2022/08/25

The Oxford Handbook of Meaning in Life - Iddo Landau - Oxford University Press

The Oxford Handbook of Meaning in Life - Iddo Landau - Oxford University Press
Cover

The Oxford Handbook of Meaning in Life

Edited by Iddo Landau

Oxford Handbooks

Table of Contents

Iddo Landau: Introduction

I. Understanding Meaning in Life
1. Thaddeus Metz: The Concept of a Meaningful Life
2. Jens Johansson and Frans Svensson: Subjectivism and Objectivism about Meaning in Life
3. Gwen Bradford: Achievement and Meaning in Life
4. Galen Strawson: Narrativity and Meaning in Life
5. Guy Kahane: Meaningfulness and Importance
6. Steve Luper: The Meaning of Life and Death

II. Meaning in Life, Science, and Metaphysics
7. Paul Thagard: The Relevance of Neuroscience to Meaning in Life
8. P. M. S. Hacker: Can Neuroscience Shed Light on What Constitutes a Meaningful Life?
9. Marya Schechtman: Personal Identity and Meaning in Life
10. Derk Pereboom: Hard Determinism and Meaning in Life
11. Ned Markosian: Meaning in Life and the Nature of Time

III. Meaning in Life and Religion
12. John Cottingham: Transcendence and Meaning in Life
13. Erik J. Wielenberg: Atheism and Meaning in Life
14. T. J. Mawson: Theism and Meaning in Life
15. Guy Bennett-Hunter: Mysticism, Ritual, and the Meaning of Life

IV. Ethics and Meaning in Life
16. Todd May: Meaning and Morality
17. Sven Nyholm and Stephen M. Campbell: Meaning and Anti-Meaning in Life
18. Lucy Allais: Forgiveness and Meaning in Life
19. Rivka Weinberg: Between Sisyphus's Rock and a Warm and Fuzzy Place: Procreative Ethics and the Meaning of Life
20. Katie McShane: Nature, Animals, and Meaning in Life

V. Philosophical Psychology and Meaning in Life
21. Antti Kauppinen: The Experience of Meaning
22. Nomy Arpaly: Desire and Meaning in Life: Towards a Theory
23. Alan H. Goldman: Love and Meaning in Life
24. Iddo Landau: Meaning in Life and Phoniness
25. Tony Manela: Gratitude and Meaning in life
26. Roy F. Baumeister Psychological Approaches to Life's Meaning

VI. Living Meaningfully: Challenges and Prospects
27. David Benatar: Pessimism, Optimism, and Meaning in Life
28. Michael Cholbi: The Rationality of Suicide and the Meaningfulness of Life
29. Michael S. Brady: Suffering and Meaning in Life
30. Saul Smilansky: Paradoxes and Meaning in Life
31. Doret de Ruyter and Anders Schinkel: Education and Meaning in Life
32. John Danaher: Virtual Reality and the Meaning in Life


===
Synopsis

A topic of universal concern that touches everyone, philosophy of meaning in life has roots in spiritual and religious movements in almost all cultures. Many of the issues dealt with in these movements, such as human vocation, the life worth living, our relation to what is "greater" than us, and our encounters with suffering and with death, are also discussed (even if in a different manner) in the philosophy of meaning in life. However, only recently has the topic  received elaborate discussion within analytic philosophy, and become a thriving field of research.

This volume presents thirty-two chapters by leading authorities in their respective subfields on a wide array of subjects in meaning in life research. The chapters are organized into six sections. 
Section I focuses on ways of conceptualizing life's meaning. It discusses, among other issues, whether meaning in life should be understood objectively or subjectively, the relation between meaningfulness and importance, and whether meaningful lives should be understood narratively. 
Section II, Meaning in Life, Science, and Metaphysics, presents opposing views on whether neuroscience sheds light on life's meaning, inquires whether determinism must render life meaningless, and explores the relation between time, personal identity, and meaning in life. 
Section III considers life's meaning from both atheist and theist perspectives, and examines the relation between meaningfulness, mysticism and transcendence. Section IV, Ethics and Meaning in Life, examines (among other issues) whether meaningful lives must be moral, how important forgiveness is for meaning, the implications of life's meaningfulness or meaninglessness for procreation ethics, and whether animals can have meaningful lives. 
Section V compares philosophical and psychological research on life's meaning, explores the experience     of meaningfulness, and discusses the relation between meaningfulness and desire, love, and gratitude. 
Finally, section VI, Living Meaningfully: Challenges and Prospects, elaborates on meaning in life and topics such as suicide, suffering, education, optimism and pessimism. Many of the chapters deal with topics that have never before been discussed in the literature. This handbook presents ground-breaking work within a rapidly developing field and offers the first published scholarly companion to the philosophical study if meaning in life.

==

Author Information

Iddo Landau is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Haifa, Israel. He has published extensively on meaning in life, and is the author of Finding Meaning in an Imperfect World (Oxford University Press, 2017).

Contributors:

Lucy Allais works jointly as Professor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and at Johns Hopkins University.

Nomy Arpaly is a Professor of Philosophy at Brown University.

Roy F. Baumeister is a social/personality psychologist and currently president-elect of the International Positive Psychology Association.

David Benatar is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.

Guy Bennett-Hunter is Executive Editor of the Expository Times at the University of Edinburgh, UK. He is the author of Ineffability and Religious Experience (Routledge, 2014).

Gwen Bradford is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Rice University.

Michael Brady is Professor of Philosophy and Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Glasgow.

Stephen M. Campbell is an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Bentley University.

Michael Cholbi is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh.

John Cottingham is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Reading and an Honorary Fellow of St John's College, Oxford.

John Danaher is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Law, NUI Galway, Ireland.

Doret de Ruyter is Professor of Philosophy of Education at the University of Humanistic Studies in Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Alan Goldman is Kenan Professor of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the College of William & Mary.

Peter Hacker was a tutorial fellow of St John's College, Oxford from 1966-2006, and is currently Emeritus Research Fellow.

Jens Johansson is Professor of Practical Philosophy at Uppsala University, Sweden.

Guy Kahane is Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford.

Antti Kauppinen is Professor of Practical Philosophy at the University of Helsinki.

Iddo Landau is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Haifa, Israel.

Steven Luper is a Professor of Philosophy at Trinity University.

Tony Manela is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Siena College.

Ned Markosian is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Tim Mawson is Dean, Edgar Jones Fellow, and Tutor in Philosophy at St Peter's College, University of Oxford.

Todd May is Class of 1941 Memorial Professor of the Humanities at Clemson University.

Katie McShane is a Professor of Philosophy at Colorado State University.

Thaddeus Metz is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Sven Nyholm is Assistant Professor of Philosophical Ethics at Utrecht University.

Derk Pereboom is the Susan Linn Sage Professor of Philosophy at Cornell University.

Marya Schechtman is Professor of Philosophy and an affiliate of the Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience at the University of Illinois, Chicago.

Anders Schinkel is Associate Professor of Philosophy of Education at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Saul Smilansky is a Professor of Philosophy, University of Haifa, Israel.

Galen Strawson is the President's Chair of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin.

Frans Svensson is a Senior lecturer of philosophy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

Paul Thagard is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of Waterloo, Canada.

Rivka Weinberg is Professor of Philosophy at Scripps College, Claremont, CA.

Erik J. Wielenberg is Professor of Philosophy at DePauw University.

==

"Atheism and Meaning in Life" 

in The Oxford Handbook of Meaning in Life

Publication Date

8-2022

Abstract


This chapter takes the case of Sisyphus as a springboard for an examination of meaning in human life under the assumptions that there is no God, there are no non-physicals souls, there is no afterlife, reincarnation never occurs, and each human being’s death marks the permanent end of his or her actions and experiences. Different types of meaning that a life might have are distinguished, most importantly intrinsic meaning and extrinsic meaning, and various sources of meaning in life in a godless universe are identified. These include love, flow, identifying with or working toward something larger than oneself, responding to unavoidable suffering in a certain way, and contributing to social or individual harmony. Following that, some prominent arguments for the view that atheism implies that all human lives are meaningless are critically examined. The conclusion of that discussion is that the claim that atheism entails meaninglessness is implausible.

2022/08/24

Surviving Death - Wikipedia Netflix Docu + Book

Episodes
Surviving Death
Release year: 2021

What happens after we die? This docuseries explores personal stories and research on near-death experiences, reincarnation and paranormal phenomena.

Watch Near-Death Experiences. Episode 1 of Season 1.
1. Near-Death Experiences
51m
A doctor is found lifeless after going over a waterfall. Now she and others share their near-death experiences. Does consciousness expand after death?

Watch Mediums: Part 1. Episode 2 of Season 1.
2. Mediums: Part 1
58m
Poised between life and death, mediums promise a chance to commune with the departed. Can seekers cultivate that ability and find solace and healing?

Watch Mediums: Part 2. Episode 3 of Season 1.
3. Mediums: Part 2
50m
A medium leads a séance, deeply moving a student. Plaster casts of "spirit" hands — physical manifestations of the dead — are explored.

Watch Signs from the Dead. Episode 4 of Season 1.
4. Signs from the Dead
49m
A bird, a dancing light or a caress: Signs and messages from the dead happen all the time, mediums say. So the grieving look for ways to communicate.

Watch Seeing Dead People. Episode 5 of Season 1.
5. Seeing Dead People
53m
Can consciousness survive a body's demise? An investigator records eerie sounds at a historic spot, and a doctor discusses encounters with the dying.

Watch Reincarnation. Episode 6 of Season 1.
6. Reincarnation
52m
Vivid details and unshakable confidence — from a 5-year-old. A child psychiatrist studies cases of past-life memories, which occur around the world.

Surviving Death - Wikipedia

Surviving Death

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Surviving Death
Surviving Death poster.jpg
Promotional poster
GenreDocumentary
Directed byRicki Stern
Country of originUnited States
No. of seasons1
No. of episodes6
Production
ProducersJonele Conceicao
Ricki Stern
Jesse Sweet
Jessica Vale
Release
Original networkNetflix
Original releaseJanuary 6, 2021

Surviving Death is a docu-series directed by Ricki Stern about near-death experiences and beliefs in life after death, and psychic mediumship. Its first season of six episodes was released on Netflix on 6 January 2021.[1][2] The series is based on the 2017 book Surviving Death by journalist and paranormal enthusiast Leslie Kean.[3][4][1]

While some reviewers described the show as providing a balanced treatment of a difficult topic, others have been highly critical, noting that the show takes a non-critical view of the scientific value of anecdotal subjective personal reports. The show has also been criticized for presenting pseudoscientific parapsychology as science and has been accused of exploiting the plight of fearful and grieving vulnerable people.[5][6]

Episodes[edit]

No.TitleDirected byOriginal release date [7]
1"Near-Death Experiences"Ricki SternJanuary 6, 2021
2"Mediums Part 1"Ricki SternJanuary 6, 2021
3"Mediums Part 2"Ricki SternJanuary 6, 2021
4"Signs from the Dead"Ricki SternJanuary 6, 2021
5"Seeing Dead People"Ricki SternJanuary 6, 2021
6"Reincarnation"Ricki SternJanuary 6, 2021

Reception[edit]

In The Independent 'State of the Arts', column writer Micha Frazer-Carroll described the series as appealing to those who are coping with anxieties about death. She adds that its coverage of near death experiences includes pop culture clichés and superstitions but offers persuasive personal accounts and that it incorporated dominant psychological theories like oxygen deprivation to explain some of the experience. The coverage of mediumship includes accounts of fraudulent exploitation. Frazer-Caroll wrote that skeptics may not become convinced and that the people involved often embraced hope in the afterlife with interest in these experiences to cope with the loss of a loved one. She mentioned Stern's presentation that focused on being open to people's experiences.[2]

Culture writer and film critic Radheyan Simonpillai wrote for The Guardian that the series "has no shortage of paranormal activity. Mediums call on the dead. Seances try to manifest them. People claim to be reincarnated actors, pilots or murder victims while others describe feeling a heavenly embrace during near-death experiences." He adds that the show also welcomes skepticism. Simonpillai mentions that the show "tries to find the tricky balance between that Sherlock skepticism and Doyle's openness to spiritualism" and that "you have to be willing to accept that a visit from a persistent cardinal or flickering lights can be signs from the dead." He quotes Kean: "Everybody has to decide for themselves whether something has that meaning for them or not ... with signs, it's not really objective." He adds that unlike Kean's book, the series focuses more on testimonials of people who believed to have witnessed the afterlife.[1]

Live Science contributor Stephanie Pappas argued that while religious faith is untestable, outside of what science does, the series attempts to portray it as something that could be proven or discredited scientifically and that "it confuses its own narrative by offering the same credulity to outright scams as it does to outstanding questions about the process of death". She adds that while patients may still sometimes have experiences when doctors don't expect them to because their heart stopped, it is not an indication that they are supernatural or don't originate from the brain; that brain-endogenous DMT could possibly also be responsible for such vidid experiences. Some experiences also result from the gradual awakening from sedation at the end of ICU medical procedures. Pappas mentions Parnia who was invited to participate in the show but who declined, reportedly "because the show made no distinction between scientific research on topics such as the recalled experience of death and the pseudoscience of ghosts and mediums." She adds that despite these problems, strong personal experiences can be meaningful to those who live them and potentially transformative. In relation to mediumship, Pappas wrote that people who hire mediums already want to believe and that the show's treatment of the topic was less plausible than that about near death experiences. She concludes that Surviving Death "tells a compelling tale of people's desire for meaning in the universe — and of their deep, unrelenting love for deceased family and friends."[3]

Film critic and pop-culture writer Nick Schager wrote for The Daily Beast that Surviving Death's evidence "is of a pseudo-scientific, anecdotal, and/or outright fanciful sort." He criticized the show for ignoring natural explanations, cultural narratives and human tendencies for these experiences and interpretations, but suggesting instead that the afterlife is real. He added: "To the series, anyone who doesn't accept these spiritual concepts and experiences is a 'skeptic' driven by 'hubris and arrogance.' It assumes a perspective in which the veracity of its claims is the norm, and those who view them with suspicion are close-minded cynics." Shager notes that while the series projects a type of skeptical dialogue, it is staged and loaded by believers to suggest conclusions. He adds that while the show does highlight how people cling to such experiences and beliefs for comfort, the repeated suggestions are that of a universal conclusion that lost loved ones are well ("affirmation-by-numbers"). He describes the show's view of afterlife as simplistic, "one in which all ghosts communicate in the same indirect-clue fashion, and have the same unrevealing things to say ... that our paths are irreversibly set in stone, and thus that we have no free will, and that a higher power with a divine plan governs everything and everyone." He noted the use of flawed justifications to avoid evaluating the reliability of claims, like that of ectoplasm generation: that it's averse to light, so cannot be filmed. He concluded by criticizing the recipe used to conclude the series, disguising faith into psychologist statements presenting a false equivalence without resolving anything.[5]

A review in the Explica magazine described Surviving Death as "one of the biggest nonsense of this incipient movie season", "a regrettable attempt to legitimize magical thinking", presenting a collection of pseudoscientific parapsychology as science. It points out that no proper laboratory experiment ever demonstrated evidence of the paranormal, but that advances in neurology conversely demonstrated human experiences and brains to be notoriously unreliable, adding "we can resort to reasonable explanations, without being delirious with the fantasies of Surviving Death, because of our neuropsychological knowledge." It criticized the show for presenting flawed narratives about "materialistic science" like pretending that other methods of knowledge acquisition exist that rival the scientific method, with clichés like "there are things that science cannot prove, but that does not mean they do not happen." It adds that the show promotes delusions as justifications, ignoring that the absence of evidence should imply caution and scientific skepticism instead of jumping to fantastic conclusions. It notes that the various testimonies have been selected and presented by the producers to push their own conclusions and that discredited hoaxes like Franek Kluski's "materialisations" using paraffin are claimed to be genuine. It accuses Surviving Death of "taking advantage of desperate people", as Stern's supporting narratives reiterates the conclusions and "uses the terrible grief of his interviewees to support his fallacies ... He uses vulnerable people who have lost a loved one, are broken in pain and admit to being desperate to support his irrational thesis."[6]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up to:a b c Simonpillai, Radheyan (7 January 2021). "'Maybe death isn't the end': can a TV series prove the existence of an afterlife?"The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  2. Jump up to:a b Frazer-Carroll, Micha (8 January 2021). "Surviving Death: How Netflix's new series speaks to my lockdown anxieties about dying"The IndependentArchived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  3. Jump up to:a b Pappas, Stephanie (17 January 2021). "Can science 'prove' there's an afterlife? Netflix documentary says yes"Live Science. Retrieved 25 January 2021The documentary emphasizes "proof" of life after death, but it mixes the debunked, the unknown and the unprovable.
  4. ^ "Leslie Kean"Penguin Random House. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  5. Jump up to:a b Schager, Nick (5 January 2021). "'Surviving Death': Netflix's New Series on the Afterlife Is Crackpot Nonsense"The Daily Beast. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  6. Jump up to:a b "Criticism of 'Surviving Death', the ridiculous and outrageous Netflix documentary series"Explica. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  7. ^ "Surviving Death – Listings"The Futon Critic. Retrieved 16 January 2021.

External links[edit]