2022/08/12

Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit - Wikipedia

Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit - Wikipedia

Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit

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Not to be confused with Fruit of the Holy Spirit.
For the charisms listed in the New Testament, see spiritual gift.
Stained glass symbolic representation of the Holy Spirit as a dove, c. 1660.

The seven gifts of the Holy Spirit are an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts first found in the book of Isaiah,[1] and much commented upon by patristic authors.[2] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.[3]

Book of Isaiah[edit]

Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Folio from Walters manuscript W.171 (15th century)

The seven gifts are found in the Book of Isaiah[4] 11:1-2, a passage which refers to the characteristics of a Messianic figure empowered by the "Spirit of the Lord".[5]

The Greek and Hebrew versions of the Bible differ slightly in how the gifts are enumerated. In the Hebrew version (the Masoretic text), the "Spirit of the Lord" is described with six characteristics: wisdom, understanding, counsel, might, knowledge, and “fear of the Lord”. The last characteristic (fear of the Lord) is mentioned twice.[6] In the earliest Greek translation (the Septuagint), the first mention of the fear of the Lord is translated as "spirit of [...] godliness" (πνεῦμα [...] εὐσεβείας).[7]

VerseHebrew
Masoretic[8]		English
New International Version[9]		Greek
Septuagint[10]		Latin
Vulgate[11]
11.1א וְיָצָא חֹטֶר, מִגֵּזַע יִשָׁי; וְנֵצֶר, מִשָּׁרָשָׁיו יִפְרֶה.‎A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse;
from his roots a Branch will bear fruit.		και εξελευσεται ραβδος εκ της ριζης ιεσσαι
και ανθος εκ της ριζης αναβησεται		et egredietur virga de radice Iesse
et flos de radice eius ascendet
11.2ב וְנָחָה עָלָיו, רוּחַ יְהוָה--רוּחַ חָכְמָה וּבִינָה,
רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה, רוּחַ דַּעַת, וְיִרְאַת יְהוָה.‎		The Spirit of the LORD will rest on him—
the Spirit of wisdom and of understanding,
the Spirit of counsel and of might,
the Spirit of the knowledge and fear of the LORD—		και αναπαυσεται επ' αυτον πνευμα του θεου
πνευμα σοφιας και συνεσεως
πνευμα βουλης και ισχυος
πνευμα γνωσεως και ευσεβειας		et requiescet super eum spiritus Domini
spiritus sapientiae et intellectus
spiritus consilii et fortitudinis
spiritus scientiae et pietatis
11.3ג וַהֲרִיחוֹ, בְּיִרְאַת יְהוָה;‎and he will delight in the fear of the LORD.εμπλησει αυτον πνευμα φοβου θεουet replebit eum spiritus timoris Domini

The names of the seven gifts mentioned in the Greek translation were then translated into Latin as follows:

  1. sapientia
  2. intellectus
  3. consilium
  4. fortitudo
  5. cognitiō (or scientia as in the above scripture)
  6. pietas
  7. timor Domini.

In Christianity[edit]

The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit is one of several lists of virtues, vices and blessings in Christian devotional literature which follow a scheme of seven.[12] Others include the seven deadly sins, the seven virtues, the seven last words from the cross, the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer, and the Beatitudes.[13]

The seven gifts were often represented as doves in medieval texts and especially figure in depictions of the Tree of Jesse which shows the Genealogy of Jesus. For Saint Thomas Aquinas, the dove signifies by its properties each gift of the Holy Spirit.[14]

Catholicism[edit]

Although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11:1-2 regarding these gifts,[15][16] According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, these gifts "complete and perfect the virtues of those who receive them."[17] Initiates receive them at Baptism and they are strengthened at Confirmation, so that one can proclaim the truths of the faith. "The reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace," for "by the sacrament of Confirmation, [the baptized] are more perfectly bound to the Church and are enriched with a special strength of the Holy Spirit. Hence they are, as true witnesses of Christ, more strictly obliged to spread and defend the faith by word and deed."[18]

Anglican Communion[edit]

The Catholic teaching is echoed by the Anglican church, which teaches that "the imparting of the gifts of the Spirit is associated with baptism, as well as Confirmation and Ordination."[3] Confirmation completes Baptism for it is through the Laying On of Hands by the bishop that the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit are bestowed.[19]

The Seven Gifts[edit]

Wisdom[edit]

See also: Wisdom § Christian theology

Wisdom is considered the first and the greatest of the gifts. It acts upon both the intellect and the will.[20] According to St. Bernard, it both illumines the mind and instills an attraction to the divine. Adolphe Tanquerey OP explained the difference between the gift of wisdom and that of understanding: "The latter is a view taken by the mind, while the former is an experience undergone by the heart; one is light, the other love, and so they unite and complete one another."[21] A wise and loving heart is the perfection of the theological virtue of charity.

Understanding[edit]

Understanding helps one relate all truths to one's supernatural purpose; it further illuminates one's understanding of Sacred Scripture; and it assists us to understand the significance of religious ritual. This gift strengthens one's insight through prayer, scripture, and the sacraments. This all gives a person a profound appreciation for God’s providence.[22]

Counsel[edit]

See also: Christian counseling and Nouthetic counseling

Counsel functions as a sort of supernatural intuition, to enable a person to judge promptly and rightly, especially in difficult situations. It perfects the cardinal virtue of prudence. While prudence operates in accord with reason as enlightened by faith, the gift of counsel operates under the guidance of the Holy Spirit to illuminate the will of God.[23]

Fortitude[edit]

Fortitude is often identified with courage, but Aquinas takes its meaning to also encompass endurance. Joseph J. Rickaby describes it as a willingness to stand up for what is right in the sight of God, even if it means accepting rejection, verbal abuse, or physical harm. The gift of fortitude allows people the firmness of mind that is required both in doing good and in enduring evil.[24] It is the perfection of the cardinal virtue of the same name.

Knowledge[edit]

The gift of knowledge allows one, as far as is humanly possible, to see things from God's perspective. It “allows us to perceive the greatness of God and his love for his creatures” through creation.[25]

Piety[edit]

See also: Pietism

Piety accords with reverence. A person with reverence recognizes his total reliance on God and comes before God with humility, trust, and love. Thomas Aquinas says that piety perfects the virtue of religion, which is an aspect of the virtue of justice, in that it accords to God that which is due to God.[26] In a series of talks on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit, Pope Francis said that piety is a recognition of "our belonging to God, our deep bond with him, a relationship that gives meaning to our whole life and keeps us resolute, in communion with him, even during the most difficult and troubled moments”. Francis goes on: "Piety is not mere outward religiosity; it is that genuine religious spirit which makes us turn to the Father as his children and to grow in our love for others, seeing them as our brothers and sisters."[27]

Fear of the Lord[edit]

See also: Fear of God § Christianity

Fear of the Lord is akin to wonder (or awe). With the gift of fear of the Lord, one is made aware of the glory and majesty of God. At a June 2014 general audience Pope Francis said that it “is no servile fear, but rather a joyful awareness of God’s grandeur and a grateful realization that only in him do our hearts find true peace”.[28] A person with wonder and awe knows that God is the perfection of all one’s desires. This gift is described by Aquinas as a fear of separating oneself from God. He describes the gift as a "filial fear," like a child's fear of offending his father, rather than a "servile fear," that is, a fear of punishment. Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. It is the perfection of the theological virtue of hope.

Aquinas: relation to the virtues[edit]

In Summa Theologiae I.II, q. 68, a1, Saint Thomas Aquinas says that four of these gifts (wisdom, understanding, knowledge, and counsel) direct the intellect, while the other three gifts (fortitude, piety, and fear of the Lord) direct the will toward God.[29]

In some respects, the gifts are similar to the virtues, but a key distinction is that the virtues operate under the impetus of human reason (prompted by grace), whereas the gifts operate under the impetus of the Holy Spirit; the former can be used when one wishes, but the latter, according to Aquinas, operate only when the Holy Spirit wishes. In the case of Fortitude, the gift has, in Latin and English, the same name as the virtue which it is related to, but from which it must be distinguished.

In Summa Theologiae II.II, Thomas Aquinas asserts the following correspondences between the seven Heavenly Virtues and the seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit:[30]

  • The gift of wisdom corresponds to the virtue of charity.
  • The gifts of understanding and knowledge correspond to the virtue of faith.
  • The gift of counsel (right judgment) corresponds to the virtue of prudence.
  • The gift of fortitude corresponds to the virtue of courage.
  • The gift of fear of the Lord corresponds to the virtue of hope.
  • The gift of Reverence corresponds to the virtue of justice.

To the virtue of temperance, no Gift is directly assigned; but the gift of fear can be taken as such, since fear drives somebody to restrict himself from forbidden pleasures.

The Rev. Brian Shanley contrasts the gifts to the virtues this way: "What the gifts do over and above the theological virtues (which they presuppose) is dispose the agent to the special promptings of the Holy Spirit in actively exercising the life of the virtues; the gifts are necessary for the perfect operations of the virtues, especially in the face of our human weakness and in difficult situations."[31]

Augustine: relation to the Beatitudes[edit]

Saint Augustine drew a connection between the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the Beatitudes (Matt.5:3-12).

  • Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven, reflects Fear of the Lord as the "poor in spirit" are the humble and God-fearing.
  • Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be comforted, corresponds to the Gift of Knowledge, as for Augustine the knowledge of God brings both an increased awareness of personal sin, and to some extent grieving at the abandonment of practices and activities that separate one from God.
  • Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the land, relates to Piety.
  • Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied, pertains to Fortitude.
  • Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy demonstrates the Gift of Counsel.
  • Blessed are the clean of heart, for they will see God, the Gift of Understanding.
  • Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God, Wisdom.
  • Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.[32]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Isaiah 11:2-3
  2. ^ For example, see Victorinus, Commentarii in Apocalypsim Iohannis 1, 4: Septiformem spiritum in Esaia legimus '(Esa., XI, 2), spiritum' videlicet 'sapientiae et intellectus, consilii et fortitudinis, scientiae et pietatis, spiritum amorem Domini.' Authors such Augustine, Hilary of Poitiers, and John Cassian all speak of the gifts with familiarity.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b "Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit", An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church
  4. ^ Lane Fox, Robin (2015). Augustine. Conversions to Confessions. London: Penguin UK. p. 504. ISBN 978-0-141-96548-2.
  5. ^ MacArthur, John (2011). Luke 1-17 MacArthur New Testament Commentary Set. Chicago: Moody Publishers. pp. 347ff. ISBN 978-0-802-48263-1.
  6. ^ Cantalamessa, Raniero (2003). Come, Creator Spirit. Meditations on the Veni Creator. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-814-62871-3. The text from which it takes its rise is Isaiah 11:1-3. In the Hebrew original six gifts are listed, and the last, fear, is mentioned twice: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, and fear of the Lord.
  7. ^ "katapi New Study Bible: Parallel Greek English Old Testament". Septuagint Compiled from the Translation by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton, 1851. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  8. ^ Isaiah 11:1–3 (Hebrew – English Bible / Mechon–Mamre)
  9. ^ Isaiah 11:1-3 (New International Version).
  10. ^ "Online Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX) UTF8". Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  11. ^ Isaias 11:1-3 (Biblia Sacra Vulgata).
  12. ^ Anlezark, Daniel (2010). Godden, Malcolm; Keynes, Simon; Blackburn, Mark (eds.). Anglo-Saxon England (Volume 38). Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-19406-8.
  13. ^ Rolle, Richard (1988). Jeffrey, David Lyle (ed.). English Spirituality in the Age of Wyclif. Vancouver: Regent College Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-573-83185-7.
  14. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Summa Theologiae III, 39, q. 66, a6. The baptizing of Christ. Article 6. Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove? Reply to Objection 4". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  15. ^ Erickson, Millard J. (1992). Introducing Christian Doctrine. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-801-03215-8. 2nd ed. 2001. Chapter Thirty - "The work of the Holy Spirit" (pp. 275ff.). ISBN 978-0-801-02250-0. ISBN 0-80102250-9.
  16. ^ Shaw, Russell; Stravinskas, Peter M. J. (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-879-73669-9.
  17. ^ CCC §1831.
  18. ^ CCC §1285.
  19. ^ "Sacrament of confirmation", BBC, June 23, 2009
  20. ^ Stump, Eleonore (1998). Kretzmann, Norman; MacDonald, Scott Charles; Stump, Eleonore (eds.). Aquinas' Moral Theory. Essays in honor of Norman Kretzmann. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-801-43436-5. Besides the five intellectual virtues and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, Aquinas recognizes four other groups of ethical characteristics which are important for his discussion of wisdom.
  21. ^ Tanquerey, Adolphe. The Spiritual Life, §§ 1348 & 1349.
  22. ^ Pope, Charles. "Distinguishing Knowledge, Wisdom and Understanding", Community in Mission, July 19, 2010.
  23. ^ Harris, Elise. "Pope Francis: gift of counsel illuminates the will of God", Catholic News Agency, May 7, 2014.
  24. ^ Rickaby, John. "Fortitude." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 3 September 2017.
  25. ^ Harris, Elise. "Gift of knowledge attunes us to vision of God, Pope says", Catholic News Agency, May 21, 2014.
  26. ^ Delany, Joseph. "Virtue of Religion." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 1 September 2017].
  27. ^ "Piety is embracing God and others with real love, not fake devotion, says Pope | CatholicHerald.co.uk". CatholicHerald.co.uk. 2014-06-04. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  28. ^ Harris, Elise. "Pope: Fear of the Lord an alarm reminding us of what's right", Catholic News Agency, June 11, 2014.
  29. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Summa Theologiae. First Part of the Second Part (Prima Secundæ Partis). Question 68. The gifts. Article 1. Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues?". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  30. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Summa Theologiae. Second Part of the Second Part (Secunda Secundæ Partis)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  31. ^ Shanley, Brian. Review of Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas by John I. Jenkins. The Thomist 63 (1999), p. 318.
  32. ^ Augustine. "On the Sermon on the Mount, Book I", Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 6. (William Findlay, trans.), (Philip Schaff, ed.) (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888.

External links[edit]

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Spiritual Gifts | Quaker Revitalization

Spiritual Gifts | Quaker Revitalization

SHARING SPIRITUAL GIFTS


Living out our gifts is part of building a stronger faith community. We believe that the first step is recognizing what our gifts are, and claiming them in the presence of a community.

This page starts with conversations between JT and Johanna, who talk about the gifts that led them to ministry. Then, you'll see some writings by Jan Hoffman and Danelle Laflower, who are both from the same meeting . Their meeting is one that we believe actively supports gifts and leadings.

For Friends who want further reading, we recommend a text by Lloyd Lee Wilson and a Pendle Hill Pamphlet by Martha Grundy. These can be found in many Meetinghouse libraries, or they can be bought online by following the links below.

LIVING INTO OUR GIFTS

Minister and Elder Roles

If you think you may have the gift of ministry or eldering, read this selection of metaphors by JT and Johanna, and see what rings true for you.

Learn More

Why Eldering is Cool

In this exchange, Johanna interviews JT about what eldering feels like from the inside. This is a very helpful, frank, conversation for those who are curious about eldering.

Learn More


On Faithfulness
and
Integrity



There is a deep joy that can come from faithful living. Read more in this essay by Jan Hoffman from Mt. Toby Friends Meeting
Visit site



Elder
as a
Channel



The willingness it takes to be an elder yields great beauty. Read more in this poem by Danelle Laflower from Mt. Toby Friends Meeting
Download PDF







Naming & Claiming Our Gifts




Lloyd Lee Wilson speaks freely about the balance of community and individual responsibility, when it comes to living a gift. Both are needed.

Learn More



Community Stewardship




For more of the nuts and bolts, we recommend Martha Grundy's pamphlet, "Tall Poppies." In it, she shares more about how communities help to a steward and support our individual gifts.

See More







FORWARD IN FAITHFULNESS


We are a network of Quakers who work for inner transformation and collective renewal. Our goal is to motivate one another toward revitalization, so that people of faith may become creative, relevant, and thriving for years to come.







FORWARD IN FAITHFULNESS


We are a network of Quakers who work for inner transformation and collective renewal. Our goal is to motivate one another toward revitalization, so that people of faith may become creative, relevant, and thriving for years to come.

Our email is forwardinfathfulness@gmail.com.
Please feel free to reach out!





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Spiritual gift - Wikipedia 영적 선물

Spiritual gift - Wikipedia

Spiritual gift
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the gifts listed in Isaiah 11:2–3, see Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. 
For how Mormonism looks at spiritual gifts, see Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism.

The term charism denotes any good gift that flows from God's benevolent love.[1]

A spiritual gift or charism (plural: charisms or charismata; in Greek singular: χάρισμα charisma, plural: χαρίσματα charismata) is an extraordinary power given by the Holy Spirit.[2][3] 

These are believed by followers to be supernatural graces which individual Christians need (and which were needed in the days of the Apostles) to fulfill the mission of the Church.[4][5] 
In the narrowest sense, it is a theological term for the extraordinary graces given to individual Christians for the good of others and is distinguished from the graces given for personal sanctification, such as the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit and the fruit of the Holy Spirit.[1]

These abilities, often termed "charismatic gifts", are the word of knowledge, increased faith, the gifts of healing, the gift of miracles, prophecy, the discernment of spirits, diverse kinds of tongues, interpretation of tongues. To these are added the gifts of apostles, prophets, teachers, helps (connected to service of the poor and sick), and governments (or leadership ability) which are connected with certain offices in the Church. These gifts are given by the Holy Spirit to individuals, but their purpose is to build up the entire Church.[1] They are described in the New Testament, primarily in 1 Corinthians 12,[6] Romans 12,[7] and Ephesians 4.[8] 1 Peter 4[9] also touches on the spiritual gifts.[2]

The gifts are related to both seemingly "natural" abilities and seemingly more "miraculous" abilities, empowered by the Holy Spirit.[5] The two major opposing theological positions on their nature is that they ceased long ago or that they continue (Cessationism versus Continuationism).


Contents

1Biblical and theological overview
2Descriptions
3Other spiritual gifts
4Social meaning
5See also
6References
7Further reading
Biblical and theological overview[edit]

The New Testament contains several lists of spiritual gifts, most in the Pauline epistles. While each list is unique, there is overlap.


Romans 12:6–81 Corinthians 12:8–101 Corinthians 12:28–30Ephesians 4:111 Peter 4:11
Prophecy
Serving
Teaching
Exhortation
Giving
Leadership
Mercy Word of wisdom
Word of knowledge
Faith
Gifts of healings
Miracles
Prophecy
Distinguishing between spirits
Tongues
Interpretation of tongues Apostle
Prophet
Teacher
Miracles
Kinds of healings
Helps
Administration
Tongues Apostle
Prophet
Evangelist
Pastor
Teacher Whoever speaks
Whoever renders service[10]

Romans 12:6–81 Corinthians 12:8–101 Corinthians 12:28–30Ephesians 4:111 Peter 4:11
  1. Prophecy
  2. Serving
  3. Teaching
  4. Exhortation
  5. Giving
  6. Leadership
  7. Mercy
  1. Word of wisdom
  2. Word of knowledge
  3. Faith
  4. Gifts of healings
  5. Miracles
  6. Prophecy
  7. Distinguishing between spirits
  8. Tongues
  9. Interpretation of tongues
  1. Apostle
  2. Prophet
  3. Teacher
  4. Miracles
  5. Kinds of healings
  6. Helps
  7. Administration
  8. Tongues
  1. Apostle
  2. Prophet
  3. Evangelist
  4. Pastor
  5. Teacher
  1. Whoever speaks
  2. Whoever renders service[10]




Christians believe that the charismata were foretold in the Book of Joel (2:28) and promised by Christ (Gospel of Mark 16:17–18). This promise was fulfilled on the Day of Pentecost and elsewhere as the church spread. In order to correct abuses concerning the spiritual gifts at Corinth, Paul devoted much attention to spiritual gifts in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (chapters 12–14).[1]

In 1 Corinthians 12, two Greek terms are translated as "spiritual gifts". In verse 1, the word pneumatika ("spirituals" or "things of the Spirit") is used. In verse 4, charisma is used. This word is derived from the word charis, which means "grace". In verses 5 and 6, the words diakonia (translated "administrations", "ministries", or "service") and energemata ("operations" or "inworkings") are used in describing the nature of the spiritual gifts. In verse 7, the term "manifestation (phanerosis) of the Spirit" is used.[11]

From these scriptural passages, Christians understand the spiritual gifts to be enablements or capacities that are divinely bestowed upon individuals. Because they are freely given by God, these cannot be earned or merited.[12] Though worked through individuals, these are operations or manifestations of the Holy Spirit—not of the gifted person. They are to be used for the benefit of others, and in a sense they are granted to the church as a whole more than they are given to individuals. There is diversity in their distribution—an individual will not possess all of the gifts.[11] The purpose of the spiritual gifts is to edify (build up), exhort (encourage), and comfort the church.[13]

It is generally acknowledged[by whom?] that Paul did not list all of the gifts of the Spirit,[1] and many[quantify] believe that there are as many gifts as there are needs in the body of Christ.[14] The gifts have at times been organized into distinct categories based on their similarities and differences to other gifts. Some divide them into three categories using Old Testament offices. "Prophetic" gifts include any gift involving teaching, encouraging, or rebuking others. "Priestly" gifts include showing mercy and care for the needy or involve intercession before God. "Kingly" gifts are those involving church administration or government.[15] Others categorize them into "gifts of knowledge" (word of wisdom, word of knowledge, distinguishing between spirits), "gifts of speech" (tongues, interpretation, prophecy), and "gifts of power" (faith, healing, miracles).[16] The gifts have also been categorized as those that promote the inner growth of the church (apostle, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, teaching, word of wisdom/knowledge, helps, and administration) and those that promote the church's outer development (faith, miracles, healing, tongues, interpretation of tongues).[1]

Proponents of cessationism distinguish between the "extraordinary", "miraculous", or "sign" gifts (such as prophecy, tongues, and healing) and the other gifts.[17] Cessationism is held by some Protestants, especially from the Calvinist tradition, who believe that miraculous gifts and their operations were limited to early Christianity and "ceased" afterward.[18] Other Protestants, including Lutheran,[19] Methodist,[20] Pentecostals and charismatics, adhere to the continuationist position, believing that all the spiritual gifts are distributed among Christians by the Holy Spirit and that they are normative in contemporary Christendom. In addition, Roman Catholicism[21] and the Eastern Orthodox Church also continue to believe in and make use of all of the spiritual gifts.

Descriptions[edit]

Apostle: The title apostle comes from the Greek word apostolos which means "a messenger, one sent forth with orders".[22] It refers to one who has been delegated authority by another in a foreign land.[23] Apostles were the first leaders of the Church; they were commissioned by Jesus to initiate and direct the preaching of the gospel. While many Christians agree that the title of apostle is reserved for those among the first generation of Christians, many Christian denominations continue in one way or another to recognize a continuing apostolic ministry. Many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, believe in the doctrine of apostolic succession, which holds that properly ordained bishops are the successors to the apostles. Other Christian groups, such as classical Pentecostals, consider the role of a missionary to be fulfilling an apostolic ministry.[24] There are some Christians, however, who advocate restoring the Fivefold ministry, including the formal recognition of the office of apostle. Others would say that the office no longer exists.[25]

Prophet: In the New Testament, the office of prophet is to equip the saints for the work of service through exhortation, edification, and consolation (1 Corinthians 12:28; 1 Corinthians 14:3 Ephesians 4:11).[26] The prophet's corresponding gift is prophecy. Prophecy is "reporting something that God spontaneously brings to your mind".[27] Many, particularly Pentecostals and charismatics, distinguish between the "office of prophet" and the "gift of prophecy", believing that a Christian can possess the gift of prophecy without holding the prophetic office.[28]

Prophecy has been addressed to the human understanding “he who prophesies speaks to men,” Cor 14:1-25. The prophet “edifies the church” (14:4).[29]

Evangelist: An evangelist is one who devotes himself to preaching the gospel. In the New Testament, evangelists preached from city to city, church to church.[30]

Pastor: This term derives from a Greek word for "shepherd". In theory pastors are gifted to lead, guide, and set an example for other Christians. The grammatical structure of Ephesians 4:11 leads many to conclude that teacher and pastor should be considered one term (pastor-teacher). Even so, the two terms are not interchangeable; while all pastors are teachers, not all teachers are pastors. Pastoral Gifts include integrity and compassion.[31]

Teacher: Someone who devotes his or her life to preaching and teaching the Christian faith. When teaching is provided for the Church by God, two gifts are actually given—to the Church is given a teacher and along with the teacher comes a divine capacity to teach.[32]

Service: The word translated as "ministry" is diakonia, which can also be translated "service".[32] Since there are many types of ministries and service to the Church, this then describes a broad array of gifts rather than a single gift.

Exhortation: The ability to motivate Christians "to patient endurance, brotherly love, and good works".[33]

Giving: Those with this gift share their own possessions with others with extraordinary generosity. While all Christians should be givers, those possessing this gift will go beyond this normal giving.[33]

Leading: This gift speaks to the various leadership roles found in the Church. While many think of roles such as administration, management of funds, strategy planning, etc. as functions outside of the supernatural realm, in reality individuals in these positions are just as in need of supernatural empowerment as are ministers of the gospel.[34] Some writers consider the gifts of governments and leading to be the same gift, but others consider them closely related yet different.

Mercy: Possibly identical to the gift of helps, the mercy-shower possesses a ministry of visitation, prayer, and compassion to the poor and sick.[34]

Word of wisdom: An utterance or message of wisdom supernaturally granted to an individual. For Paul, wisdom refers to "the knowledge of the great Christian mysteries: the Incarnation, Passion, and Resurrection of Christ, and the indwelling in the believer of the Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 2; Ephesians 1:17)".[1]

Word of knowledge: The knowledge referred to is often said to relate to understanding Christian doctrine or scriptural truth.[1] It is sometimes said to be connected with the ministry of teachers.

Faith: This refers to that strong or special faith "which removes mountains, casts out devils (Matthew 17:19–20), and faces the most cruel martyrdom without flinching".[1] It is distinguished from the "saving" and "normal" Christian faith.[35]

Gifts of healings: The ability to supernaturally minister healing to others. The plural indicates the variety of sickness healed and the many forms the gift takes, such as healing by anointing with oil, by the laying on of hands, by saying the name of Jesus or by the sign of the cross.[1]

Working of miracles: The performance of deeds beyond ordinary human ability by the power of the Holy Spirit.[1]

Visions. An outpouring of this gift is prophesied in Joel 2:28 and Acts 2:17 shows that early Christians believed this prophecy was fulfilled on the day of Pentecost. Visions tend to be more private experiences than the other gifts. Some researchers expand the definition of visions to include a strongly felt presence.[36]

Discerning of spirits: The capacity to discern, distinguish, or to discriminate the source of a spiritual manifestation—whether it emanates from a good or evil spirit. It seemed to have been particularly associated with prophecy as it would be necessary to know whether a prophetic utterance was truly inspired by God.[1][37]

Tongues: The supernatural ability of speaking an unlearned language.[1] Paul seems to have distinguished between the public use of the gift (which must always be interpreted) and the private use which was for the spiritual strengthening of oneself.[38] Currently among Christians there is a dispute as to whether tongues were/are always xenoglossy (speaking an unlearned human language) or whether it also included/includes glossolalia (speaking an unlearned and allegedly non-human language of heavenly or angelic origin).

Interpretation of tongues: This gift ought always follow the public exercise of the gift of tongues.[1] In 1 Corinthians 14, the Apostle Paul required that all speech in Christian worship should be intelligible. This required that speech given in an unknown tongue be interpreted in the common language of the gathered Christians.

Helps: This gift has to do with service to the sick and the poor.[1] Possessors of this gift have a "spiritual burden and a God-given love for the needy and afflicted".[39]

Administration: Also called the gift of governing,[1] the Greek word translated "governments" is kubernesis, the verb form of which means "to steer" or "to be a helmsman". This gift then refers to the God-given capacity to lead or guide the Church through storms and difficult seas.[39]


Other spiritual gifts[edit]

While not specifically defined as spiritual gifts in the Bible, other abilities and capacities have been considered as spiritual gifts by some Christians. Some are found in the New Testament such as:celibacy (1 Corinthians 7:7)[40]
fellowship[41]
hospitality (1 Peter 4:9–10)[42]
intercession (Romans 8:26–27)[42]
marriage (1 Corinthians 7:7)[43]
(effective) witnessing (Acts 1:8, 5:32, 26:22, 1 John 5:6)[42]

Others are found in the Old Testament such as:craftsmanship (such as the special abilities given to artisans who constructed the Tabernacle in Exodus 35:30–33)[42]
interpretation of dreams (e.g. Joseph and Daniel) in Genesis 43-50, Daniel 2
composing spiritual music, poetry, and prose[42]
Social meaning[edit]

The word is also used in secular circumstances within social psychology. In that context, charism is defined as personal influence on other people individually or as a group.

Religious orders (including Anglican, Catholic, Lutheran and Methodist) use the word "charism" to describe their spiritual orientation and any special characteristics of their mission or values that might be exhibited as a result of the vows that they have taken and the orientation of the order to which they belong. An example might be the works of a teaching order compared to that of a missionary order or one devoted to the care of the poor or the sick and those in need of help.



References[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Wilhelm, Joseph (1908). "Charismata". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. III. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Spiritual gifts". A Dictionary of the Bible by W. R. F. Browning. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.
  3. ^ "charisma". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  4. ^ "Charismata". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Ed F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Zondervan, 1994): 1016–17.
  6. ^ 1 Corinthians 12
  7. ^ Romans 12
  8. ^ Ephesians 4
  9. ^ 1 Peter 4
  10. ^ Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Zondervan, 1994): 1020.
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b Guy P. Duffield and Nathaniel M. Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, 1983, (Los Angeles: Foursquare Media, 2008), pp. 332–33.
  12. ^ "Spiritual Gifts, Natural Talents Abilities, Fruit of Spirit". mintools.com. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  13. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 334.
  14. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 335.
  15. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1021.
  16. ^ Sumrall, Lester "The Gifts of the Holy Spirit" p. 25 Aug 2000
  17. ^ Easton, Matthew George. "Gifts, spiritual". Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897. Accessed June 22, 2011.
  18. ^ Ruthven, Jon. On the Cessation of the Charismata: The Protestant Polemic on Post-Biblical Miracles Archived 2009-03-19 at the Wayback Machine. Deo Press, 1993, rev. 2008. pp. 3, 7. Accessed June 27, 2011.
  19. ^ "Spiritual Gifts Survey". Peace Lutheran Church. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  20. ^ "Spiritual Gifts". The United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  21. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 799–800 Archived 2011-10-19 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 351.
  23. ^ Coppieters, Honoré (1907). "Apostles". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  24. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 353.
  25. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1031 note 21.
  26. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 353–54.
  27. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1024.
  28. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 339–40, 353–55.
  29. ^ "Paul and Spiritual Gifts: Reflections on 1 Corinthians 12–14".
  30. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 356–57.
  31. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 357–58.
  32. ^ Jump up to:a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 347–48.
  33. ^ Jump up to:a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 348–49.
  34. ^ Jump up to:a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 349–50.
  35. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 336–37.
  36. ^ Kavan, Heather (2013). "A psychodynamic interpretation of gender differences in descriptions of religious visions". The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society. 2 (2): 77–87. doi:10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v02i02/50994.
  37. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 340–41.
  38. ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 345.
  39. ^ Jump up to:a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 343.
  40. ^ See for example "Stephen Vantassel, "Celibacy: The Forgotten Gift of the Spirit," Journal of Biblical Counseling. 12, no. 3 (1994): 20–23"[permanent dead link], 10 January 2008
  41. ^ https://www.kentuckytoday.com/stories/entity-leaders-reflect-on-how-covid-19-has-changed-the-southern-baptist-convention,31057 "Entity leaders reflect on how COVID-19 has changed the Southern Baptist Convention"
  42. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 358–59.
  43. ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1020.


Further reading[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Catholic Encyclopedia: CharismataGrudem, Wayne A. (editor). Are Miraculous Gifts for Today? Zondervan, 1996. ISBN 978-0-310-20155-7. Four authors each provide four viewpoints concerning spiritual gifts: Cessationist, "Open But Cautious", Third Wave, and Pentecostal/Charismatic.
Bullock, Warren D. When the Spirit Speaks: Making Sense Out of Tongues, Interpretation, and Prophecy. Gospel Publishing House, 2009. ISBN 0-88243-284-2.
Carter, Howard (1968). Spiritual Gifts and Their Operation. Missouri: Gospel Publishing House. ISBN 0-88243-593-0.
Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Power of the Spirit. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. ISBN 978-0-310-21127-3.
Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Voice of God. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. ISBN 978-0-310-22558-4.
Greig, Gary and Springer, Kevin (eds.). The Kingdom and the Power: Are Healing and the Spiritual Gifts Used By Jesus and the Early Church Meant for the Church Today? Ventura, CA: Gospel Light, 1993 (thorough and practical). ISBN 978-0-8307-1659-3.
Hurst, Randy (editor). Divine Order: Leading the Public Use of Spiritual Gifts. Gospel Publishing House, 2009.
Lim, David. "Spiritual Gifts" in Systematic Theology, A Pentecostal Perspective revised edition, edited by Stanley M. Horton. Springfield, MO: Logion Press, 1994. ISBN 0-88243-855-7.
Wagner, C. Peter. Discover Your Spiritual Gifts: The Easy-To-Use, Self-Guided Questionnaire That Helps You Identify and Understand Your Various God-Given Spiritual Gifts, expanded edition. Regal, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8307-3678-2.
Wimber, John and Springer, Kevin. Power Evangelism, revised and enlarged edition. Regal, 2009 (originally 1986). ISBN 978-0-8307-4796-2.


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gift noun

Definition of gift (Entry 1 of 3)
1: a notable capacity, talent, or endowment
2: something voluntarily transferred by one person to another without compensation
3: the act, right, or power of giving


1: 주목할만한 능력, 재능 또는 자질 
2: 한 사람이 보상 없이 자발적으로 다른 사람에게 양도한 것 
3: 주는 행위, 권리 또는 권한



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