2020/05/15

How to Write Like Tolstoy: A Journey into the Minds of Our Greatest Writers: Cohen, Richard: 9780812998306: Amazon.com: Books

How to Write Like Tolstoy: A Journey into the Minds of Our Greatest Writers: Cohen, Richard: 9780812998306: Amazon.com: Books







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How to Write Like Tolstoy: A Journey into the Minds of Our Greatest Writers Hardcover – May 17, 2016
by Richard Cohen (Author)
4.3 out of 5 stars 52 ratings

For anyone who has ever identified with a hero or heroine, been seduced by a strong opening sentence, or been powerfully moved by a story’s end, How to Write Like Tolstoy is a thought-provoking journey inside the minds of the world’s most accomplished storytellers, from Shakespeare to Stephen King.

“I have tried, as far as possible using the words of the authors themselves, to explain their craft, aiming to take readers on a journey into the concerns, techniques, tricks, flaws, and, occasionally, obsessions of our most luminous writers.”—from the Preface

Behind every acclaimed work of literature is a trove of heartfelt decisions. The best authors put painstaking—sometimes obsessive—effort into each element of their stories, from plot and character development to dialogue and point of view.

What made Nabokov choose the name Lolita? Why did Fitzgerald use first-person narration in The Great Gatsby? How did Kerouac, who raged against revision, finally come to revise On the Road? Veteran editor and teacher Richard Cohen draws on his vast reservoir of a lifetime’s reading and his insight into what makes good prose soar. Here are Gabriel García Márquez’s thoughts on how to start a novel (“In the first paragraph you solve most of the problems with your book”); Virginia Woolf offering her definition of style (“It is all rhythm. Once you get that, you can’t use the wrong words”); and Vladimir Nabokov on the nature of fiction (“All great novels are great fairy tales”).

Cohen has researched the published works and private utterances of our greatest authors to discover the elements that made their prose memorable. The result is a unique exploration of the act and art of writing that enriches our experience of reading both the classics and the best modern fiction. Evoking the marvelous, the famous, and the irreverent, he reveals the challenges that even the greatest writers faced—and shows us how they surmounted them.

Praise for How to Write Like Tolstoy

“The highest compliment one can pay How to Write Like Tolstoy is that it provokes an overwhelming urge to read and write, to be in dialogue or even doomed competition with the greatest creative minds . . . .  That Mr. Cohen is an editor, that his love of literature comes in large part from awe in the presence of better writers than he, is no small matter. His love is infectious, and regardless of how well he ends up teaching us to write, that is miracle enough.”—Wall Street Journal

“[A] perfect tasting menu . . . the homage of a passionate reader to the writers who have provided his ‘main pastime.’ ”—The Sunday Times (U.K.)

“This book is a wry, critical friend to both writer and reader. It is filled with cogent examples and provoking statements. You will agree or quarrel with each page, and be a sharper writer and reader by the end.”—Hilary Mantel

“These twelve essays are like twelve perfect university lectures on the craft of writing fiction. The professor—or, in this case, author—succeeds in being not only knowledgeable but also interesting, charming, and engaging.”—Library Journal (starred review)

“Insightful . . . [Cohen] escorts his readers to Iris Murdoch for sage counsel on launching a novel, to Salman Rushdie for shrewd guidance on developing an unreliable narrator, to Rudyard Kipling for a cagey hint on creating memorable minor characters, and to Leo Tolstoy for a master’s help in transforming personal experience into fictional art.”—Booklist




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Editorial Reviews

Review
“The highest compliment one can pay How to Write Like Tolstoy is that it provokes an overwhelming urge to read and write, to be in dialogue or even doomed competition with the greatest creative minds . . . . That Mr. Cohen is an editor, that his love of literature comes in large part from awe in the presence of better writers than he, is no small matter. His love is infectious, and regardless of how well he ends up teaching us to write, that is miracle enough.”—Wall Street Journal

“[A] perfect tasting menu . . . the homage of a passionate reader to the writers who have provided his ‘main pastime.’ ”—The Sunday Times (U.K.)

“This book is a wry, critical friend to both writer and reader. It is filled with cogent examples and provoking statements. You will agree or quarrel with each page, and be a sharper writer and reader by the end.”—Hilary Mantel

“These twelve essays are like twelve perfect university lectures on the craft of writing fiction. The professor—or, in this case, author—succeeds in being not only knowledgeable but also interesting, charming, and engaging. . . . [Richard] Cohen reveals the possibilities that lie in wait when authors practice selection and intention, sparking the literary imagination.”—Library Journal (starred review)

“Insightful . . . [Cohen] escorts his readers to Iris Murdoch for sage counsel on launching a novel, to Salman Rushdie for shrewd guidance on developing an unreliable narrator, to Rudyard Kipling for a cagey hint on creating memorable minor characters, and to Leo Tolstoy for a master’s help in transforming personal experience into fictional art. Even readers with no intentions of writing a novel will relish the opportunity to join their favorite authors at the workbench.”—Booklist

“An elegant, chatty how-to book on writing well, using the lessons of many of the world’s best writers . . . [Cohen] draws on plentiful advice from past and present literary titans. . . . The process of gathering advice from prominent contemporary authors such as Francine Prose, Jonathan Franzen, and Nick Hornby gives Cohen the opportunity to tell any number of amusing, often discursive stories about great literature and authors, mixed with the writers’ own observations.”—Publishers Weekly

“Lush and instructive . . . [Cohen] is a generous tour guide through his literary world.”—Kirkus Reviews
About the Author
Richard Cohen is the former publishing director of Hutchinson and Hodder & Stoughton and the founder of Richard Cohen Books. Works that he has edited have gone on to win the Pulitzer, Booker, and Whitbread/Costa prizes, and more than twenty have been #1 bestsellers. The author of By the Sword, an award-winning history of swordplay, and Chasing the Sun, a wide-ranging narrative account of the star that gives us life, he was for two years program director of the Cheltenham Festival of Literature and for seven years a visiting professor in creative writing at the University of Kingston-upon-Thames. He has written for The New York Times and most leading London newspapers, and is currently at work on a history of historians. He lives in New York City.
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Product details

Hardcover: 352 pages
Publisher: Random House (May 17, 2016)
Language: English

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Biography
Richard Cohen is the former publishing director of Hutchinson and Hodder & Stoughton and the founder of Richard Cohen Books. Five times U.K. national saber champion, he was selected for the British Olympic fencing team in 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984. Richard is the author of ”Chasing the Sun”, “By the Sword” and “How To Write Like Tolstoy”. He has written for the New York Times, the Guardian, the Observer, the Daily Telegraph, the New York Times Book Review and has appeared on BBC radio and television.

Connect with Richard on social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RichardCohenAuthor
Twitter: https://twitter.com/aboutrichard



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4.3 out of 5 stars
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Read reviews that mention
like tolstoy write like fun read richard cohen editor and writer creative writing books on writing book to read read other books authors literary fascinating literature useful examples chapters readers insights irony sentence


Top Reviews

Fuss Bud

5.0 out of 5 stars What a delightful read!Reviewed in the United States on November 7, 2017
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This book is chock full of anecdotes about all kinds of writers, classic and modern. It spans the whole history of fiction and criticism but reads like a fascinating dinner conversation with the author, a noted editor. I particularly liked the irreverent chapter on plagiarism and the intricate but highly readable chapter on irony. The chapter comparing story and plot was also enlightening. This book is not the usual how-to pap for beginning writers. It is research extraordinaire about literature and engrossing as well as highly entertaining. Will be a best seller and sets a high bar for any other book on writing fiction. I recommend it to anyone who is widely read and wants to write better.

8 people found this helpful

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Lucy Barr

5.0 out of 5 stars Captivating and fun, a book for anyone who loves books!Reviewed in the United States on June 7, 2016
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I couldn't resist picking this book up based on its cover alone--and wow, I had no idea I was in for such a treat. Cohen has a way of really bringing the greatest authors of our time to life--their motivations, obsessions, tricks and talents. He has access to so many stories we wouldn't otherwise know, and he tells them all beautifully. Not a writer myself nor an aspiring one, but certainly someone who loves to read, I found myself turning the pages of this completely delectable book. Highly recommend.

11 people found this helpful

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Julian Gardner

5.0 out of 5 stars WORTH SIX STARSReviewed in the United States on June 18, 2016
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If you're a published writer or in the early creative stages
of hopefully heading toward that goal, buy, read, and don't
give up on How To Write Like Tolstoy - a fascinating and
illuminating foray into the minds, habits, and creative processes
of a host of the world's well-known writers...many of whom
have benefited from having worked with Mr. Cohen as an editor.
You know the expression "those who can, do - those who can't,
teach?", well Richard Cohen has been on both sides, as an
editor and writer. His book exceeded my expectations: definitely
not another "how to" book.

9 people found this helpful

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Coffee Break Time

5.0 out of 5 stars Love this book!Reviewed in the United States on May 9, 2020
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First I read the description and I said I'd give it a shot. I hadn't heard of the author (sorry.), but I dropped it in my amazon cart and pushed that buy button. Second, it came early; so that was unexpectedly nice. Well, I looked over the book when it arrived, opened up to the intro and didn't stop reading till I realized half my day was gone and there was other work I had to do. This definitely held my interest. The author draws you into the information with a touch of humor and lots of comparisons between different perspectives on writing styles and well known classic books and authors. A fun read while easily relating the information with many books I've read in the past. He broadened my awareness of how a writer gets his point across or achieves an outcome. Totally worth my time and money. Loved it.


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Mark

4.0 out of 5 stars Not really so much about TolstoyReviewed in the United States on February 24, 2017
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If Tolstoy's method of writing is the focus of your interest, you may be disappointed in this book However, there are many other interesting and uncommon anecdotes about writers and writing—just not as many about Tolstoy as the title might lead you to expect. And the sections about Tolstoy, also, seemed out of the ordinary, which I appreciated.

8 people found this helpful

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johnm

5.0 out of 5 stars One of the best books on writing if not the bestReviewed in the United States on July 14, 2016
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One of the best books on writing if not the best. As the WSJ put it, it's like reading a class in creative writing. Great references and criticism. Beginning writer or experienced. This is a great book. Already read it twice and will read again.

8 people found this helpful

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liliana prates

5.0 out of 5 stars Great book, especially in that it's actually useful beyond ...Reviewed in the United States on December 10, 2017
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Great book, especially in that it's actually useful beyond the most basic of writing tips. A plethora of examples. Not exactly easy reading, which is a plus.

I would go ahead and disregard the title, though, as that almost caused me to not buy the book.

2 people found this helpful

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Jvgopin

5.0 out of 5 stars but to better undersand and enjoy many good literary books given as ...Reviewed in the United States on May 18, 2017
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Read not just for improving your writing, but to better undersand and enjoy many good literary books given as examples of good writing.

4 people found this helpful

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Top international reviews

Andrew G. Marshall
4.0 out of 5 stars Misleading title but still recommendedReviewed in the United Kingdom on May 9, 2017
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'A journey into the minds of our greatest writers' is a better description of this book, which started life as a series of lectures by a creative writing lecturer at the University of Kingston-Upon-Thames, than the main title. I know my description makes it sound the driest and least interesting book that you'll ever pick up - even if you're a writer yourself.

However, Cohen has spent a life-time in the book trade - including as a publishing director of Hodder - and he shares lots of behind the scenes discussion with his authors. He has been the editor of Kingsley Amis, John le Carre, Sebastian Faulks and umm Jeffrey Archer so he knows what he's talking about but most importantly, he approaches everything with wit and a lightness of touch. I bought this book to study - to improve my own writing - but instead of taking notes, I read it as a bedtime treat.

If you love books this will allow you to peek behind the curtain at the tricks of the trade, deepen your appreciation of good writing and throw up lots more authors / books to explore. Finally, in a chapter about endings, Cohen finished with one with one of the neatest and most satisfying ones himself.

2 people found this helpful

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Give War and Peace a Chance: Tolstoyan Wisdom for Troubled Times: Kaufman, Andrew D.: 9781451644715: Amazon.com: Books

Give War and Peace a Chance: Tolstoyan Wisdom for Troubled Times: Kaufman, Andrew D.: 9781451644715: Amazon.com: Books











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Give War and Peace a Chance: Tolstoyan Wisdom for Troubled Times Paperback – February 10, 2015
by Andrew D. Kaufman (Author)
4.7 out of 5 stars 60 ratings






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Editorial Reviews

Review
“Give War and Peace a Chance…is an enthusiastic primer to Tolstoy’s most famous work, which shows how genuinely exciting it can be to read.”, The Toronto Star

"That a novel 'full of clear, honest reflection on the pain of living' is also 'one of the most life-affirming works of fiction' becomes, for Andrew D. Kaufman, a contradiction worth exploring. He does so in this alluring study with a ferocity and lightness of touch that Tolstoy himself would have admired. By exploring a handful of key themes in War and Peace, Kaufman brings us back to the shimmering pages of a classic novel, and his book is nothing less than inspiring." -- Jay Parini, author of The Last Station

“If you come from a family, then you'll understand [War and Peace’s] deepest meaning, thanks to Mr. Kaufman's erudition and scholarship.”, The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

"No other novel in world literature possesses the intimidating allure of Tolstoy’s War and Peace. It is the very Everest of fiction, and most readers need a sherpa. Andrew Kaufman has not only produced a perfect guide to the setting, characters, history, and background of this epic work, all skillfully interwoven with events in Tolstoy’s life; he has done so with zest and personality." -- Dana Gioia, former Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts and internationally acclaimed poet

“[Kaufman’s] argument is mischievously compelling: Why waste money on motivational tapes and seminars when this fictional account of the Napoleonic Wars provides greater salve for the soul?....An attaboy to Kaufman for reminding us of its relevance to our anxious century.”, The Miami Herald

"Andrew Kaufman has written the book on War and Peace for our time. In his colloquial and personal style he explores, as his subtitle puts it, Tolstoyan Wisdom For Troubled Times, recovering this wisdom not only from Tolstoy’s diaries, letters, and essays, but, more importantly yet, the text of the novel itself. This is quite simply the most engaging and thought-provoking book on Tolstoy I have ever read." -- Richard Gustafson, Columbia University, author of Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger

“Once you have taken Kaufman’s well—informed yet unintimidating tour of the Russian classic, it will very likely move up to the top of your literary bucket list. Kaufman’s mission is to share the wonder and power of this ageless novel he so clearly reveres and to make the case for its continuing relevance in the 21st century. He succeeds admirably…. Even without ever having cracked the spine of the novel itself, readers will feel as if they have, coming to know its characters and their dreams, failures and destinies. [Kaufman] brings them to life with such affection that even the most flawed among them becomes someone we wish to know better.", Bookpage

"Andrew Kaufman has found a refreshingly informal way of reading (and re-reading) War and Peace, weaving the lives of the novel’s characters together with Tolstoy’s life and his own. By breaking all the critical rules, he manages to enter into the ever shifting and growing reality that Tolstoy sought to portray, producing an excellent ‘companion’ for new readers of the novel." -- Richard Pevear, best-selling, award-winning translator (with Larissa Volokhonsky) of War and Peace and Anna Karenina

“Kaufman looks to the novel for guidance, ‘not so much as a set of answers to life’s every challenge as an attitude toward living.’ [He] makes Tolstoy’s characters lively and palpable… [and Kaufman’s] enticing invitation may well persuade readers to finally dive into one of the world’s most acclaimed—and daunting—novels.”, Kirkus Reviews

“A serious, thoughtful inquiry into how literature can affect and change people's lives… Do give this fine, perceptive book a chance; it'll leave you more than ready to tackle Tolstoy's triumphant work.”, Shelf Awareness
About the Author
Andrew D. Kaufman, internationally recognized Russian literature scholar at the University of Virginia, is the author of Understanding Tolstoy and coauthor of Russian for Dummies. An award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture, he is a featured Tolstoy expert on Oprah.com and is frequently invited to discuss Russian literature and culture on national and international television and radio programs.


Product details

Paperback: 304 pages
Publisher: Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (February 10, 2015)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 145164471X
ISBN-13: 978-1451644715
Product Dimensions: 5.5 x 0.7 x 8.4 inches
Shipping Weight: 9.1 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
Customer Reviews: 4.7 out of 5 stars60 customer ratings
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #433,106 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
#616 in General Books & Reading
#163 in Russian Literary Criticism
#2742 in Author Biographies


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Read reviews that mention
war and peace peace a chance andrew kaufman give war read war tolstoyan wisdom professor kaufman years ago beautifully written troubled times tolstoy in his masterpiece nikolai rostov leo tolstoy russian literature reading this book wisdom for troubled along the way never read prince andrei courage to deathTOP 1000 REVIEWERVINE VOICE


Top international reviews

Dr T.
5.0 out of 5 stars A life changing readReviewed in the United Kingdom on May 24, 2014
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I have always enjoyed Tolstoy but to find a readable accessible convincing analysis of why he is worth reading by an expert American academic the greatest treat in the world.

You do not need a breakdown of the book suffice it to say that students taught by Andrew Kaufman are the luckiest and most privileged people in the world because he analyses and explains and enlightens about this great writer and his search for truth the way in which he achieves this end the endless humanity of his characters how easy it is to identify with them is clear because of the clarity and readability of Kaufman's prose. If you have even been tempted to give Tolstoy and a chance this wonderful book could be the springboard you need Kaufman's enthusiasm is contagious!! He has read War and Peace 15 times and never tires of it because it always offers some new insight into the human condition. Not least his insights into Tolstoy the man and his life just enlivens and enriches the book. Do buy it and read it, you will never regret it I promise

Frances Twinn a bookworm from South London in her sixties!! This book merits five stars and then some!!

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John D. CofieldTop Contributor: Fantasy Books

TOP 1000 REVIEWERVINE VOICE

5.0 out of 5 stars A Welcome Re-Introduction

Reviewed in the United States on June 17, 2014

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War and Peace is a reading experience that I've tackled a few times in my life: going all the way through twice, and several other bouts of skipping and jumping and rereading here and there just to refresh my memories of certain passages. But I certainly never had the full "War and Peace" experience of deeply appreciating anywhere near enough of the beauty and depth of Tolstoy's great novel. I identified with young Nicolai and Petya Rostov, admired Andrei Bolkonsky, eventually came to respect Pierre Bezukhov, and fell in love with Natasha Rostov, but on the whole I felt overwhelmed by the massive brilliance of the book. Now Andrew Kaufman has provided the perfect guide for the perplexed but respectful War and Peace reader.



In contrast to his subject, Kaufman keeps things succinct. This book has twelve short chapters, each dealing with one aspect of Tolstoyan wisdom as found in War and Peace: Plans, Imagination, Courage, Truth, among others. Each chapter is between 15 to 20 pages, but all are rich in insight and wisdom. Kaufman describes how War and Peace's characters deal with each other and with the gigantic historical movements in which they are caught up. While doing so he inspires his readers to recognize and evaluate how we ourselves deal with our own troubled times and lives. We also learn a lot about Tolstoy himself, so that this highly gifted but deeply troubled man, as well as his ever forbearing wife and family, comes back to life. Kaufman does the same thing for himself, providing little autobiographical snippets that show how important War and Peace has been in his own life and in the lives of his students, including some troubled youths at a correctional institute who found that Tolstoy has important things to say to them.



When I reread War and Peace (as I certainly will now that Kaufman has shown me so much) I will make sure to keep this book at my side as a guide and facilitator.

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6 people found this helpful

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Rickie A. McPeak

4.0 out of 5 stars One of my favorite Tolstoyan characters is Count Nikolai Rostov

Reviewed in the United States on February 13, 2015

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I share Andy's passion for Tolstoy's masterwork, and I am indebted to both authors -- Leo Tolstoy for inspiring me to seek and confront truth, even when it makes me uncomfortable, and Andy Kaufman for making Tolstoy's writings accessible to a broader audience. In this insightful book, Andy notes that Tolstoy depicts life as a battle, full of unexpected, dynamic, and unique challenges for each human being. One of my favorite Tolstoyan characters is Count Nikolai Rostov, an impulsive young cavalry officer who, as Andy notes, feels more comfortable on the battlefield with his comrades than on the estate with his family. Count Leo Tolstoy, an artillery officer and veteran of the Crimean War, also valued and adeptly depicted camaraderie in the face of mortal danger during wartime. He, like his creation Nikolai, experienced difficulty returning from the battlefield and reintegrating into civil society. Both Tolstoy and Nikolai struggled mightily with the moral ambiguities of armed conflict. No doubt, veterans of the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan relate to Tolstoy's and Nikolai's appreciation of the community of combatants and to the challenges of returning home. Applying Tolstoyan wisdom and, by inference, world literature to current challenges is Andy Kaufman's lasting contribution.

5 people found this helpful

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Caroline D.

5.0 out of 5 stars The motivation you need to get through War and Peace

Reviewed in the United States on October 6, 2016

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This book was absolutely essential. I picked it up after hearing Professor Kaufman on a podcast and was so moved by his explanation of the characters and story that I was inspired to read War and Peace. Kaufman's own fascination and joy from the novel encouraged me to keep reading War and Peace even through the many hundreds of pages. The complexity and beauty that Kaufman describes in his book are absolutely to be found in Tolstoy's wonderful world. This book offers both the motivation and the necessary background to make reading War and Peace both approachable and irresistible. Five enthusiastic stars!

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eileen stephens

5.0 out of 5 stars Russian Tea

Reviewed in the United States on December 7, 2014

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Reading Give War and Peace A Chance is akin to having a series of visits from a learned friend who arrives in the afternoon to share cups of aromatic Russian tea and dark bread. The two of you compare your views of life with Tolstoy's insights as expressed in War and Peace. During each of the dozen visits (chapters) you focus on a different topic: Family, Courage, Success and so on. Your guest, author Andrew Kaufman, recalls personal experiences that relate to the characters and events in the epic tale, inducing you to draw parallels from your own life. The points of the discussions are thoughtfully noted with page references to the well-regarded translation by Volokonsky.

My particular favorite discussions were the final three on Death, Perseverance and Truth. The deaths of Andrei and Petya, the imprisonment and "enlightenment" of Pierre and the domestic life of the mature Pierre form the hearts of these chapters, respectively. One of the truths that Tolstoy demonstrates, observes Mr. Kaufman, is that real stories never end--not neatly. There are always loose ends, political currents and, above all, new lives to continue the tale.

I was sorry to come to the end of our visits.

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The ORIGINS OF NONVIOLENCe: Tolstoy and Gandhi in Their Historical Settings (9780271004143): Green, Martin: Books

Amazon.com: The ORIGINS OF NONVIOLENCe: Tolstoy and Gandhi in Their Historical Settings (9780271004143): Green, Martin: Books



This book describes the world-historical forces, acting on the periphery of the modern world—in Russia in the 19th century and India in the 20th century which developed the idea of nonviolence in Tolstoy and then in Gandhi. It was from Tolstoy that Gandhi first learned of this idea, but those world-historical forces acted upon and through both men. Tolstoy and Gandhi were at first agents of modern reform, in Russia and India. But then they became rebels against it and led a profound resistance—a resistance spiritually rooted in the traditionalism of myriad peasant villages.





Editorial Reviews

Review

“Green locates the parallel and juxtaposed careers of Tolstoy and Gandhi within the context of a modern world dominated by Anglo-Saxon imperialism. Green's book is not simply comparative dual biography, but a study of how the lives of two outsiders one Russian, the other Indian—were determined by the world of modern imperialism centering in 19th-century England. Their theories of nonviolence are highly pertinent for the contemporary world now living out the consequences of aggressive Western materialism. A well-written, thoughtful, balanced, and contextualized study.”



—Choice



Product details

Hardcover: 264 pages

Publisher: Penn State University Press (October 1, 1990)

Language: English

04너희가 ‘톨스토이’를 아느냐 박노자

[제498호]너희가 ‘톨스토이’를 아느냐 : 세계일반 : 세계 : 뉴스 : 한겨레21





너희가 ‘톨스토이’를 아느냐

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등록 : 2004-02-26 00:00

병역거부와 반국가주의 주창한 철두철미 ‘급진파’… 그가 어떻게 조선 지성계의 스타가 되었을까






박노자/ 오슬로국립대 교수 · <아웃사이더> 편집위원


근대 초기 한국에서 서구 중심 세계 체제로의 정신적 편입의 한 중요한 통로는 ‘서구영웅 기리기였다. 공자나 맹자가 그 빛을 잃고 ‘나파륜’(拿巴倫·나폴레옹), ‘비사맥’(比斯麥·비스마르크) 등의 ‘제국주의의 영웅’들이 그 자리를 차지하게 됐다. 창간호(1908년 11월) 1면을 미국의 자유의 여신상 모습으로 장식하고, <나폴레옹 대제(大帝)전(傳)>을 연재한 육당 최남선의 잡지 <소년>과 같은 서구 중심주의적 계몽주의의 매체 자본은 물론, 황제 고종도 곽종석(郭鍾錫)과 같은 굳건한 유림들로부터 “나폴레옹을 고대 중국의 무왕(武王)보다 더 용맹스럽게 여긴다”는 말을 들을 정도로 서구 위주의 세계관에 일정 부분 포획되었다.



톨스토이 수용, 한가지 수수께끼



그럼에도 가끔 제국주의의 반대편에 선 소수의 서방인들이 세계적인 살육의 판도 속에서도 한국 지성인들의 주목을 받곤 했다. 대표적인 서방인으로 바로 현대의 평화주의와 반(反)국가주의의 원조로도 잘 알려진 러시아 문호 톨스토이였다. 1900년대 후반부터 시작돼 식민지 시기의 말기까지 이어진 톨스토이 붐의 이유는 무엇이었을까?





러시아의 대문호 톨스토이.

한국에 톨스토이 소개의 매개가 된 메이지 말기의 일본의 경우처럼, 톨스토이의 가르침은 근대 미증유의 폭력성에 환멸과 절망을 느낀 이상주의적 젊은 지식인들에게 살육과 증오가 없는 ‘대안적인 근대’의 길을 보여주었다. 톨스토이가 보여준 길이 꼭 현실적인 것은 아니었지만, ‘약육강식’의 세계에 인도주의적 대안이 제시됐다는 것은 양심을 보유하는 지성인에게 반가운 일이었던 것이다. 

또한 불굴의 독립운동가 양기탁이 <신생>(新生)이라는 잡지의 창간호(1928년 10월)에 쓴 논설이 보여주듯, 제정 러시아의 부패와 폭정에 도전하여 박해와 비방을 감수하고 빈농들과 살기를 실천한 ‘안빈낙도의 지사(志士)’, ‘직언(直言)의 선비’의 이미지와 부합된 톨스토이의 인격은 유교적인 심성에 젖은 근대 초기의 지성인들에게 크게 어필하였다.

한국 지식인들은 유교와 불교, 묵가(墨家) 철학 등의 동아시아 사상에 대한 톨스토이의 존경의 태도에 감탄하기도 했다. 예컨대 <조양보>(朝陽報) 제10호(1906년 9월25일자)에서 톨스토이를 한국 언론 사상 최초로 소개한 한 개신 유림은, 그가 “맹자의 이상을 이룩하려는 세계 일류의 사상가이니 한국의 유림들도 자애 자중할 수 있다”고 했다. 스스로 나폴레옹이나 비스마르크처럼 되자는 것이 대다수 개화파의 소원이었지만 한국이 부득이하게 ‘먹히는’ 쪽에 속하는 약육강식의 정글에서, 이 ‘약육강식’을 부정하면서 동아시아에 대한 보기 드문 존경심을 가진 톨스토이의 가르침에 관심이 가지 않을 수 없었다.

그러나 한국에서의 톨스토이 사상의 수용을 연구하자면 한 가지 수수께끼에 부딪히게 된다. 톨스토이의 저작 중 <기독교와 애국주의>(1894), <두개의 전쟁>(1898), <죽이지 말라>(1900), <러시아를 비롯한 기독교 민족들이 왜 곤궁에 빠졌는가?>(1907년 탈고) 등 말년의 논문들은 국가와 교회, 애국주의의 허상과 ‘문명’의 허망한 꿈, 과학의 권위 등을 이론적으로 부정할 뿐만 아니라 양심이 있는 사람이라면 각자 군대나 학교, 교회 등의 살육·노예화·기만의 기구들을 등지고 살라는 실천적 요구를 담은 것이었다.




최남선(왼쪽)과 이광수(오른쪽)는 톨스토이가 지녔던 반국가주의 사상은 의도적으로 무시하고 ‘인격수양’ 측면에서 그를 추종했다.
100년 전의 톨스토이 저작물들을 읽어보면 많은 성역들이 이미 깨져버린 오늘에조차 그 탈(脫)근대주의적 과감함에 놀라게 된다. “유럽 정부들은 국회에서의 자유주의적 궤변이나 거리에서의 사회주의적 시위들을 엄청난 양보를 하는 척하면서 용납해도 병역 거부나 군비로 쓰일 세금의 납부 거부는 절대적으로 용납하지 않을 것이다.



‘영(靈)의 철학가’ 이미지만 만들다



병역 거부야말로 모든 지배의 폭력적인 성격을 노골화하는 피지배자 해방의 첩경이기 때문이다. 군사 존폐의 문제를 지배자들의 의지에 맡긴다면 전쟁이 더 끔찍해지지 끝날 리는 없다. 전쟁을 없애려면 지배자에 대한 공포나 지배자들이 제시하는 이득 몇푼 때문에 살인자들의 대오에 몸을 팔아 자신의 자유와 존엄성을 스스로 짓밟는 자들이 사회의 지탄을 받는 동시에, 모든 박해에도 불구하고 병역 거부의 길로 가는 사람들이 선각자의 대접을 받아야 한다!”(<평화 회의와 관련해서>·1899)

국가와 폭력을 ‘과도기의 필요악’으로 생각하는 100년 전의 ‘주류’ 사회주의자보다도 톨스토이가 훨씬 더 철저한 근대의 이단아임을 알 수 있다. 그렇다면 나폴레옹과 비스마르크 같은 군사주의적 ‘영웅’들이 ‘신민(新民)의 모범’ 대접을 받고 병역이 ‘국민의 신성한 의무’로 의식됐던 개화기나 일제 시대에, 어떻게 이와 같은 철두철미한 ‘급진파’ 톨스토이가 조선 지성계의 스타가 될 수 있었을까?

이 의문을 풀기 위해 톨스토이의 조선 초기 숭배자 중의 한 사람인 최남선의 사례를 들어보자. 

나폴레옹의 신봉자로서 <나폴레옹 격언집>까지 잡지 <청춘>(제8호·1917년 6월)에 실은 육당이 어떻게 톨스토이를 동시에 숭배할 수 있었을까? 
자본주의적 근대국가에 대한 육당의 시종일관적인 선망을 아는 사람이라면 톨스토이를 1908~10년에 ‘예수 이후의 최대 인격자’, ‘대선지자’(大先知者), 공자와 같은 ‘부자’(夫子)로 불렀던 그의 태도를 논리적으로 이해하기 어렵지만, 톨스토이의 죽음에 대한 육당의 “톨스토이 선생을 곡(哭)함”(<소년>, 제9호·1910년 12월)이라는 일종의 톨스토이 평전을 읽어보면 최남선의 톨스토이관(觀)이 어느 정도 논리적으로 이해할 수 있다.

최남선이 본 톨스토이는 금욕적인 생활과 ‘원수까지 사랑하는 일’, 미신이 아닌 이성에 근거를 두는 ‘신봉’(信奉·신앙)을 예수처럼 가르쳐준 ‘종교인’이었다. 즉, 그의 탐욕·폭력 극복론은 현실적인 방안이 아닌 원론적인 종교적 이상이라는 것이 톨스토이 사상에 대한 육당의 근본적인 생각이었다.
 ‘영(靈)의 철학가 톨스토이’ 이미지를 만들려는 최남선은 병역 거부에 대한 톨스토이의 신념에 대해서는 자세하게 언급하지 않는다. 일제의 대륙 침략을 어디까지나 불가피하고 필요한 것으로 보는 육당이었기에, 전쟁을 일으킨 러·일 양쪽 정부가 다 강도에 불과하다는 취지의 톨스토이 러일전쟁 반대의 서한(1904년 8월7일자로 일본의 사회주의자 기관 <평민신문>에 게재)도 이 글에서 언급되지 않는다. 

한마디로 친일적 성향의 신예 개화파가 톨스토이의 탈근대적 대안을 추상화·종교화해서 병역 거부·국가에 대한 불복종 호소와 같은 그의 정치·사회적인 핵심을 빼버린 것이다. 그리하여 <소년>과 같은 개화 잡지에서 나폴레옹의 ‘격언’과 톨스토이의 ‘교훈’이 옆자리에 나란히 공존할 수 있었던 것이다.

근대 지상주의를 벗어나지 못하는 ‘온건’ 지성인들에 의해 종교화돼 ‘개인 수양의 이념’으로 탈바꿈돼버린 톨스토이주의의 비극…. 물론 톨스토이주의의 주된 ‘강령’으로 “군직(軍職)에 들어가지 말라”(즉, 병역 거부해라)는 것을 든(<개벽>, 제9호·1921) 진보적 천도교인 박달성(朴達成·1895~1934)과 같은 급진적 언론인이나, 지배계급을 ‘기생충’에 비유한 톨스토이의 노동중시론을 선호했던 1920년대 국내외의 조선 아나키스트 등은 사회·정치 사상가로서의 톨스토이를 스승으로 생각했지만, 
이광수와 같은 부류의 ‘주류’ 예속 부르주아층의 논객들에게 톨스토이주의는 다만 비정치적인 ‘인격 수양’ 또는 ‘개량된 기독교 윤리’에 불과했다. 그렇게 해서 그들은, 조선 지식인들에게 큰 호소력을 지닌 톨스토이의 대안 담론을 근대적 국가주의의 지배 담론에 종속시키려고 했다.



최남선과 이광수식 이해를 넘어



그들의 노력은 성공한 듯하다. 러시아 밖에서 톨스토이가 가장 잘 알려지고 가장 큰 권위를 지닌 나라들 중 하나인 한국에서 톨스토이 사상의 가장 핵심인 병역 거부와 국가주의에의 절대적 반대는 대다수 한국인들에게 생소한 이단으로 보이기 때문이다. 톨스토이의 문학작품들이 ‘교양인’에게 거의 필독으로 돼 있지만, 군대와 국가를 부정하는 그의 논문들을 읽은 사람은 그리 많지 않다. 최남선과 이광수식의 톨스토이 이해의 한계를 우리가 언제 넘을 수 있을 것인가? 21세기에 접어든 우리가 아직도 100년 전의 친일적인 근대주의자들이 만들어놓은 세계관의 경계선을 넘지 못하는 것은 부끄러운 일이다.



[ 참고 사이트 ]
1. 톨스토이의 주요 저서 디지털판(러먼)
http://www.lib.ru/LITRA/TOLSTOJ/
2. 톨스토이의 주요 저서 영역(英譯)의 디지털판
http://www.ccel.org/t/tolstoy/
3. 톨스토이 저서의 영문판과 여러 관련 영상들
http://www.selfknowledge.com/431au.htm
4. 톨스토이의 영문 전기와 일부 저서의 영문판
http://www.literatureclassics.com/authors/Tolstoy/
5. 톨스토이 학보(영문 학술지- 토론토대학교·캐나다)
http://www.utoronto.ca/tolstoy/







☞ ‘박노자의 세계와 한국’은 이번호로 마칩니다. 500호부터는 박노자 교수의 새 연재가 시작됩니다. 기대해 주십시오.

MODERN KOREA AND ITS OTHERS: Perceptions of the Neighbouring Countries and Korean Modernity | By Vladimir Tikhonov | Pacific Affairs

MODERN KOREA AND ITS OTHERS: Perceptions of the Neighbouring Countries and Korean Modernity | By Vladimir Tikhonov | Pacific Affairs



MODERN KOREA AND ITS OTHERS: Perceptions of the Neighbouring Countries and Korean Modernity | By Vladimir Tikhonov

Routledge Advances in Korean Studies, 33. London; New York: Routledge, 2016. xiv, 228 pp. US$160.00, cloth. ISBN 978-1-138-85552-6.



Vladimir Tikhonov, the Russian-Korean historian better known in South Korea as Bak No-ja, has published an engaging analysis of Korean perspectives on the country’s bordering countries in the roughly half-century before its 1945 liberation from Japanese colonial rule. This is ultimately a study of Korean nationalism, a topic endowed with plentiful scholarship, although not as much recently in English. Tikhonov’s work adds new insights by focusing on views on other nationalities and by drawing extensively from literary sources.



The book devotes two chapters each, in order, to Russia, China, and Japan, with the first chapter providing a general overview of often divergent perceptions that emerged at the turn of the twentieth century, and the second chapter mining mostly novels for evidence of how such views developed in the colonial period. What results is a symmetrical argument: For each country, there emerged an initial “othering” process of establishing what Koreans, in developing their own sense of collective self, were not. This discursive formation was largely driven by concerns over imperialism, but was eventually joined by countervailing sentiments that regarded the neighbouring civilization in question as a model of (alternative) modernity, particularly as anti-colonial or anti-imperialist revolutionary movements came to prevail in Russia and China. Such fluid ambiguity, plurality, and variety, which the author characterizes as a mixture of “fears and desires” (182–183), are explained through plentiful historical contextualization, such as Koreans’ interaction with Russian emigres in Manchuria, or the disdain for Chinese migrants within Korea.



The second chapter then proceeds to examine certain themes in literary works, such as the problem of Korean-Japanese intermarriage during the wartime mobilization years of the late 1930s and early 1940s, or the sexualized demonization of Chinese merchants. In conjunction with the opening chapters in each couplet that draw considerably from non-fictional accounts like newspaper articles, these chapters present a rich tapestry of cultural and intellectual expression in this era and advance the book’s core argument that Korean nationalism, which reflected the striving for a “subaltern, peripheral modernity” (4) given the political circumstances, resulted not only from internal traditions, realities, and constructs, but also from the formulation of a collective identity in relation to external groups. This is certainly not new, but Tikhonov draws from novel sources and suggests that these ideological formations regarding Korea’s neighbours had a much more substantial and enduring impact than what is commonly acknowledged. Both of these strengths, however, can also present pitfalls, or at least further questioning and concerns.



First, this book’s ample analysis of literature does not constitute literary analysis. The stories are mined by a historian for historical purposes, so there is no interpretive deconstruction, and little coverage of characters, narrative devices, symbolic gestures, etc. within the works’ internal dynamics. To be sure, Tikhonov’s overriding goal is to demonstrate how fictionalized depictions reflected and helped to construct Korean perspectives on neighbouring peoples and societies. The challenge remains, though, of providing more than a survey of various expressions, but to demonstrate prevailing or common sentiments that reflected the historical circumstances of the time. It is uncertain how well the author follows his own caveats about literature’s limitations as historical sources (153), and it would take a specialist to provide a more definitive evaluation of the representativeness of the works that Tikhonov examines.



More manageable is to locate Tikhonov’s study in the historiography of Korea’s ideological and cultural history of this period. As noted above, Korean nationalism, in regard to the outside world, has enjoyed plentiful scholarly attention, but most of this has focused, understandably, on Japan, as well as on China, particularly the ideological and political interactions with the Chinese republican and communist movements. Tikhonov, however, emphasizes the impact of Chinese migrant communities on Koreans’ views. For Japan, this book does not add significantly to the proliferation of studies on colonial intellectual and cultural history, even on the theme of ethnic intermarriage. One can also suggest that, given the realities of colonial rule, it is nearly impossible to treat views on Japan as a comparable topic to those of China and Russia.



When it comes to Russia, however, this book’s contributions are on very solid ground, at least in the English-language scholarship. The author’s access to Russian sources, including influential literary works, provide a revelatory analysis of Russia’s wide-ranging cultural impact in Korea at the time—as a source and model for a semi-western, albeit alternative, path to modernity, and as a target of phobias for communism that gradually enveloped the state-dominated colonial cultural sphere, an ideological construct that very well could have fueled enmity, in some quarters, toward the Soviet Union in the post-liberation period.



Indeed a consciousness of the post-colonial developments looms over the book. The problem is that the accumulated Korean perspectives on the neighbouring “other,” given their variety, could just as well have worked against the particular manifestations of nationalism that came to prevail in the two Koreas—from Juche, the anti-Japanese backlash, and anti-Chinese chauvinism to pro-Russian and pro-Chinese revolutionism, racist opposition to intermarriage, or sexual subservience under imperialism. In other words, an inescapable but justifiable teleology pervades the author’s coverage, though this appears explicitly in only the final sentences of chapters and in the book’s Conclusion, when Tikhonov considers historical legacies all the way to the end of the twentieth century.



In any case, despite the proliferation of parenthetical notes (ostensibly a mixture of the social science and history styles, with minimal footnotes), which to some readers will be distracting, this book is highly readable, providing a thorough and textured intellectual history, with due consideration of historical context always at the forefront of the author’s concerns. It also offers an enlightening introduction to both well-known and more obscure authors and their works. These are some of the many qualities that make this book highly recommended.



Kyung Moon Hwang

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA



pp. 372-374