2019/01/01

토마스 머튼 - 물소리 오강남의 토마스 머튼 이야기 : 네이버 카페



토마스 머튼 - 물소리 오강남의 토마스 머튼 이야기 : 네이버 카페




토마스 머튼 - 물소리 오강남의 토마스 머튼 이야기 | 자유게시판


2019.01.01. 05:00




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토머스 머튼Thomas Merton(1915~1968년)

-선불교와 장자에 심취했던 가톨릭 영성 지도자

“종교는 ‘설명’이 아니라 ‘체험’이다”

20세기 미국의 사상가 중에 가장 사랑받고 존경받는 사람은 누구일까? 많은 사람이 거리낌 없으면서도 호방한 시인이자 깊은 영성의 종교인이었으며, 반전 평화 운동과 사회정의 구현에 적극적이었던 사회 활동가 토머스 머튼을 꼽을 것이다. 그가 33세에 쓴 자전적인 책『칠층산The Seven Storey Mountain』은 1948년 출판 당시 베스트셀러였음은 물론 현재까지도 여러 판본으로 세계 전역에서 꾸준한 인기를 끌고 있다. 특히 미국에서 가톨릭 수도원 지원을 열망하는 젊은이들이 가장 열독하는 책으로 《내셔널 리뷰》지가 선정한 20세기 최고 비소설류 100권에 선정되기도 했다. 물론 한국어로도 번역되어 나왔다. 필자도 그가 쓴 70여 권의 책 중 The Way of Chuang Tzu(장자의 길)와 Zen and the Birds of Appetite를 교과서로 사용하였고, 그 동안 󰡔불교, 이웃종교로 읽다󰡕 같이 필자가 쓴 여러 책이나 글에서 동양 사상을 사랑하고 동서 사상의 조화를 강조했던 이 가톨릭 수도사 토머스 머튼을 수없이 인용하고 언급했다.




토머스 머튼은 1915년 1월 31일 프랑스 프라드Prades에서 태어났다. 아버지는 뉴질랜드 출신으로 유럽과 미국에서 활동하던 화가였으며 어머니는 미국인으로 명상을 중시하는 개신교 일파인 퀘이커 신도였다. 머튼은 프랑스에서 태어났지만 제1차 세계대전의 전화를 피해 미국의 뉴욕주 롱아일랜드에 있던 외가로 이주했다가 1917년 뉴욕 근교 플러싱에 정착했다. 그 후 동생 존 폴이 출생했으나 머튼이 여섯 살 되던 해인 1921년 10월 어머니가 위암으로 사망하는 슬픔을 맛보았다. 또 화가인 아버지가 프랑스, 이탈리아, 영국, 알제리 등지에서 예술 활동에 전념하면서 머튼은 동생과 함께 어린 시절을 외가에서 보내야 했다.




청소년기를 프랑스와 영국의 기숙사 학교에서 보낸 머튼은 18세가 되던 해인 1932년 캠브리지 대학에 합격하면서 성년으로서의 자유를 만끽하려고 유럽 전역을 주유(周遊)하기 시작했다. 그러다가 가톨릭의 산실인 이탈리아 로마의 어느 성당에서 본 예수의 모자이크 그림에 깊은 감명을 받게 되었다. 그 후 그는 여러 성당을 찾아 참배하며 틈틈이 라틴어로 된 신약성경을 통독하기 시작했다.




그러던 어느 날 밤, 머튼은 죽은 아버지가 자신과 함께 있는 듯한 묘한 신비감을 체험했다. 그 일로 오랫동안 자기를 따라다니던 공허감의 실체와 직면하게 되었다. 그는 생전 처음으로 신에게 마음으로부터 우러나오는 깊은 기도를 드리며 어두움에서 자신을 구해줄 것을 간절히 간구했다. 그리고 로마에 있는 트라피스트 수도원을 방문해 트라피스트 수도사가 되었으면 하는 바람을 강력히 간직하게 됐다.




그 후 이탈리아에서 배를 타고 미국으로 건너가 외조부모와 함께 여름을 보냈다. 로마에서의 신비스러운 경험이 계속되면서 그는 라틴어 성경을 읽고 가톨릭 성당, 성공회 성당, 퀘이커 모임에도 열의를 가지고 참석했다. 그러나 어느 곳에서도 마음에 꼭 맞는 교회를 찾지 못했다. 조직과 규율로 움직이는 박제화된 종교에 대한 실망감 때문이었다.




1933년 10월에 시작된 영국 캠브리지 대학에서의 생활은 그리 즐겁지만은 않았던 것 같다. 자서전에서 그때의 삶을 부정적으로 그리고 있기 때문이다. 그의 절친했던 친구들에 따르면 머튼은 떠돌이처럼 다니면서 공부보다는 술집에서 시간을 더 보내고 성性적으로도 자유분방했다고 한다. 정확하게 무슨 이유인지는 모르지만 머튼은 미국으로 돌아가지 않을 수 없는 형편이 되어, 다음 해 5월 기말시험을 끝내고 캠브리지를 떠났다.




1935년 1월, 머튼은 미국 뉴욕에 있는 컬럼비아 대학으로 옮겼다. 컬럼비아에 다니면서 본격적으로 종교와 문학에 관심을 가지게 되었는데 교내 신문 기자로 일하면서 남긴 그때의 글과 그림을 보면 그가 얼마나 걸림 없는 자유정신의 소유자였는지 짐작할 수 있다. 그는 당시 활발했던 반전 평화 운동에도 열성적으로 참여했다.




그는 에띠엔느 질송Étienne Gilson의 『중세철학의 정신』이라는 책을 읽고 가톨릭 사상의 정수를 맛보게 됐고 특히 올더스 헉슬리의 『목적과 수단』이라는 책을 통해 종교의 심층인 신비주의적 차원에 큰 관심을 가지게 되었다.




머튼은 1938년 1월 컬럼비아 대학에서 영문학 학사 학위를 끝내고 다시 대학원에 진학했다. 그해 6월, 그는 그의 삶에 가장 큰 전환점을 제시한 인물을 만나게 되는데, 바로 힌두교 승려인 마하남브라타 브라흐만차리와의 만남이었다. 이 특이한 힌두 승려는 그를 방문한 서양 학생들에게 각자 자기들의 정신적 뿌리를 찾아 들어갈 것을 권유하고, 머튼에게는 특별히 아우구스티누스의 『고백록』과 토머스 아 켐피스의 『그리스도를 본받아』를 읽어보라고 권했다. 힌두교 승려가 가톨릭 책을 추천하는 것이 너무 신기했던 머튼은 그 책들을 열심히 통독하기 시작했다. 그러면서 대학원 논문 주제가 된 윌리엄 블레이크에 대해서도 열심히 연구했다.




그는 제라드 홉킨스가 어떻게 가톨릭으로 개종하여 신부가 되었는가에 대한 책을 읽고 불현듯 자신도 가톨릭 신도가 되겠다는 강렬한 열망에 휩싸였다. 그는 당장 근처 성당으로 가서 신부를 만나 가톨릭 신자가 되겠다는 결심을 밝혔고 이내 교리문답 공부를 거쳐 영세를 받았다. 그는 영문학 석사 학위를 받고, 박사 학위 과정을 계속할 생각이었으나 이를 과감하게 포기하고 인생의 행로를 수정해 성직자의 길을 가기로 결심했다.




어느 수도원으로 들어갈까 고민하던 그는 로마에서 구입한 라틴어 성경을 들고 아무 데나 펴서 손가락 짚이는 곳을 읽어보았다. 두 번째의 시도에서 신약 『누가복음』의 “잠잠하라” 하는 구절이 우연히 눈에 들어왔다. 그는 이것이 하늘이 주는 계시라 생각하고, 묵언정진을 강조하는 시토Cistercians 수도회에 들어가기로 결심했다. 오랜 우여곡절을 겪은 후에 1941년 12월 10일 마침내 켄터키주 루이빌 부근 겟세마네 봉쇄 수도원에 도착했다. 그는 자기의 진정성을 보여주기 위해 추운 날씨에도 불구하고 3일간 손님방에서 머물며 창문을 모두 열어놓기도 했다. 수도원에 들어간 이후로는 겨울옷 한 벌, 여름옷 한 벌만 입고 살았고, 병이 나도 약을 쓰는 것이 신의 뜻을 어기는 것이 아닌가 하는 의문을 가질 정도로 수행에만 전념했다. 차례대로 수도자의 단계를 거쳐 1947년 평생 수도원을 떠나지 않겠다는 ‘종신서원solemn vows’을 했으며 1949년에는 신부 안수도 받았다.




수도원의 엄격한 규율 속에 살았지만, 머튼의 재능을 인정한 수도원장의 특별 배려로 머튼은 저술 활동을 계속할 수 있었다. 종교 서적을 번역하고 성인들의 전기를 쓰는 일, 그리고 자기의 삶을 되돌아보는 자서전 쓰는 일에 정성을 쏟았다. 1965년부터는 수도원 내에 암자에 칩거하면서 오로지 저술활동에만 전념했다. 머튼에 대한 전기(傳記) The Man in the Sycamore Tree를 쓴 그의 친구 에드워드 라이스에 의하면 머튼의 마지막 몇 년은 “날이 새고 날이 질 때까지 머튼은 평화와 동양에 대해서만 생각하고 쓰고 설교했다”고 한다. 그의 저서 중 특히 동양 사상과 관계되는 책은 앞에서 필자가 교과서로 사용했다는 책들 외에 󰡔신비주의와 선의 대가들󰡕, 󰡔아시아 여행기󰡕, 󰡔비폭력과 간디󰡕 같은 책들이 있다.




저자로서의 위상과 영향력으로 인해 머튼은 1968년 태국에서 열리는 가톨릭과 비가톨릭 수도 생활에 관한 학회에 참석하고, 가는 김에 아시아 몇 나라를 방문해도 좋다는 허락을 받았다. 󰡔칠층산󰡕의 판매로 엄청난 수익금을 올렸지만 한 푼도 만져보질 못한 머튼은 아시아 여행을 위해 스스로 경비를 마련해야만 했다. 결국 그는 출판사에 여행기를 써서 넘기겠다는 조건으로, 말하자면 입도선매(立稻先賣)식으로 여행비를 마련해서 인도 담살라에 있던 달라이 라마를 비롯하여 티베트 스님들을 만났다. 실로 의기투합이었다. 스님들은 머튼을 보고 생불임에 틀림이 없다고 했다. 그는 스리랑카 폴론나루와에 있는 붓다 석상들에 깊은 감명을 받기도 했다.



1968년 12월 10일, 54세 생일을 40일 정도 남겨둔 머튼은 수도원에 들어온 지 꼭 27년 되는 날 태국 방콕의 숙소 목욕탕에서 허술한 전기 선풍기 줄에 걸려 감전 사고로 죽었다. 일설에는 반전 평화 운동을 하던 그의 행적을 눈엣가시처럼 여기던 반대 세력에 의해 암살되었을 가능성도 배제하지 못한다고 한다. 아이러니하게도 그토록 평화를 위해 애쓰던 머튼의 시신은 미 공군 B-52 폭격기에 실려 미국으로 운송된 후 겟세마네 수도원에 안장되었다.




머튼은 컬럼비아 대학에서 올더스 헉슬리의 책을 읽고, 힌두 승려 바라흐만차리를 만난 이후 이웃종교들에 대한 생각이 확 달라졌다. 그는 여러 종교들 중에서 특히 선불교와 노장사상을 좋아했다. 그가 선불교나 노장사상에 심취한 것은 이들 사상이 그리스도교처럼 신비주의적 차원을 잃어버린 채 ‘설명explanation’에만 의존하지 않고 ‘체험experience’을 강조하기 때문이라고 했다. 그리스도교 초기 ‘사막의 교부들’과 선사들이 체험을 중시 여긴다는 공통점을 발견하고 이 문제를 중심으로 스즈키 다이세쓰와 서신 교환을 하기도 했다. 『장자』를 너무 좋아해 번역서들을 읽으며 5년간 명상한 끝에 장자의 중심 사상을 뽑아 시적 표현으로 재구성하여 『장자의 길』이라는 책을 냈는데, 이 책에서 그는 장자를 두고 ‘나와 동류의 인물’이라고 했다.




머튼은 예수가 탄생했을 때 동방박사들이 선물을 가져다주어 그리스도교 발생에 도움을 주었다는 이야기처럼 20년이 지난 오늘 그리스도교가 새롭게 활기를 되찾으려면 다시 동방으로부터 선물이 와야 하는데, 그것이 선불교와 노장사상 같은 동양의 정신적 유산이라고 역설했다. 그리스도교뿐 아니라 “인간과 그 문명 자체를 위협하는 비극을 촉진시키는” 일을 늦추기 위해서라도 동양의 정신적 유산을 심각하게 받아들여야 할 것이라고 경고했다. 그 스스로도 틱낫한 스님 등 세계종교 지도자들과도 교류하면서 그들로부터 배우려 했다. 물론 머튼이 여기서 말하는 동양의 정신적 유산이란 역사적 불교나 역사적 도교를 의미하는 것이 아니라 그런 역사적 종교를 배출하게 된 인류 보편의 영적 바탕, “명상의 침묵과 신비적 체험 속에서 만나는 ‘신 너머의 신’에 대한 체험” 같은 종교의 심층을 의미한다는 사실에 주목할 필요가 있다.




이렇게 동양의 종교 심층에 깔린 정신적 유산을 귀히 여기고 거기서 배워야 할 것이 많다고 강조한 토머스 머튼의 글을 읽을 때마다, 지금은 많이 달라지긴 했지만, 지금껏 우리 자신의 전통 깊은 곳에서 찾을 수 있는 정신적 유산을 등한시하던 우리 자신이 한없이 부끄러워진다. 등잔 밑은 본래 어두운 법이라는 말로 위로를 삼아야 할까?



















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하하
2019.01.01. 06:21



"종교는 설명이 아니라 체험이다." 간단하지만울림이 큰 진술이군요.. 제가 보기에는 종교는 설명으로 시작해서 체험으로 심화완성되지 않나 싶읍니다. 먼저 각자에게 와닿는 좋은 지도를 얻고, 그리고 그 지도에 따라 끝까지 걸어보는 것.. 그러나 많은 사람들이 지도를 얻고 영토에 도달했다고 믿거나 만족하는 것이 이 지구상의 대부분의 사람들의 종교적 현실이기 때문에 토마스 머튼의 위 말씀은 큰 울림을 준다고 생각합니다. 감사합니다~




soft103a작성자
2019.01.01. 06:43



맞는 말씀입니다. 물론 처음에는 올바른 안내가 있어야겠지요. 그러나 누구 말대로 식당에 가서 메뉴만 보고 메뉴만 씹으면서 음식은 먹지 않는 것과 같다고 볼 수 있을 것입니다. 영어로는 explanation vs. experience 라고 대조가 잘 되는 말입니다.




soft103a작성자
2019.01.01. 06:46



한 가지 덧붙이고 싶은 것은,머튼이 아우구스티누스가 플라톤을 통해, 토마스 아퀴나스가 아리스토텔레스를 통해 기독교를 설명했다면 기독교를 장자를 통해 설명하는 것이 훨 좋을 것이라는 말도 했습니다.

2018/12/30

Dr Jungho Suh | Staff Directory



Dr Jungho Suh | Staff Directory



Suh J (2018), ‘Agriculture and sustainable communities: Reflections from a comparative case study’, Community Development 49(1): 34–49.



Suh J (2015), ‘Community-based organic agriculture in the Philippines’, Outlook on Agriculture 44(4): 291–296.



Suh J (2015), ‘Communitarian cooperative organic rice farming in Hongdong District, South Korea’, Journal of Rural Studies 37: 29–37.



Suh J (2015), 'An institutional and policy framework to foster integrated rice–duck farming in Asian developing countries’,International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 13(4): 294–307.



Suh J (2014), ‘Theory and reality of integrated rice-duck farming in Asian developing countries: a systematic review and SWOT analysis’, Agricultural Systems 125: 74–81.



Suh J (2014), ‘The role of the forestry industry for the success of community forestry: a comparative input-output analysis across India and the Philippines’, Southern Forests 76(1): 29–36.



Suh J (2014), ‘Towards sustainable agricultural stewardship: evolution and future directions of the permaculture concept’, Environmental Values 23(1): 75–98.



Suh J (2013), ‘Does Buddhism have much to offer in terms of reduction in global CO2 emissions? a panel data analysis’, Society and Economy 35(2): 209–225.



Suh J (2012), ‘The past and future of community-based forest management in the Philippines’, Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 60(4): 489–511.



Suh J, Lwanga R, Harrison SR and Herbohn JL (2011), ‘Visitors’ attitudes towards and willingness-to-pay for hypothetical hoop pine plantations on the pastoral Southern Atherton Tablelands, Australia’, Small-scale Forestry 10(3): 319–338.



Robinson J, Clouston B, Suh J and Chaloupka M (2008), ‘Are citizens’ juries a useful tool for assessing environmental value?’, Environmental Conservation 35(4): 351–360.



Bonham J and Suh J (2008), ‘Pedalling the city: intra-urban differences in cycling for the journey-to-work’, Road and Transport Research 17(4): 25–40.



Suh J and Harrison S (2006), 'Pure altruism, consumer behavior and choice modeling', Asian Economic Journal 20(2): 173–190.



Emtage N, Suh J, Cedamon E, Harrison S and Herbohn J (2006), ‘Promoting smallholder forestry as a poverty alleviation measure in the Philippines: a study focused on Leyte Province', Indian Development Review 4(2): 385–405.



Suh J and Emtage N (2005), ‘Identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the community-based forest management program', Annals of Tropical Research 27(1): 55–66.



Emtage N and Suh J (2005), ‘Variations in socioeconomic characteristics, farming assets and livelihood systems of Leyte rural households', Annals of Tropical Research 27(1): 35–54.



Cedamon ED, Emtage N, Suh J, Herbohn JL, Harrison SR and Mangaoang EO (2005), ‘Present tree planting and management activities in four rural communities in Leyte Province, the Philippines’, Annals of Tropical Research 27(1): 19–34.



Emtage N and Suh J (2004), ‘Socio-economic factors affecting smallholder tree planting and management intentions in Leyte Province, Philippines’, Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy 3(2): 257–270.



Suh J (2004), ‘Regulatory failure in the management of South Korea’s national parks’, Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 8(1–2): 133–151.



Harrison SR and Suh J (2004), ‘Progress and prospects of community forestry in developing and developed countries’, Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy 3(3): 287–302.



Xu J, Zhao Y and Suh J (2004), ‘Community forestry for poverty alleviation in China with reference to Huoshan County, Anhui Province’, Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy 3(3): 385–400.



(Book chapters, conference papers, discussion papers)



Suh J (2015), ‘Economics of everyday cycling and cycling facilities’, in J Bonham and M Johnson (eds.), Cycling Futures, the University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide, pp. 107–130.



Suh J and Harrison SR (2005), ‘Management objectives and economic value of national parks: preservation, conservation and development’, Discussion Paper No. 337, School of Economics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 19 pp.



Harrison SR, Herbohn JL, Smorfitt DB and Suh J (2005), ‘Economic issues and lessons arising from the community rainforest reforestation program’, in PD Erskine, D Lamb and M Bristow (eds.), Reforestation in the Tropics and Subtropics of Australia Using Rainforest Tree Species, RIRDC Publication No. 05/087, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, pp. 245–261.



Harrison SR, Herbohn JL, Killin D, Suh J and Smorfitt DB (2004), ‘Timber marketing in a revitalised north Queensland forest industry: overview of major issues’, in J Suh, DB Smorfitt, SR Harrison and JL Herbohn (eds.), Marketing of Farm-grown Timber in Tropical North Queensland, Research Monograph, Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns, pp. 1–7.



Suh J, Killin D and Harrison SR (2004), ‘The Role of grower co-operatives in the marketing of farm-grown timber in north Queensland’, in J Suh, DB Smorfitt, SR Harrison and JL Herbohn (eds.), Marketing of Farm-grown Timber in Tropical North Queensland, Research Monograph, Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns, pp. 89–102.

Practical Permaculture: for Home Landscapes, Your Community, and the Whole Earth - Kindle edition by Jessi Bloom, Dave Boehnlein, Paul Kearsley. Crafts, Hobbies & Home Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.

Practical Permaculture: for Home Landscapes, Your Community, and the Whole Earth - by Jessi Bloom, Dave Boehnlein, Paul Kearsley. 



Kindle edition 



Practical Permaculture is powerful, visceral, readable, and inspiring. It shows us how we can and should live.” —Joel Salatin, farmer and author

Jessi Bloom and Dave Boehnlein, two dynamic leaders in the permaculture community, offer authoritative, in-depth, hands-on advice that shares a holistic approach to sustainable living. Permaculture is a growing trend, but still a daunting concept to many. New to permaculture principles and techniques? The guesswork will be eliminated by paging through this invaluable resource. Already an expert? This guide will surely make an important addition to your sustainable agriculture reference shelf.




Product description

Review

"With astonishing thoroughness and admirable dedication, Bloom and Boehnlein meticulously outline every aspect of permaculture, providing inspiring examples and impeccable advice for analysis, design, implementation, and plant selection." --Booklist

"Gardeners will relish the pragmatic text and illustrations in this handbook from two of permaculture's well-known leaders, Bloom (Free Range Chicken Gardens) and Boehnlein (education director, Bullock's Permaculture Homestead, WA)." --Library Journal

"Fills a niche for readers who want to integrate this down-to-earth but too-often-mystifying nature-inspired design system into their lives." --Publishers Weekly

"Practical Permaculture says it all right there in the title. The photos and diagrams are gorgeous and relevant. The text is easy to read, and the authors are seasoned in their craft. It is the clearest and most practical Permaculture book I have yet seen for helping the aspiring Permie." --PermacultureRising.com

"If anyone can make permaculture intelligible and appealing to home gardeners, it's award winning ecological landscape designer Jessi Bloom and Dave Boehnlein. . . . if you're interested in achieving closed-loop sustainability while keeping garden aesthetics in mind, Practical Permaculture can serve as a detailed roadmap." --Garden Design

"In Practical Permaculture Northwest authors Jessi Bloom and Dave Boehnlein take this 1970's term into today with real-life examples of people growing food, harvesting rain, and bringing their homes and gardens into symbiosis with the surrounding natural resources." --Sunset

"Clearly written and laid out. . . . This is a permaculture primer that is fresh and vibrant. Bring it on!" --Permaculture Magazine

"This comprehensive resource will help you make the shifts you're ready for this year, and for a decade." --The Denver Post

"Farmers who have heard the term, "permaculture" and are curious as to just what it means, will benefit from reading Practical Permaculture. Bloom and Boehnlein offer vivid ways to diversify the number of crops growing in a given area." --Acres USA

Product Description

Practical Permaculture is powerful, visceral, readable, and inspiring. It shows us how we can and should live.” —Joel Salatin, farmer and author

Jessi Bloom and Dave Boehnlein, two dynamic leaders in the permaculture community, offer authoritative, in-depth, hands-on advice that shares a holistic approach to sustainable living. Permaculture is a growing trend, but still a daunting concept to many. New to permaculture principles and techniques? The guesswork will be eliminated by paging through this invaluable resource. Already an expert? This guide will surely make an important addition to your sustainable agriculture reference shelf.
==========

Product details

  • Format: Kindle Edition
  • File Size: 89470 KB
  • Print Length: 337 pages
  • Page Numbers Source ISBN: 1604694432
  • Publisher: Timber Press (4 February 2016)
  • Sold by: Amazon Australia Services, Inc.
==========

Most helpful customer reviews on Amazon.com

Amazon.com: 4.7 out of 5 stars 68 reviews
Local
5.0 out of 5 starsPragmatic permaculture guidance in a beautiful book
11 June 2015 - Published on Amazon.com
Verified Purchase
The book is really thoughtful, practical, and excellently produced and written.

It starts with a brief introduction to permaculture that builds on historical origins but avoids being a repeat of Mollison's visionary work. Practical Permaculture gives very clear examples, bases information on science, and modernizes concepts appropriately for 2015. The framework of the book is a step by step, well thought-out- process to designing a site using permaculture principles . "Designing a site" is one of the most important permaculture activities - the book helps you learn the important characteristics of your farm/backyard/community garden, deciding your goals, and placing elements such as plants, orchards, households, coops, ponds etc so they can reinforce each other following the dynamics of nature. It teaches the use of design tools such as sectors, zones, edges, and patterns in non-nonsense, approachable style. By following this book you'll have learned a lot and taken many of the important first steps in setting up a sustainable and enjoyable system.

While many other other general permaculture books may be a repeat of Mollison's "Designer's Manual", the authors here provide genuine value and insight into the process of design, considering modern tools and options, and focusing on the actionable and pragmatic aspects of implementing a permaculture project. They also bring experience applying permaculture in colder climates and can put forth relevant species and examples of techniques to the table.

The quality of the book is very high - materials, design, layout, illustrations are great.

Having read many (most) of available books on the topic, and as a holder of a Permaculture Design Certificate I find myself recommending and gifting this book again and again for those who are new to Permaculture, and to those that are more aware of Permaculture generally but ask "so... how do I start"?

This has been a great addition to my library - even though it ends up open on my desk most of the time. I hope the authors consider embarking on additional writing projects.
51 people found this helpful.
Arthur Daigle
4.0 out of 5 starsA good beginner book on permaculture
5 May 2016 - Published on Amazon.com
Verified Purchase
Practical Permaculture offers a wide variety of suggestions for making land more sustainable. The book lists ideas to improve just about any piece of land and at different costs. Some of them are cheap and easy, like composting, while other require more money, like building an energy efficient home. This means that there is something here useful regardless of a reader's income level . The book also offers useful tips for different climates and what plants and building techniques work well there. Most of these suggestions are light in details, but the authors list books that interested readers can go to for more in-depth coverage.

There are a few things I take issue with in the book. The section on building houses includes wattle and daub and straw bale houses. I understand that these building materials are sustainable using local resources, but I have to question whether sustainability is being given more consideration than durability. People stopped using these building materials long ago and for good reasons. The authors also advocate guerrilla gardening, making changes to someone else's property without their permission. Improving a piece of wasted land is noble when it's yours, but some of the changes in this book are criminal, like cutting off a branch of someone else's tree and grafting on one that yields fruit or planting your vegetables seeds in their flowerbeds and expecting to harvest the produce. If you wouldn't want someone else messing with your land, don't expect them to like you doing it to theirs. Lastly, near the end of the book the authors basically say the readers should decide whether to follow laws they consider burdensome or just ignore them. This is dangerous territory. Nobody likes it when the rich and powerful ignore laws they don't like, so why is it good when laws are ignored by those of us with more limited means?

I know that sounds like a lot to complain about, but the book is so long and many portions so useful that I feel these issues warrant only a drop of one star.
31 people found this helpful.
Kimera
5.0 out of 5 starsor technical manuals that often suggest the need for a great deal of land contouring and environmental engineering in order ...
25 February 2015 - Published on Amazon.com
Verified Purchase
Permaculture is a fascinating agricultural practice that seeks to recreate the effortless efficiency and balance of natural ecosystems with human-designed systems aimed at food production. The texts in this growing genre tend to fall into two broad categories: 
well-intentioned but slightly loopy tomes that are equal parts landscape planning and New Age philosophy, 
or technical manuals that often suggest the need for a great deal of land contouring and environmental engineering in order to build your utopian homestead. 
Practical Permaculture strikes an excellent balance between the two by clearly introducing basic concepts and providing excellent examples but not suggesting a multitude of projects that are beyond the reach of the average gardener or homeowner. 
Beautifully laid out and illustrated, it makes permaculture accessible to the average person who merely wants to lessen their impact on the natural world and experience the excitement of creating a beautifully diverse polyculture rather than a sterile suburban lawn. 
If you have any interest in permaculture this book is a great place to start and, if we're lucky, change the world one plant guild at a time. (Read it and you'll understand the reference.)

58 people found this helpful.

(PDF) BOOK REVIEW: Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects

(PDF) BOOK REVIEW: Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects


BOOK REVIEW: Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects
Article (PDF Available) · December 2007 with 22 Reads


(PDF) BOOK REVIEW: Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277233936_BOOK_REVIEW_Global_Development_of_Organic_Agriculture_Challenges_and_Prospects 


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John Paull
University of Tasmania

BOOK REVIEWGlobal Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and ProspectsEdited by N. Halberg, H. F. Alroe, M.T. Knudsen and E.S. Kristensen. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. <www.cabi.org>. May 2006. 380 pages, £55, ISBN 1 84593 078 9.


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Journal of Organic Systems – Vol.2 No.2, 2007, 57-5857 ISSN 1177-4258 

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“ … the organic standards and control systems themselves can be a barrier that hinders the potential growth and spread of organic farming” (p. 77).



Global Development of Organic Agriculture is valuable for its both explicit and implicit championing of the diversity of organic agriculture systems - and in particular, its acknowledgment of the legitimacy and value of both certified and non-certified organics. In this, it serves as a useful foil to the fortress organics mentality that sees non-certified organics as some kind of impostor or threat to “the brand”. This book takes as a starting premise the legitimacy and value of both strands of organics, and proceeds from there.One of the remarkable, as well as exemplary, things about this new publication from the Danish Research Centre for Organic Food and Farming (DARCOF) is that five of the twelve chapters are available for free download <www.ecowiki.org/GlobalPerspective>. Brief summaries of a further two chapters are available at <www.orgprints.org>.



Despite the ambitious title, this book presents a Eurocentric view of the topic. Global Development of Organic Agriculture is the fruit of what the editors call a “knowledge synthesis” (p. xi) workshop by DARCOF (the acronym is generated from the Danish). Two of the chapters are written by congregations of six authors; in total there are 33 contributing authors, half are from Denmark, most are from continental Europe, none are from Asia, Oceania or the Pacific. 



The editors report that Global Development of Organic Agriculture was “initiated by five key questions”:1. “Can organic production contribute to global food security? How?2. Can organic production in developing countries contribute to a sustainable development? How?3. Can organic certification protect natural resources, improve work conditions, etc.? How?4. Can a fair global trade with organic products be realized? How?5. Can organic research in high-income countries benefit organic agriculture in low-income countries? How?” (p. xii).



Chapter 1 reports that Oceania accounts for 42% of the global area under organic management; and that Australia leads the world with 11,300,000 organic hectares (p. 27) - that is nearly four times the area reported by number 2, Argentina, and twelve times the area of USA organics (the authors use Willer & Yussefi, 2005 data, available at <www.soel.de>). 



Other than this fleeting mention, Oceania, Australia and New Zealand are noticeable by their absence, and do not figure in the index - in contrast, Bhutan receives three index-entries. This chapter includes interesting case studies of the beef trade/deforestation nexus in Brazil, and of GM soy crops in Argentina and the concomitant rapid rise of herbicide usage - with Fig 1.8 showing the increases of GM soy hectares closely tracked by glyphosate usage increases from 1996 to 2004.



Chapter 3, a web-available chapter, Organic agriculture and ecological justice: ethics and practice could instructively be read by those in Australia currently proposing mandatory certification. Alroe et al. write that: “… non-certified food systems may be more in line with the organic values and principles than certified systems, because the latter face direct pressures of market 



competition and globalization that threaten to move organic food systems towards conventional systems, or in ways that are similar to conventional systems, and away from its original values and principles” (p. 102). 




In Chapter 6: Certified and non-certified organic farming in the developing world, Parrott et al. present two informative SWOT analyses of organic farming, one from “a small farmerʼs perspective” and the second from “an institutional perspective” (p. 173, 174). They suggest that uncertified organic farms, especially in the developing world, lead to under-reporting of organic statistics, a kind of iceberg effect.The final chapter observes that: “The two strands of OA, certified and non-certified, offer different opportunities and prospects, which should be dealt with consciously by the organic farming movement” (p. 364). The rather cumbersome acronym NC-OA (non-certified organic agriculture) is proposed, “as a concept specifically suited for promoting and protection of organic agricultural production, which is marketed locally without premium prices” (p. 358) - confounding localness and price.Cosmologists will be tickled to read of “worldsʼ … ” (p. 330), geographers to learn that “Ukraine and China are the major certified organic producers in Asia” (p. 28), and grammarians may choke on the cringeworthy: “possibility for premia prices” (p. 173). 



Some readers will be irritated by chapters chopping and changing between OA (organic agriculture) and OF (organic farming) without apparent distinction. This “knowledge synthesis” tome is further synthesized for readers in Chapter 12: Synthesis: Perspectives for organic agriculture in a global context - and there is a recommendation in the Preface (p. xi) to begin with the Chapter 12: Synthesis (which is available on the www). 



Global Development of Organic Agriculture is a worthy contribution to the organics literature. However the tone is timid rather than bold, and the conclusions (p. 363-365) tentative and insipid, rather than vibrant and challenging. For example, a “challenge” is: “The major challenge in livestock production systems is to think the organic principles into a wide range of of diverse systems with very different conditions” (p. 364). A “prospect” (called “promise” in the www version) is: “Non-certified OA methods should be developed to accommodate the specific agro-ecological conditions including soil types” (p. 364). Absent is a full-frontal account of such biting challenges, to both local and global organics, as GMOs, nanotechnology, cashed-up chemical companies, green-revolution technocrats, corruptible bureaucrats, the consumer-inadequate (sometimes misleading and deceptive) food labelling, the migration of standards to government, the erosion-of-concept (e.g. USDAʼs organic = 95% organic rule and the EU 0.9% GM rule), and the corporatisation of the supply chain, just to mention a few. And this vis a vis the hopes and desires of Mr. & Mrs. Ug Boot the world over, who are trying, and sometimes desperately, and in the shadow of malfeasance by omission and commission, to feed their children, with preferably and demonstrably wholesome food and beverages.Five interesting questions have been raised to precipitate discussion and debate - to be addressed and explored rather than be definitively answered - and in this regard the book is successful. Global Development of Organic Agriculture, despite having an out-of-Europe feel, is an interesting and useful contribution to the literature of organic agriculture, and it is a worthy addition to any library with an agriculture, organics or world-development focus. 



John Paull1 Journal of Organic Systems – Vol.2 No.2, 2007, 57-58



=============

“Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects”

Mrinila SINGH Masters Student

Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8529 singh_mrinila@hotmail.com

Keshav Lall MAHARJAN Professor

Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8529 mkeshav@hiroshima-u.ac.jp



The book titled ‘Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects’ is published by CABI Publishing in the year 2006. N. Halberg, H. F. Alroe, M. T. Knudsen and E. S. Kristensen are the editors of this book. This book is mainly the outcome of an international workshop: ‘Organic farming in a global perspective – globalization, sustainable development and ecological justice’ which was held in Copenhagen in 2004. On the basis of presentation by experts from USA, Sweden, Austria, The Netherlands and Denmark; and the discussions and group work which followed; Danish experts along with other international experts synthesized the knowledge on organic agriculture from a global perspective in this book.



As the title of the book implies, the purpose of reading it was to understand the global scenario of organic agriculture: how the practices are similar or differs given the socio-economic, political and ecological variation; what are the opportunities and challenges brought by globalization; who are the beneficiaries and payer of such market development; and finally what are the constraints in the overall scenario of organic agriculture development.

The book, in my opinion, has been able to satisfy the expectation readers will have given its splendid title. It includes vast

aspects of organic agriculture system and emphasizes on how it is experiencing technological and structural changes in the face of globalization. Surely organic agriculture has been expanding in both developed and developing countries, owing much to the environmental and health concerns or simply to take benefit from the high-priced niche market. Even so it faces tremendous challenges which vary from high-income countries with modern farming techniques and growing preferences, to low-income countries characterized by smallholder farmers and resource-poor consumers. This book tries to highlight the issues surrounding organic agriculture in the modern world from the perspective of ‘sustainability, food security and fair trade’.

The book starts off with the global trend in agriculture and food system. In order to clarify its stance on the damage brought upon by industrialized food production system, it presents cases of soybean-soil depletion effect in Argentina and beef productiondeforestation relation in Brazil. The fact that the compensation rate for Argentina for the depleted soil nutrients as a result of increase in soybean production and fertilizer use with mineral fertilizers will be ‘around 1.1 million t of phosphorous fertilizers and an amount of 330 million American dollars to buy it in the international market’ (p.23) is quiet alarming. It is particularly interesting when it is simultaneously claimed that it exports around 3.5 million t of nutrients without actually reflecting the ecological cost in the market prices.

Numerous other examples from across the globe has been provided to shed light on the kind of problems countries have been

facing given their specific characteristics. A case in Uganda shows how two Ugandan companies benefited by consolidating in a fair trade arrangement with Danish/European market to process and export organic fruit. It also provides an insight on the

Journal of International Development and Cooperation, Vol.19, No.1, 2012, pp. 51-53



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complications which are pointed out as lack of adequate financing, management skills, consistency in workforce, logistics, difficulty in partnership and cooperation, and cultural differences. It can be of specific interest as it reflects on what kind of difficulties smallholder farmers in developing countries is likely to face when integrated into global market.

In case of recycling nutrients from urban wastes, the book provides couple of examples from various countries such as China, India, Botswana, South Africa, Malaysia, Australia, Sweden and Norway where applied cost effective technologies along with the barriers are also explained. This will benefit other developing countries to replicate the technology or modify it according to their specific context and get the glimpse of the associated problems beforehand, which probably will help them to prepare better.

The book also argues about political ecology, ecological justice, ecological economics and free trade and relates with how

organic agriculture can contribute to each of these aspects. Ecological justice is a concept wherein social and ecological justices are given high priority than market liberalism and economic growth. The idea of shared responsibility for livelihoods and environments or commons-based government, as termed in this book, has been proposed to resist the pressure of globalization and associated structural and technological developments. Commodification of commons, externalization of environmental and social costs, and the growing distance of trade and ownership has been identified as three key challenges in the light of ecological justice. Ecological justice can be put into practice through organic agriculture by way of fair trade, following nearness principle, identifying organic production zone and produce to create awareness and bolster community, creating sustainability and justice through ecological footprint approaches and measures of socio-ecological performance that are built on principles of equity and sustainability through the creation of series of social institutions, and prioritizing non-certified organic agriculture as well to avoid imposing the burden of Western-style certification. Another concept of ecological economics (EE) has also been conceptualized in this book which is basically the interrelationship between the ecological, economic and social systems. These should be the basis for future policy tools but the authors claim to have done very little globally in harmonizing and sustaining these interrelations.

It also reflects on importance of certification to get access to price premium in an international market but also criticizes that such global uniform standards might not be designed to blend with different cultural and natural conditions in different regions, thus concluding that ‘organic standards and control systems themselves can be a barrier that hinders the potential growth and spread of organic farming’ (p.77). With this it moves on to emphasize on non-certified organic production for local consumption. At present long distance trade and large corporate retails‘ control dominates the global food market. ’Low price, demand for larger quantity, standardization, specialization and high production efficiency and productivity` has been the essence of globalization. But such system has a repercussion through pollution of surface and groundwater with nitrates and pesticides, increased emission, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation and declining animal well-being. Certainly it has benefited food security of industrialized countries and few developing countries like China; but has also increased agricultural system and population gap, especially when compared to developing countries like Africa. The local farming system of developing countries are unable to compete with subsidy backed, lower priced surplus food production from market such as Europe. Thus, organic farming (OF) offers a more sustainable practice in this regard. OF is in a growing trend where about 100 countries are already practicing it. Trade in organic food throughout the world has been increasing, especially from South to North where developing countries like Brazil, Egypt and Uganda are now exporting to Europe and North America. Even though this provides a good prospect for developing countries, OF is in a greater risk than ever before of being pushed towards a conventional farming model backed by specialization, capital intensification, export orientation rather than local, increased processing, packaging and long-distance transporting. This has jeopardized the very fundamental elements of OF. Besides if not for export-orientation, OF can also improve production of marginalized smallholders as an uncertified production for local consumption. Prioritizing this aspect of organic system will, to some extent, lessen the environmental burden through less transportation, thus keeping up with the core feature of organic farming. Thus, the book prioritizes both certified and non-certified organic farming which holds its own priority in different section of the market.

It has also shed light on dynamic growth of organic sector both formal and informal, by specifically emphasizing on the unknown

extent of the latter to realize that organic share is far more greater than presently realized. Thus the authors call for prioritizing on knowledge synthesis over identifying new research programs with active involvement from the South. This will help to generate information from those who already have prior knowledge of local networks, practices and priorities to address the most pressing issues for organic research in developing countries and disseminate the information who need it the most, i.e. resource-poor farmers.

Another aspect of organic farming, as mentioned in the book, is its potential to contribute to sustainable development by recycling domestic and household waste through the integration of urban settlements with rural communities. Although there are



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some limitations to ecological sanitation system, it also demonstrates already proven technologies that can be adopted or improved in a new management system along with associated risks. It also discusses the pragmatic solution to revive the soil fertility in subSaharan Africa (SSA) through OF along with other approaches like high external input agriculture (HEIA), low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA), or integrated soil fertility management (ISFM). Applying one solution to all will not bring same results throughout the diverse circumstances of SSA and so it has been suggested to adopt HEIA and certified organic system in areas that have favorable agro-climatic conditions and market access and follow LEISA or ISFM approaches in areas having lower potential or poor access. Moreover the best solution would be the one through which farmers can make profit, accept risk, feasible to specific context, and economically, environmentally and socially sustainable.

The book also discusses about organic approach to livestock production systems with particular focus on veterinary treatment

and disease control. Animals should be allowed to perform in their natural behavior and it has argued on the use of indigenous breeds, role of vaccination, traditional medicine and alternatives to biomedical treatment and other methods to manage disease. Conversely it also mentions that the development of OF must not threaten local and regional disease control programmes especially when diseases are zoonotic in nature, highly infectious and have huge economic significance. The major challenges in terms of disease control are endemic diseases, large flocks/herds and how they use land under the given conditions and other economic, political, cultural, historical, climatic and vegetation factors. This is backed by the cases in Uganda and Bhutan where organic system (mainly default or traditional system) of livestock production are implemented but are also challenged with outbreak/ transmission of disease because of the natural setting or free movement of animals.

One of the most pressing issues of the potential of OF to contribute to food security has been discussed as well. It argued that the relative yield of OF will depend on socio-economic and agro-ecological factors, and the characteristics of farming system before conversion. As indicated by the food policy model IMPACT, approximately 50% conversion of Europe/North America (E/ NA) agricultural land will result in 35% lower yields after conversion, 50% higher yield growth rate compared to conventional crop yield and will have 6-10% impact on world prices of non-meat agricultural commodities. But in case of SSA the result seems quite positive where the same percent of land conversion will have increased self-sufficiency and decreased net food import to the region if non-certified OF is supported by capacity building and research programs. With this point the book concludes by emphasizing on importance of research for organic food and farming, especially in the South which is severely under-researched compared to the North where organic farming policies, practices and institutions are comprehensively studied. It calls for studying the social conditions under which organic farming is evolving in the South and how national or regional policies and regulations are contributing to it. It also highlights how the course of movement in the South is highly driven by Northern institutions which might not actually reflect the Southern realities and thus needs to be seriously reformed. It is worth noting at this point that out of 33 contributing authors, about half are from Denmark and most of the others from continental Europe, with none from Asia, Oceania or Pacific (Paull, 2007). This implies that the book itself lacks representative authors from various parts of the world, thus limiting their opinions to some extent as well. However, it also provides brief information on international organizations working for promotion of this sector which will probably help readers to refer to for deepening their knowledge.

Organic farming though has different set of principles from the mainstream farming, is not completely free from the chaos of

globalization. This book gives us insight on various aspects of organic agriculture throughout the world. It provides a fine picture of the ground-reality of OF from developed as well as developing countries. It has tried to provide pragmatic answers to the given problem by assessing the situation therein and called for a more extensive study in other areas. Moreover it makes the reader realize that there is no one-solution-fits-all to the vast areas which are characterized by their unique natural, social, environmental and political setting. In this regard research has been given a high priority which should be context-specific for making the approach sustainable in every way possible.

Paul (2007) has also provided the links through which five of the twelve chapters can be accessed and brief summaries of further two chapters which are respectively listed below: • www.ecowiki.org/GlobalPerspective • www.orgprints.org



Work Cited

Paull, J. (2007). Book Review-Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Organic Systems, 2(2), 57-58.