[14]

Plot[edit source]

On the outskirts of Herat, Mariam lives with her embittered mother, Nana, in a secluded hut. Born as a result of an extra-marital liaison between her mother and Jalil, a wealthy local businessman, the family live outside of the city in order to avoid confronting Jalil's three wives and nine legitimate children. Nana resents Jalil for his mistreatment of her and his deceptive attitude towards Mariam, whom he visits every Thursday. On her fifteenth birthday, Mariam asks her father to take her to see Pinocchio at a cinema he owns and to introduce her to her siblings. Jalil promises to do so but when he does not come to pick her up, Mariam travels to Herat herself, against the wishes of her mother. Mariam makes her way to her father's home, where she is not allowed in and is informed he is away on a business trip; after spending the night on the street, Mariam is able to storm the house's garden and sees that Jalil is home. Upon returning to her home, Mariam finds her mother has died by suicide by hanging herself from a willow tree. Mariam temporarily stays with Jalil, but his wives push for him to quickly arrange a marriage to Rasheed, a widowed shoemaker from Kabul thirty years her senior. Mariam resists but is pressured into the marriage and subsequently moves with him to Kabul. Rasheed is initially kind to Mariam, but after she becomes pregnant and miscarries multiple times, their relationship sours and he becomes increasingly abusive to her over her inability to bear him a son. It is implied Rasheed's son drowned prior to his marriage to Mariam due to Rasheed being intoxicated while caring for him.

Meanwhile, Laila grows up in a neighbouring house in Kabul close to Mariam and Rasheed. She is close to her father, Hakim, an educated school teacher, but worries about her mother, Fariba, who experiences poor mental health following the death of her two sons fighting for the Mujahideen against the Soviets. Laila is close to Tariq, a local Pashtun boy with one leg, and as they grow older a romance develops between them. When Afghanistan enters civil war and Kabul is bombarded by rocket attacks, Tariq's family decide to leave the city, and Laila and Tariq have sex prior to his departure. Shortly afterwards, Laila's family decide to also leave the city, but before they can, a rocket hits their home, killing Hakim and Fariba and severely injuring Laila, who is taken in by Mariam and Rasheed.

As Laila recovers from her injuries, Rasheed expresses a romantic interest in her, much to Mariam's dismay. Laila is also informed that Tariq and his family died on in a bomb blast on their way to Pakistan. Upon discovering she is pregnant with Tariq's child, Laila agrees to marry Rasheed to protect herself and her baby, whom Rasheed believes to be his. When she gives birth to a daughter, Aziza, Rasheed rejects them due to her being a girl. Mariam, initially cold and hostile towards Laila, warms to her as attempts to cope with Rasheed's abuse and caring for Aziza. They become confidants and formulate a plan to run away from Rasheed and leave Kabul, however are caught and returned home to Rasheed who beats them and locks them up separately, depriving them of water and almost killing Aziza.

The Taliban rise to power in Kabul and impose harsh rules on the local population, severely curtailing women's rights. Laila is forced to give birth to a son, Zalmai, via a Caesarian section without anaesthesia due to the women's hospital being stripped of its supplies. Laila and Mariam struggle with raising Zalmai, whom Rasheed dotes on and favours over Aziza, causing difficulties in managing Zalmai's behaviour. During a drought, Rasheed's workshop burns down, and he is forced to take other jobs. Due to a lack of food, Rasheed sends Aziza to an orphanage. Laila endures a number of beatings from Taliban when caught travelling alone to attempt to visit Aziza when Rasheed refuses to accompany her as her guardian.

Tariq appears at the family home and reunites with Laila, who learns Rasheed hired a man to falsely claim that Tariq had been killed so that she would agree to marry him. When Rasheed returns home from work, Zalmai informs Rasheed that Laila had a male visitor. Suspicious of Laila and Tariq's relationship and suspecting he is Aziza's real father, Rasheed beats Laila and attempts to strangle her; Mariam strikes Rasheed with a shovel, killing him. She tells Laila and Tariq to leave with Aziza and Zalmai, and confesses to the Taliban to killing Rasheed, for which she is publicly executed.

Laila and Tariq leave Afghanistan and move to Murree, Pakistan, where they get married. After the fall of the Taliban, they decide to return to Kabul to be present for the rebuilding of Afghan society. They stop en route to Herat, where Laila visits the village where Mariam was raised. She meets with the son of a kindly mullah who taught Mariam, who gives her a box Jalil had entrusted to the family to care for and give to Mariam should she return to Herat. The box contains a videotape of Pinocchio, a small sack of money, and a letter, in which Jalil expresses regrets at sending Mariam away, wishing he had fought for her and raised her as his legitimate child. The family return to Kabul and use the money to repair the orphanage Aziza had stayed in, and Laila works there as a teacher. She falls pregnant with her third child whom she vows to name Mariam if she is a girl.

Characters[edit source]

  • Mariam, an ethnic Tajik born in Herat in 1959. The illegitimate child of Jalil and Nana, his housekeeper, she suffered shame throughout her life due to the circumstances of her birth, and is forced to marry a much older shoemaker and move to Kabul after her mother's death. Hosseini described Mariam as "isolated in every sense of the word. She is a woman who is detached from the day-to-day norms of human existence. Really, she just wants a connection with another human being". Despite initially resenting Laila, she becomes a "friend and a doting alternative mother" to her through the "common hardship" of being married to the "abusive, psychologically imposing" Rasheed.[15] Mariam kills Rasheed while defending Laila, for which she is publicly executed by the Taliban.
  • Laila, an ethnic Tajik born in Kabul in 1978. The only surviving child of Hakim and Fariba after her older brothers die in the Afghan-Soviet War, she is raised by educated parents who educate her, first at school and later at home when Kabul becomes too dangerous. Compared to Mariam, Hosseini noted she "had a much more fulfilling relationship with her father, her [girlfriends] and her childhood friend, Tariq. She expected to finish school and is looking for personal fulfillment. These are two very different representations of women".[15] Laila's life becomes tied with Mariam's when she is forced to marry Rasheed in order to protect herself and her unborn child after the death of her parents and supposed death of Tariq. This initially causes resentment from Mariam, who "[feels] her territory infringed upon".[15] Despite this, "Laila becomes her daughter for all practical purposes" on account of the struggles and abuse they both experience during their marriage. At the end of the novel, Laila returns to Kabul becomes a schoolteacher at an orphanage.[16]
  • Rasheed, an ethnic Pashtun from Kabul who works as a shoemaker. Prior to his marriages to Mariam and Laila, he had a son who drowned; it is suggested in the novel that this happened as a result of Rasheed being drunk while caring for him. Rasheed is an aloof father to his 'daughter' Aziza but is notably much more loving towards his son Zalmai. After suffering years of experiencing domestic abuse, Mariam bludgeons Rasheed to death with a shovel while he attempts to strangle Laila to death. Hosseini hoped to make a multi-layered character with Rasheed, noting "Rasheed's the embodiment of the patriarchal, tribal character. In writing him, I didn't want to write him as an irredeemable villain. He is a reprehensible person, but there are moments of humanity, such as his love for his son."[15] Hosseini identified an encounter with an Afghan man who "had a very sweet, subservient wife" and had not yet informed her that he was planning to marry again" as an inspiration for the character.[15]
  • Tariq, an ethnic Pashtun born in Kabul in 1976 who grew up with Laila. He lost a leg to a landmine at the age of five. They evolve from friends to lovers shortly before he flees Kabul with his family; after a decade of separation, during which time he lives as a refugee in Afghanistan and loses his parents while Laila was led to believe he had died, Tariq and Laila reunite in Kabul. After Rasheed's death they leave for Pakistan and marry, before returning to Kabul, expecting their third child at the end of the novel.
  • Nana, an ethnic Tajik from a village outside Herat who previously worked as a servant for Jalil. Mariam is born as a result of an affair between the two, and Jalil's favouritism towards his wives and legitimate children leaves her bitter towards Jalil. Nana often reports having the jinn inside her; it is hinted in the book that she in reality experiences from mental health difficulties for which she refuses to be medicated. After Mariam leaves the family home for the first time on her own to find Jalil on her fifteenth birthday, Nana hangs herself after Mariam refuses to stay with her.
  • Mullah Faizullah, a local Sufi imam who teaches Mariam the Qur'an and supports her and Nana. He dies of natural causes in 1989.
  • Jalil, a local businessman in Herat who has three wives and nine (later ten) legitimate children in addition to Mariam. While doting on her, his ultimate reluctance to treat her like his legitimate children leads to her breaking off their relationship. Before his death, he expresses regret for his treatment of Mariam.[17]
  • Hakim, Laila's father, a university educated man from Panjshir who works first as a teacher and then at a factory after the war. He is progressive and wishes for Laila to be educated and make her own decisions in life. He is killed in a rocket explosion alongside his wife Fariba while preparing to flee Kabul.[16]
  • Fariba, Laila's mother, originally from Panjshir. She briefly meets Mariam when she first arrives in Kabul, and is depicted as a cheerful woman. Her disposition is permanently changed after her two sons, Ahmad and Noor, are killed in the Afghan-Soviet War. She spends her time mourning in bed until the Mujahideen are victorious over the Soviets. She is later killed in a rocket explosion alongside her husband Hakim as they prepare to flee the city.[16]
  • Aziza, the illegitimate daughter of Laila and Tariq, born in 1993 in Kabul. When Laila learns of Tariq's alleged death, she marries Rasheed in order to hide Aziza's illegitimacy. Aziza's birth marks Laila's fall from favour with Rasheed and leads to the friendship between Mariam and Laila. During a famine, Aziza temporary is placed into an orphanage so she can be fed.[16][18]
  • Zalmai, the legitimate son of Laila and Rasheed, born in 1997 in Kabul. Laila initially considers aborting him due to him being Rasheed's biological child. Zalmai idolises his father despite his abuse of Laila and Mariam. Zalmai remains unaware that Mariam killed Rasheed and is led to believe he has left Kabul. Zalmai does not respect Tariq, but by the end of the novel appears to be accepting him as a father figure.

Analysis[edit source]

Family[edit source]

When asked about common themes in The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns, Hosseini replied:

"Both novels are multigenerational, and so the relationship between parent and child, with all of its manifest complexities and contradictions, is a prominent theme. I did not intend this, but I am keenly interested, it appears, in the way parents and children love, disappoint, and in the end honor each other. In one way, the two novels are corollaries: The Kite Runner was a father-son story, and A Thousand Splendid Suns can be seen as a mother-daughter story."[1]

He considers both novels to be "love stories" in the sense love "draws characters out of their isolation, that gives them the strength to transcend their own limitations, to expose their vulnerabilities, and to perform devastating acts of self-sacrifice".[1]

Women in Afghanistan[edit source]

Hosseini visited Afghanistan in 2003, and "heard so many stories about what happened to women, the tragedies that they had endured, the difficulties, the gender-based violence that they had suffered, the discrimination, the being barred from active life during the Taliban, having their movement restricted, being banned essentially from practicing their legal, social rights, political rights".[12] This motivated him to write a novel centered on two Afghan women.[12]

The Washington Post critic Jonathan Yardley suggested that "the central theme of A Thousand Splendid Suns is the place of women in Afghan society", pointing to a passage in which Mariam's mother states, "learn this now and learn it well, my daughter: like a compass needle that points north, a man's accusing finger always finds a woman. Always. You remember that, Mariam."[18]

In the book, both Mariam and Laila are forced into accepting marriage to Rasheed, who requires them to wear a burqa long before it is implemented by law under the Taliban. He later becomes increasingly abusive.[17] A Riverhead Trades Weekly review states that the novel consistently shows the "patriarchal despotism where women are agonizingly dependent on fathers, husbands and especially sons, the bearing of male children being their sole path to social status."[19]

Reception[edit source]

In the first week following its release, A Thousand Splendid Suns sold over one million copies,[8] becoming a number-one New York Times bestseller for fifteen weeks.[7] Time magazine's Lev Grossman placed it at number three in the Top 10 Fiction Books of 2007, and praised it as a "dense, rich, pressure-packed guide to enduring the unendurable."[20][21] Jonathan Yardley said in the Washington Post "Book World", "Just in case you're wondering whether Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns is as good as The Kite Runner, here's the answer: No. It's better."[18]

A Thousand Splendid Suns received significant praise from reviewers, with Publishers Weekly calling it "a powerful, harrowing depiction of Afghanistan"[4] and USA Today describing the prose as "achingly beautiful".[22] Lisa See of The New York Times attributed the book's success to Hosseini "[understanding] the power of emotion as few other popular writers do".[23] Natasha Walter from The Guardian wrote, "Hosseini is skilled at telling a certain kind of story, in which events that may seem unbearable - violence, misery and abuse - are made readable. He doesn't gloss over the horrors his characters live through, but something about his direct, explanatory style and the sense that you are moving towards a redemptive ending makes the whole narrative, for all its tragedies, slip down rather easily."[24]

Cathleen Medwick gave the novel a highly positive review in O, the Oprah Magazine:

"Love may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you consider the war-ravaged landscape of Afghanistan. But that is the emotion—subterranean, powerful, beautiful, illicit, and infinitely patient—that suffuses the pages of Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns. As in his best-selling first novel, The Kite Runner, Hosseini movingly examines the connections between unlikely friends, the fissures that open up between parents and children, the intransigence of quiet hearts."[25]

The New York Times writer Michiko Kakutani wrote a more critical review, describing the opening as "heavy-handed" and early events in the novel as "soap-opera-ish".[26] Despite these objections, she concluded, "Gradually, however, Mr. Hosseini's instinctive storytelling skills take over, mowing down the reader's objections through sheer momentum and will. He succeeds in making the emotional reality of Mariam and Laila's lives tangible to us, and by conjuring their day-to-day routines, he is able to give us a sense of what daily life was like in Kabul — both before and during the harsh reign of the Taliban."[26] Similarly, Yvonne Zipp of The Christian Science Monitor concluded that A Thousand Splendid Suns was ultimately "a little shaky as a work of literature".[27]

The depictions of the lead female characters, Mariam and Laila, were praised by several commentators. John Freeman from The Houston Chronicle found them "enormously winning"[28] while Carol Memmott from USA Today further described them as "stunningly heroic characters whose spirits somehow grasp the dimmest rays of hope".[22] Medwick summed up the portrayals: "Mariam, branded as a harami, or bastard, and forced into an abusive marriage at the age of fifteen, and Laila, a beauty groomed for success but shrouded almost beyond recognition by repressive sharia law and the husband she and Mariam share. The story, epic in scope and spanning three decades, follows these two indomitable women whose fortunes mirror those of their beloved and battered country—'nothing pretty to look at, but still standing'—and who find in each other the strength they need to survive."[25]

Jennifer Reese from Entertainment Weekly dubbed Rasheed "one of the most repulsive males in recent literature".[29] Lisa See wrote that, with the exception of Tariq, "the male characters seem either unrelentingly evil or pathetically weak" and opined, "If a woman wrote these things about her male characters, she would probably be labeled a man-hater."[23]

On November 5, 2019, the BBC News listed A Thousand Splendid Suns on its list of the 100 most inspiring novels.[30]

Adaptations[edit source]

Columbia Pictures owns the movie rights to the novel. Steven Zaillian finished writing the first draft of the screenplay in 2009[31] and was also slated to direct; Scott Rudin had signed on as a producer.[32] In May 2013, studios confirmed a tentative release date of 2015, although as of 2021 the film remains unproduced.[33]

The first theatrical adaptation of the novel premiered in San Francisco, California, on February 1, 2017. It is co-produced by the American Conservatory Theater and Theatre Calgary.[9] The theatrical adaptation condenses the novel for length, beginning with the deaths of Hakim and Fariba and telling earlier sections (such as Mariam’s childhood and Laila and Tariq’s romance) through flashbacks.

A television limited series adaptation of the novel is in works by One Community.[34]

References[edit source]

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i "An interview with Khaled Hosseini"Book Browse. 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  2. ^ "A Thousand Splendid Suns"Penguin.com (USA)Penguin GroupUSA. c. 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  3. ^ "A Thousand Splendid Suns"Kirkus Reviews. March 1, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
  4. Jump up to:a b "A Thousand Splendid Suns"Publishers Weekly. May 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  5. ^ "A Thousand Splendid Suns"Library Journal (review archived at MARINet). January 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
  6. ^ Huntley, Kristine (March 2007). "A Thousand Splendid Suns"Booklist. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  7. Jump up to:a b Emrich, Stephanie (June 12, 2013). "'The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns' author Khaled Hosseini flies into Fairhope"Gulf Coast News Today. Archived from the original on July 4, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  8. Jump up to:a b Jurgensen, Paige (September 24, 2012). "Hosseini's novel tears the heart"The Linfield Review. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  9. Jump up to:a b Milvy, Erika (January 19, 2017). "For 'A Thousand Splendid Suns,' a well-timed journey from the page to the stage"Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  10. ^ "Kabul", oldpoetry.com
  11. ^ Memmott, Carol (May 3, 2007). "5 questions for Khaled Hosseini"USA Today. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  12. Jump up to:a b c "'Kite Runner' Author On His Childhood, His Writing, And The Plight Of Afghan Refugees"Radio Free Europe. June 21, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  13. ^ Young, Lucie (May 19, 2007). "Despair in Kabul"Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  14. ^ Bosman, Julie (October 20, 2006). "Arts, Briefly; 'Kite Runner' Author To Release a New Novel"The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  15. Jump up to:a b c d e Foley, Dylan (July 15, 2007). "Interview Khaled Hosseini"The Denver Post. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  16. Jump up to:a b c d Baron, Scarlette (June 15, 2007). "The War-Wearied Women of Kabul"Oxonian Review. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  17. Jump up to:a b Thompson, Harvey (August 8, 2009). "A Thousand Splendid Suns: The plight of Afghan women only partially depicted"WSWS. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  18. Jump up to:a b c Yardley, Jonathan (May 20, 2007). "Jonathan Yardley: A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS"The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1,2013.
  19. ^ "Critical Praise"Book Reporter. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  20. ^ Grossman, Lev; "The 10 Best Fiction Books"; Time magazine; December 24, 2007; Pages 44 - 45.
  21. ^ Grossman, Lev; Top 10 Fiction Books; time.com
  22. Jump up to:a b Memmott, Carol (May 21, 2007). "'Splendid Suns' burns brightly amid suffering"USA Today. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  23. Jump up to:a b See, Lisa (June 3, 2007). "Mariam and Laila"The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  24. ^ Walter, Natasha (May 18, 2007). "Behind the veil"The Guardian. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  25. Jump up to:a b Medwick, Cathleen (June 2007). "Emotional Rescue"O, the Oprah Magazine. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  26. Jump up to:a b Kakutani, Michiko (May 29, 2007). "A Woman's Lot in Kabul, Lower Than a House Cat's"The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  27. ^ Zipp, Yvonne (May 22, 2007). "In Kabul, a tale of two women"The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  28. ^ Freeman, John (May 27, 2007). "A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini"The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  29. ^ Reese, Jennifer (May 18, 2007). "A Thousand Splendid Suns"Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  30. ^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"BBC News. 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2019-11-10The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
  31. ^ Mechanic, Michael (May–June 2009). "Khaled Hosseini, Kabul's Splendid Son (Extended Interview)"Mother Jones. Retrieved July 2,2013.
  32. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (September 16, 2007). Zaillian takes shine to 'Suns'Variety.
  33. ^ Hoby, Hermione (May 31, 2013). "Khaled Hosseini: 'If I could go back now, I'd take The Kite Runner apart'"The Guardian. Retrieved July 4,2013.
  34. ^ "One Community Acquires 'A Thousand Splendid Suns' By 'The Kite Runner' Author Khaled Hosseini For Limited Series"Deadline Hollywood. June 3, 2021.

External links[edit source]